# data[].attributes.body
1. Lee Wei Sheng (19ADB00344)
2. Na Yun Feng (18ADB06922)
3. Ngu Hui En (18ADB03550)
4. Pang Liang Ee (20ADB01483)
5. Rachel Lim (19ADB01278)

# data[].attributes.body
Mating of gilt or sow with a boar in a pen or a stall for the stimulation of estrus of female

Artificial insemination could be the alternative approach of natural mating

Estrus/ heat = female mammals' cyclic period of sexual activity

The sow's estrus cycle is 21 days

Timing of sow's first estrus after weaning ranges from 5-40 days

Conception rate (first service) is normally 80%

The feeds for sows are increased 50-100% (flushing) or high energy source (dextrose) is provided for the first 2 weeks before first service

This is to increase litter size and ovulation

When the gilt or sow is pregnant, it will temporary stop on estrus cycle

The sow that fails to conceive will be culled by farmer, same goes to gilts that fail to conceive after breeding for 3 times.

# data[].attributes.headline
Ways to make swine farming more sustainable

# data[].attributes.subject
Ways to make swine farming more sustainable

# data[].attributes.body
1. Good animal health - More efficient and profitable in production process and less greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

2. Changing the nutrition mix - Changing the animal feed  can reduce the emissions of methane and nitrogen gas.

3. Methane reduction - Innovation within supplements and vaccines to reduce the production of methane.

# data[].attributes.body
---> Swine, also known as pig or hogs, are even-toes ungulates.

Common name: Pig, hog
Scientific name: Sus scrofa

---> What is swine farming?

Swine farming is "the feeding, breeding , care and management of domestic pigs as livestock"

# data[].attributes.body
Gestation period ranges from 110 - 120 days

Average gestation period is 114 days

Sow/pig are confined individually in gestation pen for prevention of fighting and restriction of feed consumption and activity

# data[].attributes.body
In average, each birth event (farrowing) can involve 8-12 piglets born

The piglets usually weigh 1.5-2 kg.

# data[].attributes.body
Lactation period ranges from 3-5 weeks (depends on farm's pig management practice)

The practice of long suckling period is avoided due to the factors of economic and production

Nursing of large numbers of piglets tend to weaken the sow and reduce their productivity and rebreeding ability

# data[].attributes.body
Sows or pigs are returned to breeding area

Piglets are kept in weaner pen for about 8 weeks to reach 20 kg of weight

They are fed with formulated feed

# data[].attributes.body
The piglets from weaner pen are moved to porker/ grower pens

They are grew to reach 75-100 kg of market weight

Life span of porker ranges from 150-230 days (from birth to abattoir)

The slaughtered porker's dress weight is about 70% of live weight

# data[].attributes.headline
1. Intracytoplasmatic sperm Injection (ICSI)

# data[].attributes.subject
1. Intracytoplasmatic sperm Injection (ICSI)

# data[].attributes.body
2. In-vitro fertilization (IVF) of oocytes
3. Micromanipulation of domestic animal embryos
4. Embryo transfer technique
5. Superovulation and Donor selection
6. Tissue Culture and isolation of germline
7. Sperm, oocyte, and embryo cryopreservation

# data[].attributes.body
Yorkshires have white and long body with erect ears.

Live weight of a mature male can be 300 to 450 kg, whereas live weight of mature female can be 250 to 350 kg.

It is a good mother with high prolificacy. It has litter size of 12 and weaning percent of more than 70%.

The Yorkshires have 7 pairs of teats.

# data[].attributes.body
Landrace have white and long body with large drooping ears.

They are good mother with high prolificacy. It has average litter size of 11.

The average live weight of matured male is 310 to 400 kg and average live weight of female is 250-330 kg.

Landrace is good for bacon production.

# data[].attributes.body
Hampshire has black muscular body with a white belt.

The average live weight of matured male is 300 kg and the average live weight of matured female is 250 kg.

It has a litter size of 9 with a high weaning rate.

# data[].attributes.body
Duroc has red, muscular body with partially drooping ears.

It is desirable as sires.

Grows fastest among swine breed.

The average live weight of matured male is 300 kg and the average live weight of matured female is 250 kg.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Separate house for breeding boar and pregnant sow.

2. Separate house for gilt and dry sows.

3. Provision for the farrowing pan.

4. Provision for piglet box.

5. Provision for started feed.

6. Heating and cooling system.

7. Suitable size drinkers

8. Sufficient space for exercise

# data[].attributes.body
Appropriate house

Sufficient clean water for drinking

Proper feeding

Introduce healthy and improved breeding male

Proper and careful selection for breeding

Vaccination and veterinary service regularly.

