# data[].attributes.headline
We have no idea yet because change is happening so quickly,but we can imagine about future

# data[].attributes.subject
We have no idea yet because change is happening so quickly,but we can imagine about future

# data[].attributes.headline
What  the energy in the computer  and the energy transformation in it?

# data[].attributes.subject
What  the energy in the computer  and the energy transformation in it?

# data[].attributes.body
Conventional computers don't try to mimic the human brain. Instead, they run commands sequentially, with data constantly moving from input and memory to the device's processor. Neuromorphic computers, on the other hand, process data at the same time, making them faster, energy-efficient, and closer to the structure of the human brain.
传统计算机不会试图模仿人脑。相反，他们按顺序运行命令，数据不断从输入和内存移动到设备的处理器。另一方面，神经形态计算机同时处理数据，使其更快、更节能，更接近人脑的结构。

# data[].attributes.body
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

Artificial intelligence takes over work places of repetitive jobs, reduce human intervention upto the end of job cycle. Minimum or nil supervision and management for production units. Factories will be transformed into one single machine that accept raw material at one point and the other point receives output of finished products. In between there won't be any kind of human work force, supervision or management employees.

MACHINE LEARNING (ML)

Machines are being capable to learn new things to accomplish what humans want to get it done. It will be task based learning that machines become smarter devices human wanted to make use of.

INTEREST BASED EDUCATION

New dimensions and methods will be adopted for teaching and learning. In our traditional system, most learners taught the subject they never liked or interested. A few of them are lucky mastering subjects they loved or interested. In the near future, computer can predict which is the flair subject a person can learn and interact actively. This way education will be more smarter than ever.

3D PRINTING

3D printing sweepstakes in the small scale manufacturing industry. Once 3D printing become affordable and common, it will badly affect traditional small scale manufacturers.

人工智能（AI）-

人工智能接管了重复性工作的工作场所，将人类干预减少到工作周期结束。生产单位的最低或零监督和管理。工厂将转变为一台机器，在一点上接受原材料，在另一点接收成品的产出。两者之间不会有任何类型的人力、监督或管理员工。

机器学习（ML）

机器能够学习新事物来完成人类想要完成的事情。机器将成为人类想要使用的更智能的设备，这将是基于任务的学习。

基于兴趣的教育

教学将采用新的维度和方法。在我们的传统系统中，大多数学习者教授他们从未喜欢或感兴趣的科目。他们中的一些人幸运地掌握了他们喜欢或感兴趣的科目。在不久的将来，计算机可以预测一个人可以学习和积极互动的天赋主题。这样，教育将比以往任何时候都更聪明。

3D打印

小型制造业的3D打印抽奖。一旦3D打印变得实惠和普遍，它将严重影响传统的小规模制造商。

# data[].attributes.headline
Computers have made our life more efficient

# data[].attributes.subject
Computers have made our life more efficient

# data[].attributes.body
Storage: The storage is how the computer retains input data. The hard drive is used for long-term and mass data storage while the data set for immediate processing is stored temporarily in the Random Access Memory (RAM).
存储：存储是计算机保留输入数据的方式。硬盘驱动器用于长期和大规模数据存储，而用于即时处理的数据集暂时存储在随机存取存储器（RAM）中。

# data[].attributes.body
We have no idea yet because change is happening so quickly. We know that quantum computing – the introduction of physics into the field of computer science – is going to be extremely important; that computers are going to become really, very tiny, the size of an atom. That’s going to make a huge difference; nano-computing, very small computers that you might swallow inside a pill and that will then learn about your illness and set about curing it; that brings together biological computing as well, where we can print parts of the body. So I think we’re going to see the increasing infusing of computing into all aspects of our lives. If our Council has its way, we’re going to see an increasing sense of responsibility on the part of technologists to ensure that those developments are for good.

我们还不知道，因为变化发生得如此之快。我们知道量子计算——将物理学引入计算机科学领域——将非常重要;计算机将变得非常非常小，原子大小。这将产生巨大的影响;纳米计算，非常小的计算机，你可能会把它吞进药丸里，然后它会了解你的疾病并着手治愈它;这也汇集了生物计算，我们可以打印身体的各个部分。所以我认为我们将看到计算越来越多地融入我们生活的方方面面。如果我们的理事会有办法，我们将看到技术人员越来越有责任确保这些发展是好的。

# data[].attributes.headline
1.Computers have helped us communicate easier

# data[].attributes.subject
1.Computers have helped us communicate easier

# data[].attributes.body
Computer can bring people closer together and facilitate contacts between them using Email, Chatting, Videoconferencing, Mobile Phones and Social Medias. It saves time, efforts and money compared with letters used, before making influence of computers in human life. These days, we seldom use hand written letters, put in the envelopes and transport over long distances because most of us have computer and education to make use of

1.计算机帮助我们更轻松地沟通

计算机可以拉近人们的距离，并通过电子邮件，聊天，视频会议，移动电话和社交媒体促进他们之间的联系。与使用的字母相比，它可以节省时间，精力和金钱，然后再使计算机对人类生活产生影响。如今，我们很少使用手写信件，放入信封和长途运输，因为我们大多数人都有计算机和教育来利用

# data[].attributes.body
Processing: Processing is where input gets transformed into output. The computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) is its brain. It's responsible for executing instructions and performing mathematical operations on the input data.

