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Unit2 Concept of growth and development:

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Unit2 Concept of growth and development:

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Growth is the progressive increase in the size of a child or parts of a child.

Development is progressive acquisition of various skills (abilities) such as head support, speaking, learning, expressing the feelings and relating with other people.

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Hurlock has defined Growth as “change in size, in proportion, disappearance
of old features and acquisition of new ones”.

Growth refers to structural and physiological changes (Crow and Crow, 1962). Development is continuous and gradual process (Skinner).

According to
Crow and Crow (1965),"development  is concerned with growth as well as those changes in behavior which results from environmental situation.”

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Principles Of Growth And Development Of Children-B.Ed Notes

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Principles Of Growth And Development Of Children-B.Ed Notes

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B.Ed Notes on the Principles of Growth and Development and their educational implications | Some important question for CTET-2020

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Unit 5                                  MASLOW'S THEORY OF HIERARCHICAL NEEDS

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Unit 5                                  MASLOW'S THEORY OF HIERARCHICAL NEEDS

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How Maslow’s Famous Hierarchy of Needs Explains Human Motivation

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Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs is one of the best-known theories of motivation. Maslow's theory states that our actions are motivated by certain physiological and psychological needs that progress from basic to complex.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory

Abraham Maslow first introduced the concept of a hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper, titled "A Theory of Human Motivation," and again in his subsequent book, "Motivation and Personality." This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs.

While some of the existing schools of thought at the time-such as psychoanalysis and behaviorism -tended to focus on problematic behaviors, Maslow was more interested in learning about what makes people happy and what they do to achieve that aim.

As a humanist, Maslow believed that people have an inborn desire to be self-actualized, that is, to be all they can be. To achieve this ultimate goal, however, a number of more basic needs must be met. This includes the need for food, safety, love, and self-esteem.

Maslow believed that these needs are similar to instincts and play a major role in motivating behavior. There are five different levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, starting at the lowest level known as physiological needs.

Physiological Needs

The physiological needs include those that are vital to survival. Some examples of physiological needs include:

In addition to the basic requirements of nutrition, air, and temperature regulation, physiological needs also include shelter and clothing. Maslow included sexual reproduction in this level of the hierarchy as well, since it is essential to the survival and propagation of the species.

Security and Safety Needs

At the second level of Maslow's hierarchy, the needs start to become a bit more complex. At this level, the needs for security and safety become primary.

People want control and order in their lives. Some of the basic security and safety needs include:

Finding a job, obtaining health insurance and health care, contributing money to a savings account, and moving to a safer neighborhood are all examples of actions motivated by security and safety needs.

Social Needs

The social needs in Maslow's hierarchy include love, acceptance, and belonging. At this level, the need for emotional relationships drives human behavior. Some of the things that satisfy this need include:

Friendships

Romantic attachments

Family relationships

Social groups

Community groups

Churches and religious organizations

In order to avoid loneliness, depression, and anxiety, it is important for people to feel loved and accepted by others. Personal relationships with friends, family, and lovers play an important role, as does involvement in groups-such as religious groups, sports teams, book clubs, and other group activities.

Esteem Needs

At the fourth level in Maslow's hierarchy is the need for appreciation and respect. Once the needs at the bottom three levels have been satisfied, the esteem needs begin to play a more prominent role in motivating behavior.

At this level, it becomes increasingly important to gain the respect and appreciation of others. People have a need to accomplish things, then have their efforts recognized. In addition to the need for feelings of accomplishment and prestige, esteem needs include such things as self-esteem and personal worth.

People need to sense that they are valued by others and feel that they are making a contribution to the world. Participation in professional activities, academic accomplishments, athletic or team participation, and personal hobbies can all play a role in fulfilling the esteem needs.

People who are able to satisfy esteem needs by achieving good self-esteem and the recognition of others tend to feel confident in their abilities. Conversely, those who lack self-esteem and the respect of others can develop feelings of inferiority.

