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John Locke: Two Treatises of Government (5.1)

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John Locke: Two Treatises of Government (5.1)

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This book is most known for John Locke's address of "Natural Rights" which are the rights to Life, Liberty, and Property. This also establishes the idea of a Social Contract, where the people have the power to rule. Although, the people in an area give up some of their power to the Government in exchange for protection of their rights.

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The Agricultural Revolution included the invention of the seed drill, crop rotation, as well as many other new farming technologies and ideas. This allowed farming to become much more efficient.

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The use of steam to make things work wasn't terribly uncommon, however the steam engine took steam power and made it available in a way that it could be applied to many new inventions.

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The British East India Company controlled parts of India. This made it a lot easier for the company to extract materials. The mining caused major fear of a revolution due to all the lead being mined.

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Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame (5.3)

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Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame (5.3)

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The Spinning Jenny, invented in the early 1770's allowed weavers to spin multiple threads at once. The Water Frame, invented in 1779, made the spinning wheel faster. Both of these inventions made working with fabrics a lot easier.

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At it's root, the American Revolution were the North American Colonies fighting against Britain for freedom. Britain continues to fight throughout the world, and wars are expensive. This expense fell on these colonies which saw increased tax policies. The colonies also had no representation in British Parliament, so they had no say in any of these policies. This led to the well known phrase "No taxation without representation". With no compromises being made, the colonies created The Declaration of Independence, which started The American Revolution.

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Very similar to the American Revolution, France was seeing increased taxes because of the expense involved when Britain conquers new land. The system of government within France was also flawed, dividing the population into 3 categories based on wealth and giving each group equal voting power. This means that the lowest class, the commoners, made up about 97% of France, but only had 33% of the voting power. This allowed the upper classes to take advantage of the commoners when it came to paying taxes. The commoners came together and revolted against the upper classes, starting The French Revolution.

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Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.  It's a book in which she argued for more rights for women. This is what started the whole idea of Feminism.

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Eli Whitney thought of the idea of interchangeable parts in machinery. This production was much cheaper as the whole machine did not need to be replaced if there was an error. This invention eventually led to the division of labor making production even more efficient.

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The Ottoman Empire still had not yet adapted to all the new technologies or ideas. They were called "The Sick Man of Europe". Due to this the Ottoman Empire rapidly called, but somehow stayed alive. Eventually, Muhammad Ali came along and saved them.

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Textile production was very common in India. It was so common that the British charged them a 5% tax for tiles produced. Britain was mad that they were making more than Britain was.

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This year marks the first state to place a ban on slavery. Denmark banned slavery due to a push from its residents. This inspired other states to think about banning slavery as well because of the ethical and moral implications it has had for the previous century.

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Creoles were Spanish people born in an American Colony. The Spanish Colonies were very wealthy but mainland Spain took a lot of this money through taxes. More than that, they mainland Spain never considered any Creoles for government positions. The Creoles rebelled against Spain for enlightenment values and to get rid of mercantilism. This started the Latin American Revolution.

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The Trans-Siberian Railroad has finally finished being constructed. The railroad stretched from Moscow, all the way to the Pacific Ocean. It allowed Russia to have an easy trade route to East Asia, making trade much more common. This also started the idea of major railroads to be built in other countries and continents.

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The Industrial Revolution brought people together from different areas from the US as well as different parts of the world. However, all of these populations merging allowed the spread of disease to run wild. New diseases were added to populations of people that didn't already have immunity to them. On top of this, the city made it sure that people were living in very close quarters so it was almost impossible to avoid disease.

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All men can vote, no matter their race. This made elections fairer, though there were still some challenges. People would often be scared away from voting, due to aggression and systemic beliefs against African-American individuals.

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During this time the first labor unions were created from necessity. They were formed after the Sadler Report, which revealed the harsh conditions the workers were in. The labor unions were groups of people that came together to achieve better quality for all the workers.

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Cities Exploded as people from rural areas moved into urban areas and immigrants started flooding into the United States. Because cities weren't planning for the influx of people they started to randomly build new infrastructure making cities a mess. The time period is named after the kind of infrastructure that was built, called tenements. They were easily built apartments that went up quickly to house the large population.

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German philosophers Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx published 'The Communist Manifesto' pamphlet after trying to reform the idea of centralized governments. The systems of government being used at the time appeared to be flawed from several people's points of view. Many others attempted to alter how the government worked, but to this today the system mostly remains the same.

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The Japanese realize they are behind in the world and their global contributions. They realize they need to be a stronger nation and reinstate Imperial Rule under Emperor Meiji. In around 50 years Japan became nearly as powerful as everyone else, making them have the most rapid industrial change in history.

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The Second Industrial Revolution is arguably more important than the first. This took place mostly in the United States, but the revolution slowly made its way across the world. The industrial revolution led to the creation of new processes, materials, and technology. New immigrants allowed for a massive workforce. This was crucial for the creation of processes like the assembly line (pictured above). On the materials front, steel and electricity were newly created materials and more advanced science led to new chemicals.

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The Internal Combustion Engine was one of the first ways mankind was able to turn fossil fuels into usable energy. The first model of the internal combustion engine is shown here, and has a very limited use case. However, the idea can be applied in many areas.

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Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish military leader, was falsely accused of treason. The accusation was taken seriously and Dreyfus was found guilty, convicted, and sentenced to life imprisonment. It took decades to figure out that this accusation was incorrect and based purely on his race (religion). This event sparked the realization of how serious anti-semitism was.

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Fossil fuels like coal and petroleum became mainstream. The people at the time had no idea of the impacts on these types of energy making dangerous living conditions that would impact the world climate for centuries.

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Private investments started to become mainstream, especially in Japan. They aided in the growth of various industries that benefited from the Second Industrial Revolution. Individuals would give money to companies in exchange for more money later if the companies did well financially. It is apparent that this is what created the idea of stock and investors.

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The first advertising campaigns started in Britain. It is soon to become a multi-billion dollar industry. They began to be very common around the world and targeted the people in the middle class. Marketing is another example of an idea that creates great class separation. It encourages people to spend money on items that they don't have the means or funds to buy. The richer get more rich and those that aren't as wealthy start spending more.

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The demand for material goods skyrocketed. To meet this demand, many companies would start to have factories in multiple countries during this time period. Apart from having more factories, commonly factories became a lot more efficient with companies refining their processes. This led to companies being able to produce a large amount of goods to meet the demand and make more money.

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Insurance is a revolutionary business idea. It's an industry that later on will be required to be purchased buy the government (in most cases) so they instantly make money. The idea of insurance gives many people the peace of mind they need to continue advancing society rather than worrying about illness.      A workforce that is less restrained and healthier leads to more efficiency and strength within companies. Now more companies can succeed faster. It also leads to more people putting money in banks which helps that industry booms as well.