处理：处理是输入转换为输出的地方。计算机的中央处理单元（CPU）是它的大脑。它负责对输入数据执行指令和执行数学运算。

# data[].attributes.headline
世界上第一台通用计算机“ENIAC”于1946年2月14日在美国宾夕法尼亚大学诞生。发明人是美国人莫克利（JohnW.Mauchly）和艾克特（J.PresperEckert。它是一个庞然大物，用了18000个电子管，占地170平方米，重达30吨，每秒钟可进行5000次运算，

# data[].attributes.subject
世界上第一台通用计算机“ENIAC”于1946年2月14日在美国宾夕法尼亚大学诞生。发明人是美国人莫克利（JohnW.Mauchly）和艾克特（J.PresperEckert。它是一个庞然大物，用了18000个电子管，占地170平方米，重达30吨，每秒钟可进行5000次运算，

# data[].attributes.headline
我在探究电脑的能量转换时的观点The opinion when I am researching the energy transform in the computer

# data[].attributes.subject
我在探究电脑的能量转换时的观点The opinion when I am researching the energy transform in the computer

# data[].attributes.body
随着电脑的进步，能量转换的中心，起始点的变化，跟着这个变化周期电脑的各方面也都在进步比如电脑的启动速度，消耗的能源的数量。
When the development of the computer happens,the place start of the energy transform change,the center of energy transform in computer change,follow this cycle the different part of conputer is also inproving like the starting speed is being faster and faster,the energy that it use is more and more but in the future will be fewer and future.

# data[].attributes.headline
计算机未来的发展趋势包括巨型化、微型化、

# data[].attributes.body
计算机未来的发展趋势包括巨型化、微型化、网络化、智能化和多媒体化¹。例如，随着5G的快速发展，笔记本电脑行业将迎来快速发展。5G全面普及将带来低延迟和高网速，从而促进云技术的进步。未来云端将承担更多的计算功能，笔记本电脑会更加纤薄轻便²。The future development trend of computers includes giantization, miniaturization, networking, intelligence and multimedia1. For example, with the rapid development of 5G, the laptop industry will usher in rapid development. The full popularization of 5G will bring low latency and high network speed, thus promoting the progress of cloud technology. In the future, the cloud will assume more computing functions, and laptops will be thinner and lighter2.

# data[].attributes.headline
2. Computers have helped our transportation

# data[].attributes.subject
2. Computers have helped our transportation

# data[].attributes.body
Computer also facilitate comfort to our life and provides convenience. For transportation, it facilitate the way people travel. Airways, Roadways and waterways uses computers to control their operation. It saves time and relieve severity of traveling difficulties. Computers also have apps to help us guide the way.

2. 计算机帮助我们的交通

计算机也方便我们的生活舒适，提供便利。对于交通，它方便了人们的出行方式。航空、公路和水路使用计算机来控制其运行。它节省了时间并减轻了旅行困难的严重性。计算机也有应用程序来帮助我们指引方向。

# data[].attributes.headline
The energy transform in computer电脑里的能量转换

# data[].attributes.subject
The energy transform in computer电脑里的能量转换

# data[].attributes.body
Electrical energy is transferred from the wall socket to the computer. Electrical energy is transformed to sound and light energy when thecomputer is turned on. Electrical energy is transformed to heat energy whenthe computer stays on.
电能从墙壁插座传输到计算机。当计算机开机时，电能转化为声音和光能。当计算机保持开机时，电能会转化为热能。

# data[].attributes.body
Input: Input is the data before processing. It comes from the mouse, keyboard, microphone, and other external sensors.
输入：输入是处理前的数据。它来自鼠标、键盘、麦克风和其他外部传感器

# data[].attributes.headline
In 1837, Charles Babbage proposed the first general mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained It is the first general-purpose computer concept that could be used for many things and not only one particular computation. Unfortunately, because of funding issues, this computer was also never built while Charles Babbage was alive.

# data[].attributes.subject
In 1837, Charles Babbage proposed the first general mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained It is the first general-purpose computer concept that could be used for many things and not only one particular computation. Unfortunately, because of funding issues, this computer was also never built while Charles Babbage was alive.

# data[].attributes.body
Through out this project, I have learnt alot about computers,and I now also have my opinion about computers now! From the past to the present, computers have changed massively, they have changed from enormous machines to small iPads/computers. In my opinion, computers have changed a lot, and have made people’s lives easier. But their is also a bad side. For example, more and more children are addicted to computers now. All in all, computers are a thing that we must have in our daily life,  but we must control our time using it.

