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1.  Identify goals and target bhv

2. Design data-recording system and collect preliminary data  (find baseline)

3. Select strategy (shaping? reinforcement?)

4. Implement program (consistency)

5. Record keeping (monitor target bhv)

6. Evaluate (compare with baseline) and alter program if necessary

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- a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable bhv and decreasing unwanted ones

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NS: Neutral Stimulus

UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus
UCR: Unconditioned Respones

CS: Conditioned Stimulus
CR: Conditioned Response

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1. Before conditioning:
NS (bell) -> No response
UCS (meat) -> UCR (salivate)

2. During conditioning
NS (bell) + UCS (meat) -> UCR (salivate)

3. After conditioning
CS [evolved from NS] (bell) -> CR [asalnya UCR] (salivate)

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- basic phenomenon  when previously conditioned responses decreases in frequency, eventually disappears

- spontaneous recovery: extinct bhv reemerged after a period of rest
- cth: drug addict relapse

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- continuous: reinforce every time bhv occurs

rapid learning

- intermittent: reinforce some times

stronger/longer-lasting learning

2 categories based on:

a) number of responses before reinforcement

fixed-ratio

variable-ratio

b) amount of time before reinforcement

fixed-interval

variable-interval (steady rate of learning)

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- teaching complex bhv by rewarding in successive approximation (tangga)
- B.F. Skinner

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Positive Punishment
- add unpleasant stimuli
- cth: spanking/jail

Negative Punishment
- remove pleasant stimuli
- cth: demotion/grounded

Reinforcement is more appropriate than punishment!

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2 types of reinforcer:

Primary: basic needs (food/shelter)

Secondary: stimulus associated with primary reinforcer (money/good grades)

Positive Reinforcement
- add pleasant stimulus
- cth: paycheck/praise

Negative Reinforcement
- remove unpleasant stimuli
- cth: bahu sakit (unpleasant stimuli) -> pakai salonpas (negative reinforcer) -> hilang sakit -> next time bahu sakit cari salonpas (bhv increase)

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- Receptive

read/write

visual/graphic

auditory/verbal

tactile/kinesthetic

- Analytical

understand fundamentals/components first

- Relational

understand full picture first

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- by observing another person's bhv (model)
- Albert Bandura's social cognitive approach

- genetic basis

mirror neurons

mother animals teaching young (eg, hunting)

- not all observed bhv is learned

main factor: if the model is rewarded, bhv more apt to be mimicked

- experiment:

Bobo Doll

Fearless Peer

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- bhv is learned but not demonstrated until incentive is provided for displaying it
- learning occurs without reinforcement

- cognitive map: mental representation of spatial locactions and directions

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- approach that focuses on thought process underlying learning (internal thoughts and expectations)

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- a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about the response

- experiment:

Pavlov - Dog + Bell

Watson - Little Albert (emotional response)

Stimulus Generalization
- similar stimuli
- cth: Little Albert takut dengan semua haiwan/benda berbulu, not just rat

Stimulus Discrimination
- distinct differences
- cth: kucing berlari dengar bunyi bukak fridge (associate fridge = wetfood) tapi tak heran dengar bunyi bukak almari

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- voluntary response is strengthened/weakened depending on un/favourable consequences

- experiment:

Skinner Box (rat + lever + food)