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Established: February 22, 2016

Editor's note, May 4, 2021 - In a recent blog post, it was announced the Microsoft Academic website and underlying APIs will be retired on Dec. 31, 2021.

Helping researchers stay on top of their game

Microsoft Academic is a project exploring how to assist human conducting scientific research by leveraging machine's cognitive power in memory, computation, sensing, attention, and endurance. The research questions include:

Knowledge acquisition and reasoning: We deploy AI-powered machine readers to process all documents discovered by Bing crawler and extract scholarly entities and their relationships to form a knowledge base. To learn more and access our biweekly graph updates, please visit Microsoft Academic Graph (MAG) and its online documents.

Semantic search and recommendation: The website, Microsoft Academic (MA), uses the same intelligence in the machine readers to infer query intent and retrieve most relevant knowledge in Microsoft Academic Graph. Like an personal assistant, it can also recommend materials you might not know exist and alert you with the recent publication and late breaking news that you might find interesting.

Importance assessment and ranking: as needed in reasoning and inferences, the importance of each entity is estimated and quantified. We study reinforcement learning algorithms that can effectively predict community judgments on all entities, using future citations as the delayed reward function.

The most recent review of our work is published in this journal paper by Frontiers and this by QSS.

Aside from the MAG data, a REST API powering the Microsoft Academic website is also available as a Cognitive Service Lab project for free-tier access only. There is no payment option to go beyond the throttling and quota limit. If you need faster responses and more calls than currently allowed, you are welcome to self-host the API. Please visit this online documentation site to see if self-host is right for you.

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Established: February 22, 2016 Editor's note, May 4, 2021 - In a recent blog post, it was announced the Microsoft Academic website and underlying APIs will be retired on Dec. 31, 2021. Microsoft Academic is a project exploring how to assist human conducting scientific research by leveraging machine's cognitive power in memory, computation, sensing, attention, and endurance.

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Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. Search across a wide variety of disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions.

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More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual. Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.

To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g., journal article) and follow the relevant example.

When selecting a category, use the webpages and websites category only when a work does not fit better within another category. For example, a report from a government website would use the reports category, whereas a page on a government website that is not a report or other work would use the webpages and websites category.

Also note that print and electronic references are largely the same. For example, to cite both print books and ebooks, use the books and reference works category and then choose the appropriate type of work (i.e., book) and follow the relevant example (e.g., whole authored book).

Examples on these pages illustrate the details of reference formats. We make every attempt to show examples that are in keeping with APA Style's guiding principles of inclusivity and bias-free language. These examples are presented out of context only to demonstrate formatting issues (e.g., which elements to italicize, where punctuation is needed, placement of parentheses). References, including these examples, are not inherently endorsements for the ideas or content of the works themselves. An author may cite a work to support a statement or an idea, to critique that work, or for many other reasons. For more examples, see our sample papers.

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Provides examples of references for periodicals; books and reference works; edited book chapters and entries in reference works; reports and gray literature; conference presentations and proceedings; dissertations and theses; unpublished and informally published works; data sets; audiovisual media; social media; and webpages and websites.