通过这个项目，我学到了很多关于计算机的知识，我现在也对计算机有了我的看法！从过去到现在，计算机发生了巨大的变化，它们已经从巨大的机器变成了小型iPad/计算机。在我看来，计算机已经发生了很大的变化，使人们的生活更轻松。但也有不好的一面。例如，现在越来越多的孩子沉迷于计算机。总而言之，计算机是我们日常生活中必须拥有的东西，但我们必须使用它来控制我们的时间。

# data[].attributes.body
计算机把电能转成什么能？_百度知道 (baidu.com)
the energy transform in computer - 搜索 (bing.com)

# data[].attributes.body
Your phone might communicate to your refrigerator, which might communicate to the light bulb. In fact, in a near future, the light bulb will itself become a computer, projecting information instead of light.
您的手机可能会与冰箱通信，冰箱可能会与灯泡通信。事实上，在不久的将来，灯泡本身将成为一台计算机，投射信息而不是光。

# data[].attributes.headline
3. Computers have helped hospitals and doctors

# data[].attributes.subject
3. Computers have helped hospitals and doctors

# data[].attributes.body
Computers provide potential for improving the effectiveness of medical care. It uses storing data of hospital such as patient data and medical information. Doctors and nurses can access to this data easier which resulted in decreasing the process of time. In addition, many operations are no longer manually perform, rather computers are used to manage these tasks.

3. 计算机帮助了医院和医生

计算机为提高医疗保健的有效性提供了潜力。它使用存储医院的数据，如患者数据和医疗信息。医生和护士可以更轻松地访问这些数据，从而缩短了时间过程。此外，许多操作不再是手动执行的，而是使用计算机来管理这些任务。

# data[].attributes.headline
;It is not a simple conversion, but an operation through the movement of the current in the circuit.

# data[].attributes.subject
;It is not a simple conversion, but an operation through the movement of the current in the circuit.

# data[].attributes.body
Output: Output is the final result of data processing. It can be anything from images, video, or audio content, even the words you type using a keyboard. You can also receive the output through a printer or a projector instead of directly through your device.
输出：输出是数据处理的最终结果。它可以是任何来自图像、视频或音频内容的内容，甚至是您使用键盘键入的单词。您还可以通过打印机或投影仪而不是直接通过设备接收输出。

# data[].attributes.headline
The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania and began construction in 1943 and was not completed until 1946. It occupied about 1,800 square feet and used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing almost 50 tons. Although a judge later ruled the ABC computer was the first digital computer, many still consider the ENIAC to be the first digital computer because it was fully functional.

# data[].attributes.subject
The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania and began construction in 1943 and was not completed until 1946. It occupied about 1,800 square feet and used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing almost 50 tons. Although a judge later ruled the ABC computer was the first digital computer, many still consider the ENIAC to be the first digital computer because it was fully functional.

# data[].attributes.body
The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a thin plate that holds the CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to control the video and audio, and connections to your computer's ports (such as USB ports). The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer.

The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside the computer case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands.

RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed.

The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. The hard drive is long-term storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or unplug it.

The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other components.

The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor.

The sound card—also called an audio card—is responsible for what you hear in the speakers or headphones.

The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the Internet.

Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's often used in computers to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and printers.

# data[].attributes.body
随着时代的进步和发展，科技让我们的产品有了很大改进，向我们平常常接触的电脑——从最早笨拙的主机和显示屏到现在智能便携的笔记本电脑，人类的科技和发现从未停止过。这让我们的生活越来越方便，爱迪生曾经说过：“天才就是1%的灵感，加上99%的汗水，但是往往1%的灵感是最重要的。”所以我觉得不仅是电脑，所有的发明，都是人们智慧的结晶。
With the progress and the develop of the times,science and technology have greatly improved our products,like the computers we often come into contact with-from the earliest clumsy mainframe and display sceen to the current smart portable laptop,human technology and discovery have never stopped.This makes our life more and more and more convenient,Edison once said:"genius is 1% inspiration,plus 99 drops of sweat,but often 1% inspiration is the most important." So I think not only the computer,all inventions are not the crystallization of human wisdom.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
世界上第一台 通用计算机" ENIAC"于1946年2月14日在美国 宾夕法尼亚大学诞生。发明人是美国人莫克利（JohnW.Mauchly）和艾克特（J.PresperEckert）。 [1]

美国国防部用它来进行弹道计算。它是一个庞然大物，用了18000个 电子管，占地170平方米，重达30吨，耗电功率约150千瓦，每秒钟可进行5000次运算，这在现在看来微不足道，但在当时却是破天荒的。 ENIAC以电子管作为元器件，所以又被称为电子管计算机，是计算机的第一代。电子管计算机由于使用的电子管体积很大，耗电量大，易 发热 ，因而工作的时间不能太长。