Provides iron and vitamin supplements when needed.

# data[].attributes.body
The effects of bad housing management includes

Abortion

Slow or retarded growth

Dysentery/Diarrhea

Piglets mortality

Parasitic infection

Spread of contagious diseases

Less meat production

Affects human health

# data[].attributes.body
Flink, L. G., 2014. Pig: Domestication. Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009. Farmer's Hand Book on Pig Production (For the small holders at village level).  Nepal: FAO.

Hauschild, L., Lovatto, P. A., Pomar, J., & Pomar, C. (2012). Development of sustainable precision farming systems for swine: Estimating real-time individual amino acid requirements in growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 90(7), pp. 2255–2263.

Health for Animals, n.d. Three ways livestock farming is becoming more sustainable. [online] Available at: <https://healthforanimals.org/resources-and-events/newsletter-repository/14-world-environment-day.html?q=44> [Accessed 30 July 2021].

John P.R., Robert I. P. and James F. P., 1990. Traditional conservation-minded methods combined with modern technology can reduce farmers' dependence on possibly dangerous chemicals. The rewards are both environmental and financial: Sustainable Agriculture. Scientific American, 262(6), pp. 112-121.

Manu, H. and Baidoo, S.K., 2020. Nutrition and feeding of swine. In: F.W. Bazer, G.C. Lamb and G. Wu, eds. Animal Agriculture. Texas: Academic Press. pp. 299-313.

nidirect, n.d. Animal welfare. [online] Available at: <https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/animal-welfare> [Accessed 30 July 2021].

Taiganides, E.P., 1992. Pig waste management and recycling: The Singapore experience. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.

The Humane League, 2020. What is animal welfare and why is it important? [online] Available at: <https://thehumaneleague.org/article/animal-welfare> [Accessed 30 July 2021].

World Animal Protection, 2020. What is animal welfare and why is it important? [online] Available at: < https://www.worldanimalprotection.org.nz/news/animal-welfare-and-why-important> [Accessed 30 July 2021].

# data[].attributes.headline
Piglet, name of Winnie the Pooh's buddy? Nope! Know your vocabulary! 

# data[].attributes.subject
Piglet, name of Winnie the Pooh's buddy? Nope! Know your vocabulary! 

# data[].attributes.body
1. Pig/Swine – Any porcine animal

2. Boar – Intact male pig

3. Sow – Female pig after she has given birth at least one time

4. Piglet – Young pig from birth to weaning

5. Gilt – Young female swine that has not yet given birth

6. Farrow – Pigs giving birth

7. Barrow – Castrated male pig

8. Feeder pig – Young pig weighing about 50 pounds

9. Weaning – removing young pigs from mother’s milk

10. Pork - the meat from a domesticated pig.

# data[].attributes.body
The quality of life experienced by animal.

How well the animal is coping with the surroundings.

To reduce the suffering of farming animals.

To provide a minimum standard of living conditions and treatment.

# data[].attributes.headline
The importance of animal welfare in animal farming

# data[].attributes.subject
The importance of animal welfare in animal farming

# data[].attributes.body
The animals are under the control of humans.

The animals are used to create products or food for humans.

The animals deserve to have a good life in animal farming.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Nutrition - the animals access to sufficient, clean food and water.

2. Environment - comfort temperature, space, air and odour.

3. Health - the absence of disease, injury and impairment.

4. Behaviour - the animals have the freedom to engage in natural behaviours.

5. Mental State - the animals in positive situations such as pleasure and comfort.

# data[].attributes.body
Provide a suitable environment.

Provide a suitable diet.

Provide the opportunity to exhibit normal behaviour patterns.

Keep the animals apart from other animals.

The animals are protected from injury and disease.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How U.S. Pig Farmers Are More Sustainable Than Ever

# data[].attributes.body
productivity

labor efficiency

profitability and environmentally safe

renewable (breeding)

# data[].attributes.body
Stimulate growth and estimate the nutritional needs of swine.

Provide every pig in the herd with the right amount of feed with the right ingredients at the right time.

Determine the individual's daily nutritional needs, formulate a balanced diet, and adjust the diet supply and nutritional concentration to match the assessed needs of each pig.

Accompanying adjustment of nutritional supply requires continuous assessment of the nutritional needs of each individual based on the condition of each animal and its own feed intake and growth patterns.