Self-Actualization Needs

At the very peak of Maslow's hierarchy are the self-actualization needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interested in fulfilling their potential.

"What a man can be, he must be," Maslow explained, referring to the need people have to achieve their full potential as human beings.

Maslow's said of self-actualization: "It may be loosely described as the full use and exploitation of talents, capabilities, potentialities, etc. Such people seem to be fulfilling themselves and to be doing the best that they are capable of doing. They are people who have developed or are developing to the full stature of which they capable."

Progressing Through the Pyramid of Needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid of needs are made up of the most basic needs while the most complex needs are at the top.

Once lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs. As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social.

At the top of the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. Like Carl Rogers, Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potential.

Different Types of Needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs can be separated into two types of needs: deficiency needs and growth needs.

Deficiency needs: Physiological, security, social, and esteem needs are deficiency needs, which arise due to deprivation. Satisfying these lower-level needs is important to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequences.

Growth needs: Maslow called the needs at the top of the pyramid growth needs. These needs don't stem from a lack of something, but rather from a desire to grow as a person.

While the theory is generally portrayed as a fairly rigid hierarchy, Maslow noted that the order in which these needs are fulfilled does not always follow this standard progression.

For example, he noted that for some individuals, the need for self-esteem is more important than the need for love. For others, the need for creative fulfillment may supersede even the most basic needs.

Criticisms of Maslow's Theory

Maslow's theory has become wildly popular both in and out of psychology. The fields of education and business have been particularly influenced by the theory. But Maslow's concept has not been without criticism. Chief among the long-held objections are:

Needs don't follow a hierarchy: While some research has shown support for Maslow's theories, most of the research has not been able to substantiate the idea of a needs hierarchy. Wahba and Bridwell (researchers from Baruch College) reported that there was little evidence for Maslow's ranking of these needs and even less evidence that these needs are in a hierarchical order.

The theory is difficult to test: Other critics of Maslow's theory note that his definition of self-actualization is difficult to test scientifically. His research on self-actualization was also based on a very limited sample of individuals, including people he knew as well as biographies of famous individuals who Maslow believed to be self-actualized.

Some of the more recent critiques suggest that Maslow was inspired by the belief systems of the Blackfoot nation, but neglected to acknowledge this. Maslow's studied the Northern Blackfoot tribe as an anthropologist. However, this foundational basis disappeared over time, causing him to misuse the concepts he was originally there to assess.

Impact of Maslow's Hierarchy

Regardless of these criticisms, Maslow's hierarchy of needs represented part of an important shift in psychology. Rather than focusing on abnormal behavior and development, Maslow's humanistic psychology was focused on the development of healthy individuals.

There has been relatively little research supporting Maslow's theory, yet the hierarchy of needs is well-known and popular both in and out of psychology. And in a study published in 2011, researchers from the University of Illinois set out to put this hierarchy to the test.

What they discovered is that, while the fulfillment of the needs was strongly correlated with happiness, people from cultures all over the world reported that self-actualization and social needs were important even when many of the most basic needs were unfulfilled.

Such results suggest that while these needs can be powerful motivators of human behavior, they do not necessarily take the hierarchical form that Maslow described.

The Expanded Hierarchy of Needs

In 1970, Maslow built upon his original hierarchy to include three additional needs at the top of his pyramid, for a total of eight:

Cognitive needs. This centers on knowledge. People generally want to learn and know things about their world and their places in it.

Aesthetic needs. This addresses the appreciation of beauty and form. People might fulfill this need through enjoying or creating music, art, literature, and other creative expressions.

Transcendence needs. Maslow believed that humans are driven to look beyond the physical self in search of meaning. Helping others, practicing spirituality, and connecting with nature are a few ways we might meet this need.

A Word From Verywell

Whether you accept Maslow's hierarchy of needs or not, his theory shines a light on the many needs we have as human beings. And even if we don't all place these needs in the same order, keeping them in mind when interacting with others can help make our interactions more caring and respectful.