ENIAC，世界上第一台电子 计算机，占地170平方米，重达30吨，耗电功率约150千瓦，每秒钟可进行5000次运算。被 美国国防部 用来进行弹道计算。

电子计算机

电子 计算机又叫电脑。可是为什么把电子计算机称为电脑呢？这是因为作为信息处理的工具，电子计算机已经部分地替代了人类大脑的功能。特别是20世纪70年代以后，微处理机的出现，使电子计算机的应用越来越广泛。 电脑不仅在传统的 科学计算领域发挥着越来越大的作用，而且在其他领域的应用也相当广泛，它已经遍及人类生活的各个领域，能帮助人们处理办公室事情，能帮助各级领导制定并 实施科学的决策，能帮助各行各业的专家工作。许多需要人类 大脑思维 的工作都可以用计算机代替，电脑已经成为人脑的重要帮手。

世界上第一台电子计算机是个庞然大物：重30余吨，占地约170平方米，肚子里装有18000只电子管。它是1946年2月14日，在美国 宾夕法尼亚大学 诞生的。

20世纪40年代中期，美国宾夕法尼亚大学 电工系由莫利奇和艾克特领导，为 美国陆军军械部阿伯丁 弹道研究实验室研制了一台用于炮弹弹道轨迹计算的"电子 数值积分和计算机"（Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator简称 ENIAC）。这台叫做"埃尼阿克"的计算机占地面积150平方米，总重量30吨，使用了18000只电子管，6000个开关，7000只电阻，10000只电容，50万 条线 ，耗电量140千瓦，可进行5000次加法/秒运算。这个庞然大物于1946年2月15日在美国举行了揭幕典礼。这台计算机的问世，标志着电脑时代的开始。

到了公元1801年法国人约瑟夫·杰夸德（JosephJacquard）发明使用 打孔卡 （Punched cardboard card）。这对未来电脑的发展引进两个重要的观念：

一、资讯可以在打孔卡片上编码(Coded)...也就是写程式

约翰 冯 诺依曼 相

二、资讯可以储存在卡片上，而且当这些卡片成串的组合在一起，就可以做为一连串的指令，也就是程序。

之后出现了一个人：在历史上我们称他为"电脑之父"-巴贝基(Charles Babbage)

他做了一部功能更强的机器，称为 分析机 （Analytical Engine），这部机器在观念上就与现代电脑极为相似。

这些发明是用来辅助计算的工具，尚没有记忆与储存资料的功能，因此不能称为"电脑"

而第一代的电脑有2间教室大，与当下常用的计算机体积相差很多。

所以，电脑的发明是一群 科研人员共同努力的成果，但其中数学家 冯·诺依曼的 设计思想在其中起到了关键作用，所以 冯·诺依曼被称为现代计算机之父 。
国内中小规模集成电路的计算机研制（1973-80年代初）
电子计算机

1973年， 北京大学与北京有线电厂等单位合作研制成功 运算速度每秒100万次的大型 通用计算机，1974年 清华大学等单位联合设计，研制成功DJS-130 小型计算机，以后又推DJS-140 小型机，形成了100 系列产品。与此同时，以华北计算所为主要基地，组织全国57个单位联合进行DJS-200系列计算机设计，同时也设计开发DJS-180系列超级小型机。70年代后期，电子部32所和国防科大分别研制成功655机和151机，速度都在百万次级。进入80年代，中国高速计算机，特别是 向量计算机 有新的发展。

1965年，中科院计算所研制成功第一台大型晶体管计算机109乙，之后推出109丙机，该机为两弹试验中发挥了重要作用；

1974年，清华大学等单位联合设计、研制成功采用集成电路的DJS-130小型计算机，运算速度达每秒100万次；

1983年， 国防科技大学研制成功运算速度每秒上亿次的银河-I 巨型机 ，这是中国高速计算机研制的一个重要里程碑；

1985年，电子工业部计算机管理局研制成功与IBM PC机兼容的长城0520CH微机。

1997年，国防科大研制成功银河-Ⅲ百亿次并行巨型 计算机系统，采用可扩展分布共享存储 并行处理体系结构，由130多个处理结点组成， 峰值性能为每秒130亿次浮点运算，系统 综合技术 达到90年代中期国际先进水平。

1997至1999年，曙光公司先后在市场上推出具有 机群结构（ Cluster ）的曙光1000A，曙光2000-I，曙光2000-Ⅱ超级服务器，峰值计算速度已突破每秒1000亿次浮点运算，机器规模已超过160个处理机，

