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Charles Darwin is best known for his theory of evolution, introducing the idea that over time species change and branch of into other species, but still have a common ancestor. Species change through a process called natural selection, where only the strongest survive. Darwin's theory was influential because it helps us understand genetics and how all animals (including humans) have come into existence. To this day, there are no other viable explanations to evolution, so Darwin's is the most influential.

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Unfortunate Influence on Social Darwinism

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Unfortunate Influence on Social Darwinism

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Although Charles Darwin himself did not come up with Social Darwinism, his theory of evolution provided "proof" for the people that championed Social Darwinism. European nations during the era of colonialism, imperialism, and slavery used Social Darwinism to justify conquering, controlling, or enslaving people that looked different form them. White European leaders pushed the "survival of the fittest" attitude, and said that European citizens were innately better than the African, Asian, and Native populations that they were controlling.

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Throughout his research, Darwin found remains of unknown species such as 4 different types of giant ground sloths, extinct horse ancestors, and an animal he named a Toxodon(is believed to look like a rhino without its horns) that was also extinct. He is credited to the discovery of about 13 mammals. Although by creating his theory of evolution, he is also responsible for the discovery of all new species even long after his death.

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Spurs Innovation and Lower Market Prices

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Spurs Innovation and Lower Market Prices

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The development of capitalism has had a large impact on shaping how most of the world runs. The laissez-faire/free market policies first developed by John Smith were a huge shift from any previous economic systems, and with the rise of capitalism came the rise of competitive businesses. A key aspect of capitalism is that industry is controlled by many private owners. Often, multiple people/businesses sell the same product, so each separate seller tries to gain business by lowering prices or offering better deals. Additionally, companies compete with each other to invent the new best product to generate wealth. Because of this competitiveness, shopping today is along the lines of, "What new thing can I get, and which brand is the cheapest?"

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The Cold War was a war waged over ideological disagreements, but without any weapons. It was mainly between the US and the Soviet Union, and lasted 45 years. The US believed that a democratic and capitalist society was best, while the Soviet Union championed communism, or a government controlled society and economy. Among the many differences between the two countries, their opposite economic systems only added fuel to the fire(or ice?). Because of the Cold War, relations with Russia have never been outstanding. This is mostly because of differences in beliefs, including economic systems.

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Unfortunately, one of the downsides to a capitalist economy is that economic inequality is common. In a capitalist economy, a private owner is ALWAYS going to have to own capital, therefore automatically making more money than those they employ. Capital can be passed down through generations, meaning that as the family wealth grows over time, some people inherit it without having to work. This is a problem that affects Americans right now, as many middle and working class families are outraged that they pay more in taxes than the billionaires that own the companies they work for. In a capitalist economy, someone will always be making more money than someone else.

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Internationalism, or the idea of cooperation and understanding between countries, began to overtake nationalistic ideals as globalization spread. Before globalization, most countries were focused on maintaining separation from other countries, only interacting in cases of trade or war. But as countries became more connected through globalization, the idea of internationalism grew as well. Internationalism ideals helped shape groups such as NATO and the WHO.

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For the first time in history, the two hemispheres, east and west, were connected. And although this led to exchanges in culture, it also meant that the world was truly global. In a way, the Colombian Exchange was part of globalization. Humans want to own and control, so as the "more developed" countries in Europe found new land through the Colombian Exchange, it began an era of colonialism as empires tried to extend their power as wide as possible.

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In 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft became an early leader in the budding feminist movement. For the first time, (mainly European) women began combining efforts to try and win the same rights as men. She used logical rational to explain to men that the main reason women were seen as inferior was because women didn't have the same educational opportunities that men had. She was an author and wrote 8 books and multiple essays throughout her life, mots on the topic of gender equality.

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Fought to end British Imperialism in India

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Fought to end British Imperialism in India

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Mohandas Ghandi is best known for being the leader of the Indian independence movement. Great Britain was the imperial power in India, and everyone thought that is was highly unlikely that India would gain independence because Britain valued India so much. However, Mohandas Ghandi shocked the world when he led his country to freedom without war.

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Amazon, Disney, Coca-Cola, McDonalds, Google; the list goes on and on. All of these are examples of multinational corporations, or companies whose reach stretches across borders, and whose products are sold around the world. Multinational corporations are a huge part of why globalization has become so completely ingrained in civilization today. People around the world can connect through similar experiences they've had, and because most of these companies outsource their labor, people's clothes, drinks, and products are often made/packaged halfway around the world.

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Unfortunately, globalization has had highly detrimental effects on our planet. Globalization is a cause of global warming, a highly prevalent issue that grows worse every year. An effect of globalization is that the wealthiest countries consume more products than is reasonable for the population size, and these products include greenhouse gasses. Additionally, products made for these wealthier nations often require harmful chemicals to be used in their construction (plastics) furthering the amount of toxic waste we dump into our atmosphere. Because of globalization, our warming planet is truly a global responsibility.

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Plants, animals, and disease all traveled on the Colombian Exchange. Plants and animals that were traded diversified diets on both sides, and some crops even grew better on the other side of the world! Horses were introduced to the Americas, and this changed the life of the indigenous population. Diseases also spread, mostly from Europeans to the native peoples in the Americas. Smallpox was the most deadly disease, and some estimates say that upwards of 80% of the native population died of disease spread by the Colombian Exchange,

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Ghandi was highly influential in the creation of non-violent protest. As mentioned above, Ghandi managed to win freedom for India, but there was no war. Instead, he led civil disobedience campaigns, such as marches, and overwhelmed jails with so many people that the British Raj couldn't keep up. Ghandi's belief in nonviolence influenced American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., as well as South African leader Nelson Mandela, although his position shifted as he became frustrated with how little progress he was making.

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Mary Wollstonecraft wrote what is considered the earliest and most influential piece of writing on feminism: the Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, an influential women's rights leader in the US, used many of Wollstonecraft's ideas when she spoke at the Seneca falls convention.

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Formation of the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade

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Formation of the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade

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Europeans needed workers for all their farms and mines in the Americas, and they needed a new source of labor because disease had killed most of the native population. They looked to Africa, and the Trans-Atlantic slave trade began. Slaves were the basis of life in the Americas until the mid to late 1800's, and in most places slaves outnumbered those they worked for. In the US, slaves weren't freed until 1863, and even today remnants from slavery affect our everyday life. Unfortunately, racism is common, both overt and blatant.

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Mary Wollstonecraft and her ideas paved the way for modern feminism in the western world. Her ideas of equal education, pay, job opportunities, and voting rights may have shocked the world at first, but soon women across the globe took up the cause and truly believed that they deserved better. The feminist movement is still going strong, and although Wollstonecraft would be proud of the progress in some parts of the world, she would find that there is still a long way to go in others.

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Out of all the non-violent protests Ghandi led, none is as well known as the Salt March. Ghandi led 50,000 people over 240 miles to the coast of India where they harvested salt, which was against the law. Britain wanted complete control (monopoly) of the salt market, and they obtained this by forbidding Indians to harvest any salt. This early act of civil disobedience in the fight for India's independence set the stage for the rest of the rebellion, as Indian citizens won the war over salt and were granted the right to harvest it.