Frequently Asked Questions

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How Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Explains Human Motivation

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs describes five levels of needs that motivate human nature. Learn more about the pyramid of needs and why it matters.

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of Maslow's theory?

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Merits and Demerits Of Maslow's Theory of hierarchy needs

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Merits and Demerits Of Maslow's Theory of hierarchy needs

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Table of contents:

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Maslow's theory?

2. What are the criticisms about who Maslow thought was a self actualized individual?

3. Why Maslow is wrong?

4. How does Maslow achieve self-actualization?

5. What are the characteristics of self-actualized person?

6. What are the characteristics of self-actualization?

7. What is the importance of self-actualization?

8. How do you define self-actualization?

9. What is the opposite of self-actualization?

10. What's the meaning of actualization?

11. What is actualized spend?

12. What is actualization in finance?

13. What does it mean to actualize a business?

14. How do you turn an idea into an opportunity?

15. How do you actualize business ideas and opportunities?

16. What is actualization in entrepreneurship?

17. Why does a startup founder need to understand Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

18. How does Maslow hierarchy of needs apply to business?

19. What is discovery in entrepreneurship?

20. Why is the entrepreneurial discovery process important?

21. What is the first step in entrepreneurial discovery?

22. What is the importance of entrepreneurial process?

23. What are the impacts of entrepreneurship on the economy?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Maslow's theory?

One advantage of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is its perceptive insight into human nature, a disadvantage is that the hierarchy fails to account for cultural or social differences between individuals. Abraham Maslow first introduced the theory in his paper, "A Theory of Human Motivation."

What are the criticisms about who Maslow thought was a self actualized individual?

One of the most common criticisms of Maslow's conception of self- actualization is that it appears to be limited to those who have had good fortune in their lives.

Why Maslow is wrong?

He claims that these human needs are the foundation of a pyramid that leads to self-actualization. However, UCLA professor and social neuroscience researcher Matthew Lieberman argues that Maslow got it wrong. Food, shelter, and warmth are not the foundation of our human needs./span>

How does Maslow achieve self-actualization?
These tips can serve as additional guideposts along your way.

1. Practice acceptance. Learning to accept what comes - as it comes - can help you achieve self-actualization. ...

2. Live spontaneously. ...

3. Get comfortable with your own company. ...

4. Appreciate the small things in life. ...

5. Live authentically. ...

6. Develop compassion. ...

7. Talk to a therapist.

What are the characteristics of self-actualized person?
9 Characteristics of Self-Actualized People

Self-Actualized People Have Peak Experiences. ...

They Possess Self-Acceptance and a Democratic World View. ...

They Are Realistic. ...

They Tend to Be Problem-Centered. ...

The Self-Actualized Person Is Autonomous. ...

They Enjoy Solitude and Privacy. ...

They Have a Philosophical Sense of Humor. ...

Self-Actualized People Are Spontaneous.

What are the characteristics of self-actualization?
Maslow's self-actualizing characteristics are:

Efficient perceptions of reality. ...

Comfortable acceptance of self, others and nature. ...

Reliant on own experiences and judgement. ...

Spontaneous and natural. ...

Task centering. ...

Autonomy. ...

Continued freshness of appreciation. ...

Profound interpersonal relationships.

What is the importance of self-actualization?

As human beings, we have basic psychological needs for personal growth and development throughout our lives. By accomplishing self- actualization, you are able to find meaning and purpose in your life, and you are able to say you truly 'lived./span>

How do you define self-actualization?

Take-home Messages. Self- actualization is the complete realization of one's potential, and the full development of one's abilities and appreciation for life. This concept is at the top of the Maslow hierarchy of needs, so not every human being reaches it./span>

What is the opposite of self-actualization?

not looking after oneself. obstructng oneself. prevent oneself from being successful. sabotaging of oneself. sabotaging oneself.

What's the meaning of actualization?