2000年，曙光公司推出每秒3000亿次浮点运算的 曙光3000 超级服务器。

2001年，中科院计算所研制成功中国第一款通用 CPU--" 龙芯 "芯片

2002年，曙光公司推出完全 自主知识产权的"龙腾"服务器，龙腾服务器采用了"龙芯-1"CPU，采用了曙光公司和中科院计算所联合研发的服务器专用主板，采用曙光LINUX操作系统，该服务器是国内第一台完全实现自有产权的产品，在国防、安全等部门将发挥重大作用。2003年，百万亿次数据处理超级服务器曙光4000L通过国家验收，再一次刷新国产超级服务器的 历史纪录 ，使得国产高性能产业再上新台阶。

2003年4月9日 由苏州国芯、 南京熊猫、 中芯国际、上海宏力、 上海贝岭、杭州士兰、北京国家 集成电路产业化基地、北京大学、清华大学等61家集成电路企业机构组成的"C*Core（ 中国芯） 产业联盟"在南京宣告成立，谋求合力打造中国集成电路完整产业链。2003年12月9日 联想承担的国家网格 主节点"深腾6800" 超级计算机正式研制成功，其实际运算速度达到每秒4.183万亿次，全球排名第14位， 运行效率 78.5%。

2004年3月24日 在 国务院常务会议上，《中华人民共和国电子签名法（草案）》获得 原则通过 ，这标志著中国电子业务渐入法制轨道。

2005年4月18日、" 龙芯二号"正式亮相。由中国科学研究院 计算技术研究所 研制的中国首个拥有自主知识产权的通用高性能CPU"龙芯二号"正式亮相.

2005年5月1日、联想完成并购 IBM PC。联想正式宣布完成对IBM全球PC业务的收购，联想以合并后年收入约130亿美元、 个人计算机 年销售量约1400万台，一跃成为全球第三大PC制造商。

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
第一代电子计算机产品简介

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
第一代电子计算机来源发展

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
第一代电子计算机国内发展

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
第一代电子计算机_百度百科

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
世界上第一台 通用计算机" ENIAC"于1946年2月14日在美国 宾夕法尼亚大学诞生。发明人是美国人莫克利（JohnW.Mauchly）和艾克特（J.PresperEckert）。 [1] 美国国防部用它来进行弹道计算。它是一个庞然大物，用了18000个 电子管，占地170平方米，重达30吨，耗电功率约150千瓦，每秒钟可进行5000次运算，这在现在看来微不足道，但在当时却是破天荒的。 ENIAC以电子管作为元器件，所以又被称为电子管计算机，是计算机的第一代。电子管计算机由于使用的电子管体积很大，耗电量大，易 发热 ，因而工作的时间不能太长。 ENIAC，世界上第一台电子 计算机，占地170平方米，重达30吨，耗电功率约150千瓦，每秒钟可进行5000次运算。被 美国国防部 用来进行弹道计算。 电子计算机 电子 计算机又叫电脑。可是为什么把电子计算机称为电脑呢？这是因为作为信息处理的工具，电子计算机已经部分地替代了人类大脑的功能。特别是20世纪70年代以后，微处理机的出现，使电子计算机的应用越来越广泛。 电脑不仅在传统的 科学计算领域发挥着越来越大的作用，而且在其他领域的应用也相当广泛，它已经遍及人类生活的各个领域，能帮助人们处理办公室事情，能帮助各级领导制定并 实施科学的决策，能帮助各行各业的专家工作。许多需要人类 大脑思维 的工作都可以用计算机代替，电脑已经成为人脑的重要帮手。 世界上第一台电子计算机是个庞然大物：重30余吨，占地约170平方米，肚子里装有18000只电子管。它是1946年2月14日，在美国 宾夕法尼亚大学 诞生的。 20世纪40年代中期，美国宾夕法尼亚大学 电工系由莫利奇和艾克特领导，为 美国陆军 军械部阿伯丁 弹道研究实验室研制了一台用于炮弹弹道轨迹计算的"电子 数值积分和计算机"（Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator简称 ENIAC）。这台叫做"埃尼阿克"的计算机占地面积150平方米，总重量30吨，使用了18000只电子管，6000个开关，7000只电阻，10000只电容，50万 条线 ，耗电量140千瓦，可进行5000次加法/秒运算。这个庞然大物于1946年2月15日在美国举行了揭幕典礼。这台计算机的问世，标志着电脑时代的开始。 到了公元1801年法国人约瑟夫·杰夸德（JosephJacquard）发明使用 打孔卡 （Punched cardboard card）。这对未来电脑的发展引进两个重要的观念： 一、资讯可以在打孔卡片上编码(Coded)...也就是写程式 约翰 冯 诺依曼 相 二、资讯可以储存在卡片上，而且当这些卡片成串的组合在一起，就可以做为一连串的指令，也就是程序。 之后出现了一个人：在历史上我们称他为"电脑之父"-巴贝基(Charles Babbage) 他做了一部功能更强的机器，称为 分析机 （Analytical Engine），这部机器在观念上就与现代电脑极为相似。 这些发明是用来辅助计算的工具，尚没有记忆与储存资料的功能，因此不能称为"电脑" 而第一代的电脑有2间教室大，与当下常用的计算机体积相差很多。 所以，电脑的发明是一群 科研人员共同努力的成果，但其中数学家 冯·诺依曼的 设计思想在其中起到了关键作用，所以 冯·诺依曼被称为现代计算机之父 。 国内中小规模集成电路的计算机研制（1973-80年代初） 电子计算机 1973年， 北京大学与北京有线电厂等单位合作研制成功 运算速度每秒100万次的大型 通用计算机，1974年 清华大学等单位联合设计，研制成功DJS-130 小型计算机，以后又推DJS-140 小型机，形成了100 系列产品。与此同时，以华北计算所为主要基地，组织全国57个单位联合进行DJS-200系列计算机设计，同时也设计开发DJS-180系列超级小型机。70年代后期，电子部32所和国防科大分别研制成功655机和151机，速度都在百万次级。进入80年代，中国高速计算机，特别是 向量计算机 有新的发展。 1965年，中科院计算所研制成功第一台大型晶体管计算机109乙，之后推出109丙机，该机为两弹试验中发挥了重要作用； 1974年，清华大学等单位联合设计、研制成功采用集成电路的DJS-130小型计算机，运算速度达每秒100万次； 1983年， 国防科技大学研制成功运算速度每秒上亿次的银河-I 巨型机 ，这是中国高速计算机研制的一个重要里程碑； 1985年，电子工业部计算机管理局研制成功与IBM PC机兼容的长城0520CH微机。 1997年，国防科大研制成功银河-Ⅲ百亿次并行巨型 计算机系统，采用可扩展分布共享存储 并行处理体系结构，由130多个处理结点组成， ...

