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In this Supreme Court case, the ruling stated that enslaved African Americans were not citizens and could not sue for their freedom. It further intensified tensions between abolitionists and pro-slavery advocates

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The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first law to restrict immigration based on race. It prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States, reflecting anti-Chinese sentiment at the time.

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In Tulsa, Oklahoma, a white mob attacked the prosperous black neighborhood of Greenwood, known as "Black Wall Street." The event resulted in the destruction of homes and businesses and the loss of many lives.

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Internment of Japanese Americans (1942-1945)

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Internment of Japanese Americans (1942-1945)

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During World War II, the United States government implemented the internment of Japanese Americans. Under Executive Order 9066, approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans, most of whom were U.S. citizens, were forcibly relocated from their homes and placed in internment camps.

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Jackie Robinson Breaks the Color Barrier (1947)

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Jackie Robinson Breaks the Color Barrier (1947)

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Jackie Robinson's breaking of the color barrier in Major League Baseball in 1947 was a watershed moment in American sports and the civil rights movement. As the first African American player in the modern era, Robinson faced immense racial prejudice and discrimination, but his extraordinary talent and resilience paved the way for racial integration in professional sports.

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The landmark Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954) declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson. The ruling marked a significant turning point in the civil rights movement and set the stage for desegregation efforts that aimed to dismantle systemic racism in educational institutions.

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The Little Rock Nine refers to a group of nine African American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957, following the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. Their attendance faced intense opposition, including verbal and physical harassment, as they became symbols of the fight against racial segregation and the struggle for equal rights in education. The event highlighted the resistance and challenges faced during the process of school desegregation in the United States.

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March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963)

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March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963)

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The March on Washington was a pivotal moment in the civil rights movement. It culminated in Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic "I Have a Dream" speech, calling for racial equality and an end to discrimination.

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Loving v. Virginia (1967) was a landmark Supreme Court case that struck down state laws banning interracial marriage. The case involved Mildred Loving, a black woman, and Richard Loving, a white man, who were married in Washington, D.C., but faced criminal charges upon returning to Virginia. The Supreme Court's ruling deemed interracial marriage bans unconstitutional, establishing the fundamental right to marry for all individuals regardless of race and setting a precedent for future civil rights cases.

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The Black Panther Party was founded as a revolutionary socialist organization advocating for self-defense against police brutality and the provision of social programs to African American communities.

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The trial of O.J. Simpson, a former professional football player accused of murdering his ex-wife and her friend, became highly publicized and polarizing.

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The Scottsboro Boys Trial, which took place from 1931 to 1937, unfolded against the backdrop of the racially segregated American South. It involved nine African American teenagers falsely accused of raping two white women aboard a freight train in Alabama. The trial garnered national and international attention due to its glaring racial bias, inadequate legal representation for the defendants, and the prejudiced attitudes prevailing in the Jim Crow era. Despite overwhelming evidence of their innocence and inconsistencies in the testimonies of the accusers, several of the defendants were unjustly convicted and sentenced to death or lengthy prison terms.

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The Trayvon Martin shooting in 2012 brought to the forefront issues of racial profiling, gun violence, and the unequal treatment of African Americans within the criminal justice system. Trayvon Martin, a 17-year-old unarmed black teenager, was shot and killed by George Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer, in Sanford, Florida. The case sparked widespread outrage and protests, as it raised questions about the disproportionate targeting of black individuals, the role of implicit bias, and the interpretation of self-defense laws.

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Charlottesville Unite the Right Rally (2017)

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Charlottesville Unite the Right Rally (2017)

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The Charlottesville Unite the Right Rally in 2017 was a gathering of white supremacist groups that aimed to protest the removal of a Confederate statue. The rally quickly turned violent as clashes erupted between the white supremacists and counter-protesters. The tragic incident occurred when a participant intentionally drove his car into a crowd of counter-protesters, resulting in the death of Heather Heyer and injuring many others. The rally and subsequent violence exposed the ongoing presence of white supremacist ideologies in contemporary America and sparked a national conversation about hate groups, racial tensions, and the need for unity against bigotry.

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The killing of Ahmaud Arbery in 2020 ignited national outrage and shed light on the issues of racial profiling and vigilante violence against African Americans. Arbery, an unarmed black man, was pursued, confronted, and ultimately shot by two white men while he was jogging in Glynn County, Georgia. The incident, captured on video and released months later, starkly exposed the dangers faced by black individuals due to racial bias. The tragedy became a catalyst for widespread calls to address systemic racism, demand justice, and reform the criminal justice system.

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Surge of Anti-asian hate crimes due to COVID (2021)

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Surge of Anti-asian hate crimes due to COVID (2021)

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In January 2021, a 84-year-old Thai immigrant named Vicha Ratanapakdee was violently attacked in San Francisco. The assault, captured on surveillance video, showed a man charging at Ratanapakdee, resulting in his fall to the ground and subsequent death from his injuries. This incident, along with numerous other reported cases, exemplified the alarming surge in anti-Asian hate crimes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such acts of violence have targeted Asian individuals, fueled by harmful stereotypes and xenophobic sentiments that falsely scapegoat them for the health crisis. The tragic assault on Vicha Ratanapakdee underscored the urgent need to address and combat the rising wave of anti-Asian racism, while fostering a climate of unity, understanding, and respect.