Noun. 1. actualization - making real or giving the appearance of reality. actualisation, realization, realisation.

What is actualized spend?

Marketing spend represents the amount of money a marketing department spends on activities such as content marketing, paid advertising, SEO, social media, trade shows, and more. ... Optimizing spend entails bringing more leads into the marketing funnel for the lowest cost./span>

What is actualization in finance?

The actualization process can be defined as the present value at time t = 0 of a future unitary amount. Explicitly, it is the inverse of the capitalization process. DEFINITION 3.

What does it mean to actualize a business?

This means researching a variety of different fields, like business and finance or social engine marketing. When you have an idea of what your goal entails, break down your strategy in small, actionable steps. They can be: Knit a small collection of sweaters.

How do you turn an idea into an opportunity?
Here are the steps you can take to turn your ideas and opportunities into action.

1. Pick one. The first step in getting past any of the issues above is to select an opportunity. ...

2. Sell yourself. ...

3. Commit. ...

4. Make a plan. ...

5. Build support. ...

6. Get started. ...

7. Put the best ones into action.

8. More advice on Personal Development.

How do you actualize business ideas and opportunities?
Four ways to identify more business opportunities

1. Listen to your potential clients and past leads. When you're targeting potential customers listen to their needs, wants, challenges and frustrations with your industry. ...

2. Listen to your customers. ...

3. Look at your competitors. ...

4. Look at industry trends and insights.

What is actualization in entrepreneurship?

The entrepreneurs we know start with self- actualization. They are fulfilling their dreams and desires with every pitch to investors, sale to a customer or addition to their product and service offering. They are one with their endeavors and the struggle is part of the joy./span>

Why does a startup founder need to understand Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

These are the core needs that every founder must satisfy, in this priority order, before they can be effective at their startup. Sleep - without good quality, uninterrupted sleep, everything else suffers. Bad sleep is linked to poor mental and physical performance./span>

How does Maslow hierarchy of needs apply to business?

Every business wants their employees to think big, work hard, be inspired, and even be inspirational. ... We can apply Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs to show how employees can be supported to reach the highest levels of self-actualization-enabling businesses to achieve excellence and financial success./span>

What is discovery in entrepreneurship?

The entrepreneurial discovery process is a learning process to select R&D;+I as well as non-technological activities in which a region can hope to excel, in other words: it's a vision about opportunities in existing or emerging sectors.

Why is the entrepreneurial discovery process important?

The EDP is an inclusive and interactive bottom-up process in which participants from different environments (policy, business, academia, etc) are discovering and producing information about potential new activities, identifying potential opportunities that emerge through this interaction, while policymakers assess ...

What is the first step in entrepreneurial discovery?

During the discovery phase, an opportunity is identified and evaluated. It is critical because it sets the stage for developing a business plan, procuring the required resources, and establishing a new venture dedicated to the exploitation of that opportunity./span>

What is the importance of entrepreneurial process?

Entrepreneurial ventures literally generate new wealth. Existing businesses may remain confined to the scope of existing markets and may hit the glass ceiling in terms of income. New and improved offerings, products or technologies from entrepreneurs enable new markets to be developed and new wealth created./span>

What are the impacts of entrepreneurship on the economy?

Entrepreneurs boost economic growth by introducing innovative technologies, products, and services. Increased competition from entrepreneurs challenges existing firms to become more competitive. Entrepreneurs provide new job opportunities in the short and long term.

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of Maslow's theory?

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of Maslow's theory? What are the criticisms about who Maslow thought was a self actualized individual? Why Maslow is wrong? How does Maslow achieve self-actualization? What are the characteristics of self-actualized person? What are the characteristics of self-actualization? What is the importance of self-actualization?

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Maslow Pyramid Theory of Motivation  (EP45) Basic Psychology in Tamil

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In our mother tongue

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Maslow Pyramid Theory of Motivation  (EP45) Basic Psychology in Tamil