# data[].attributes.body
Biological computing addresses how the body itself can compute, how we can think about genetic material as computing. You can think of biological computing as a way of computing RNA or DNA and understanding biotechnology as a kind of computer. One of my colleagues here at Carnegie Mellon, Adam Feinberg, has been 3D-printing heart tissue. He’s been designing parts of the body on a computer using very fine-grained models that are based on the human body, and then using engineering techniques to create living organisms. That’s a very radical difference in what we consider the digital infrastructure and that shift is supporting a radical shift in the way we work, and live, and who we are as humans.

And quantum computing allows us to imagine a future where great breakthroughs in science will be made by computers that are no longer tethered to simple binary 0s and 1s.

生物计算解决了身体本身如何计算，我们如何将遗传物质视为计算。你可以把生物计算看作是一种计算RNA或DNA的方式，把生物技术理解为一种计算机。研究人员在卡内基梅隆大学的一位同事亚当·范伯格（Adam Feinberg）一直在3D打印心脏组织。他一直在计算机上使用基于人体的非常细粒度的模型设计身体的各个部分，然后使用工程技术来创建生物体。这与我们认为的数字基础设施有着非常根本的差异，这种转变正在支持我们工作、生活方式以及我们作为人类身份的根本转变。

量子计算使我们能够想象一个未来，科学的巨大突破将由不再受制于简单的二进制0和1的计算机来实现。

# data[].attributes.headline
1、随着很多聊天软件的诞生，电脑只要联网

# data[].attributes.body
1、随着很多聊天软件的诞生，电脑只要联网就可以用聊天软件进行聊天，视频聊天，语音聊天等。 不管距离多么遥远的，都不会觉得远。 因为可以随时随地的沟通。 让人们之间的距离变得越来越近 2、电脑让购物更加方便。 电子商务的出现，电脑购物越来越方便。 不仅不用逛街就可以买到自己喜欢的物品，也可以尽情的挑选，省时省事，方便人们的生活。 3、电脑让办公更加方便。
1. With the birth of many chat software, computers can use chat software to chat, video chat, voice chat, etc. as long as they are networked. No matter how far away, it will not feel far away. Because you can communicate anytime, anywhere. Let people get closer and closer to each other 2. Computers make shopping more convenient. With the advent of e-commerce, computer shopping is becoming more and more convenient. Not only can you buy your favorite items without shopping, but you can also choose as much as you like, saving time and trouble, and facilitating people's lives. 3. The computer makes the office more convenient.

# data[].attributes.headline
电脑将电能转换为了多种能量：1、机箱内的风扇在转动，说明有转化为机械能2、光能，比如显示器显示；3、磁能，比如红外、蓝牙、WIFI等电磁波；4、动能，比如驱动硬盘磁道运动进行寻道；5、热能，主机发热，说明有热能产生；不是单纯的转换，只是通过电流在电路中的运动进行运算。

# data[].attributes.subject
电脑将电能转换为了多种能量：1、机箱内的风扇在转动，说明有转化为机械能2、光能，比如显示器显示；3、磁能，比如红外、蓝牙、WIFI等电磁波；4、动能，比如驱动硬盘磁道运动进行寻道；5、热能，主机发热，说明有热能产生；不是单纯的转换，只是通过电流在电路中的运动进行运算。

# data[].attributes.body
在这里添加你的留言吧

# data[].attributes.headline
主板是计算机的主电路板。这是一个薄板，可

# data[].attributes.body
主板是计算机的主电路板。这是一个薄板，可容纳CPU、内存、硬盘和光盘驱动器的连接器、用于控制视频和音频的扩展卡，以及与计算机端口（如USB端口）的连接。主板直接或间接连接到计算机的每个部分。

中央处理器（CPU），也称为处理器，位于主板上的计算机外壳内。它有时被称为计算机的大脑，其工作是执行命令。

RAM是您系统的短期记忆。每当您的计算机进行计算时，它都会将数据暂时存储在RAM中，直到需要为止。

硬盘驱动器是存储软件、文档和其他文件的地方。硬盘驱动器是长期存储的，这意味着即使您关闭或拔下计算机，数据仍然会保存。

计算机中的电源单元将电源从墙壁插座转换为计算机所需的电源类型。它通过电缆将电源发送到主板和其他组件。

显卡负责您在显示器上看到的内容。

声卡（也称为音频卡）负责您在扬声器或耳机中听到的内容。

网卡允许您的计算机通过网络进行通信并访问互联网。

蓝牙是一种用于短距离无线通信的技术。它经常在计算机中与无线键盘、鼠标和打印机通信。

# data[].attributes.body
随着计算机的发展，内部的工作原理越来越复杂。在今后的发展里我觉得电脑的发展将倾向于
便捷性，方便性和更高的性能。
With the development of computers, the  working Principle will become more and more complex. In the future I think the development of computers will tend to be
convenience, ease of use and higher performance.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
By the second decade of the 19th century, a number of ideas necessary for the invention of the computer were in the air. First, the potential benefits to science and industry of being able to automate routine calculations were appreciated, as they had not been a century earlier. Specific methods to make automated calculation more practical, such as doing multiplication by adding logarithms or by repeating addition, had been invented, and experience with both analog and digital devices had shown some of the benefits of each approach. The Jacquard loom (as described in the previous section, Computer precursors) had shown the benefits of directing a multipurpose device through coded instructions, and it had demonstrated how punched cards could be used to modify those instructions quickly and flexibly. It was a mathematical genius in England who began to put all these pieces together.

Charles Babbage was an English mathematician and inventor: he invented the cowcatcher, reformed the British postal system, and was a pioneer in the fields of operations research and actuarial science. It was Babbage who first suggested that the weather of years past could be read from tree rings. He also had a lifelong fascination with keys, ciphers, and mechanical dolls.

As a founding member of the Royal Astronomical Society, Babbage had seen a clear need to design and build a mechanical device that could automate long, tedious astronomical calculations. He began by writing a letter in 1822 to Sir Humphry Davy, president of the Royal Society, about the possibility of automating the construction of mathematical tables-specifically, logarithm tables for use in navigation. He then wrote a paper, "On the Theoretical Principles of the Machinery for Calculating Tables," which he read to the society later that year. (It won the Royal Society's first Gold Medal in 1823.) Tables then in use often contained errors, which could be a life-and-death matter for sailors at sea, and Babbage argued that, by automating the production of the tables, he could assure their accuracy. Having gained support in the society for his Difference Engine, as he called it, Babbage next turned to the British government to fund development, obtaining one of the world's first government grants for research and technological development.

Babbage approached the project very seriously: he hired a master machinist, set up a fireproof workshop, and built a dustproof environment for testing the device. Up until then calculations were rarely carried out to more than 6 digits; Babbage planned to produce 20- or 30-digit results routinely. The Difference Engine was a digital device: it operated on discrete digits rather than smooth quantities, and the digits were decimal (0-9), represented by positions on toothed wheels, rather than the binary digits that Leibniz favored (but did not use). When one of the toothed wheels turned from 9 to 0, it caused the next wheel to advance one position, carrying the digit just as Leibniz's Step Reckoner calculator had operated.

The Difference Engine was more than a simple calculator, however. It mechanized not just a single calculation but a whole series of calculations on a number of variables to solve a complex problem. It went far beyond calculators in other ways as well. Like modern computers, the Difference Engine had storage-that is, a place where data could be held temporarily for later processing-and it was designed to stamp its output into soft metal, which could later be used to produce a printing plate.

Nevertheless, the Difference Engine performed only one operation. The operator would set up all of its data registers with the original data, and then the single operation would be repeatedly applied to all of the registers, ultimately producing a solution. Still, in complexity and audacity of design, it dwarfed any calculating device then in existence.

The full engine, designed to be room-size, was never built, at least not by Babbage. Although he sporadically received several government grants-governments changed, funding often ran out, and he had to personally bear some of the financial costs-he was working at or near the tolerances of the construction methods of the day, and he ran into numerous construction difficulties. All design and construction ceased in 1833, when Joseph Clement, the machinist responsible for actually building the machine, refused to continue unless he was prepaid. (The completed portion of the Difference Engine is on permanent exhibition at the Science Museum in London.)

While working on the Difference Engine, Babbage began to imagine ways to improve it. Chiefly he thought about generalizing its operation so that it could perform other kinds of calculations. By the time the funding had run out in 1833, he had conceived of something far more revolutionary: a general-purpose computing machine called the Analytical Engine.

The Analytical Engine was to be a general-purpose, fully program-controlled, automatic mechanical digital computer. It would be able to perform any calculation set before it. Before Babbage there is no evidence that anyone had ever conceived of such a device, let alone attempted to build one. The machine was designed to consist of four components: the mill, the store, the reader, and the printer. These components are the essential components of every computer today. The mill was the calculating unit, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a modern computer; the store was where data were held prior to processing, exactly analogous to memory and storage in today's computers; and the reader and printer were the input and output devices.

As with the Difference Engine, the project was far more complex than anything theretofore built. The store was to be large enough to hold 1,000 50-digit numbers; this was larger than the storage capacity of any computer built before 1960. The machine was to be steam-driven and run by one attendant. The printing capability was also ambitious, as it had been for the Difference Engine: Babbage wanted to automate the process as much as possible, right up to producing printed tables of numbers.

The reader was another new feature of the Analytical Engine. Data (numbers) were to be entered on punched cards, using the card-reading technology of the Jacquard loom. Instructions were also to be entered on cards, another idea taken directly from Jacquard. The use of instruction cards would make it a programmable device and far more flexible than any machine then in existence. Another element of programmability was to be its ability to execute instructions in other than sequential order. It was to have a kind of decision-making ability in its conditional control transfer, also known as conditional branching, whereby it would be able to jump to a different instruction depending on the value of some data. This extremely powerful feature was missing in many of the early computers of the 20th century.

By most definitions, the Analytical Engine was a real computer as understood today-or would have been, had not Babbage run into implementation problems again. Actually building his ambitious design was judged infeasible given the current technology, and Babbage's failure to generate the promised mathematical tables with his Difference Engine had dampened enthusiasm for further government funding. Indeed, it was apparent to the British government that Babbage was more interested in innovation than in constructing tables.

All the same, Babbage's Analytical Engine was something new under the sun. Its most revolutionary feature was the ability to change its operation by changing the instructions on punched cards. Until this breakthrough, all the mechanical aids to calculation were merely calculators or, like the Difference Engine, glorified calculators. The Analytical Engine, although not actually completed, was the first machine that deserved to be called a computer.

Ada Lovelace, the first programmer

The distinction between calculator and computer, although clear to Babbage, was not apparent to most people in the early 19th century, even to the intellectually adventuresome visitors at Babbage's soirees-with the exception of a young girl of unusual parentage and education.

Augusta Ada King, the countess of Lovelace, was the daughter of the poet Lord Byron and the mathematically inclined Anne Millbanke. One of her tutors was Augustus De Morgan, a famous mathematician and logician. Because Byron was involved in a notorious scandal at the time of her birth, Lovelace's mother encouraged her mathematical and scientific interests, hoping to suppress any inclination to wildness she may have inherited from her father.

Toward that end, Lovelace attended Babbage's soirees and became fascinated with his Difference Engine. She also corresponded with him, asking pointed questions. It was his plan for the Analytical Engine that truly fired her imagination, however. In 1843, at age 27, she had come to understand it well enough to publish the definitive paper explaining the device and drawing the crucial distinction between this new thing and existing calculators. The Analytical Engine, she argued, went beyond the bounds of arithmetic. Because it operated on general symbols rather than on numbers, it established "a link...between the operations of matter and the abstract mental processes of the most abstract branch of mathematical science." It was a physical device that was capable of operating in the realm of abstract thought.

Lovelace rightly reported that this was not only something no one had built, it was something that no one before had even conceived. She went on to become the world's only expert on the process of sequencing instructions on the punched cards that the Analytical Engine used; that is, she became the world's first computer programmer.

One feature of the Analytical Engine was its ability to place numbers and instructions temporarily in its store and return them to its mill for processing at an appropriate time. This was accomplished by the proper sequencing of instructions and data in its reader, and the ability to reorder instructions and data gave the machine a flexibility and power that was hard to grasp. The first electronic digital computers of a century later lacked this ability. It was remarkable that a young scholar realized its importance in 1840, and it would be 100 years before anyone would understand it so well again. In the intervening century, attention would be diverted to the calculator and other business machines.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Computer - Technology, Invention, History

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Computer - Technology, Invention, History: By the second decade of the 19th century, a number of ideas necessary for the invention of the computer were in the air. First, the potential benefits to science and industry of being able to automate routine calculations were appreciated, as they had not been a century earlier.