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Will be pasting my submission here.

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After the crash of the Polish presidential plane, some people put a cross in front of the Presidential Palace in a sign of commemoration. After some time another part of the society started saying loudly the huge cross shouldn't stand in front of the building representing the state power. They argued the president wasn't really a martyr (like a part of the for-cross thought). The defenders of the cross (mostly elderly people) felt their faith was offended and they spent long weeks manifesting and praying in front of the Cross. The whole society was divided on this issue.

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This is Ledras street, the main market street in the Cypriot capital of Nicosia. It is still divided in two parts, one controlled by the legal government of Cyprus ( the so-called Greek administration of Cyprus) and the other one controlled by the Turkish-Cypriot authorities. Until 2007 , access from the one part to the other one was completely block by soldiers. Since then, access between the parts gets more and more simple, increasing the hopes that the whole island will be soon re-unified.

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Working class/ richness in Birmingham, Uk. 

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Working class/ richness in Birmingham, Uk. 

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Pilar Rodríguez Laguna on Instagram: "Urban village #urban #village #digbeth #birmingham #shoes"

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8 likes, 0 comments - pvanili on October 20, 2015: "Urban village #urban #village #digbeth #birmingham #shoes". 

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View this post on Instagram

A post shared by Pilar Rodríguez Laguna (@pvanili)

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Paris, along with many other European cities, has areas which are outside police control, dominated by Muslims and effectively controlled by Sharia law or so it is said. Some media and political personalities have suggested that there are more than 750 areas in cities throughout France where the police dare not go.

There is a division within society but to what extent is that division part of imagined communities? In fact many French cities do have sensitive zones. Actually these zones are designated for state aid and additional resources. They are areas where there is a high level of public housing and high unemployment. Contrary to police not daring to intervene in these zones they are earmarked for a higher level of policing.

The picturesque university city of Vannes, 25 minutes from my home, has two such zones. Politicians and the media would have people believe they will be attacked by those enforcing Sharia Law if you visit. In fact I go there frequently, there is no particular physical boundary, that the buildings are a little run down is the only indication. There is certainly no Sharia Law and you can buy alcohol etc. The problems here are in fact mainly associated with drug dealing.

Paris certainly does have areas that are predominantly the homes of Muslims. Because these Banlieu are outside central Paris, railway stations have been seen as boundaries of these divided areas. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/french-intifada-arab-banlieues-fighting-french-state-extract
These kind of reportage has equally been debunked. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-14/debunking-the-muslim-nogo-zone-myth

The boundaries are physically caused by the layout of the city of Paris. However, they are predominantly built and continually reinforced by the media, social media and politicians.

One response to this was humorous, a list of great restaurants in these zones was published online. http://parisbymouth.com/paris-to-fox-news-eat-me/

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https://www.pinterest.com/meriarg/society-divisions-and-public-space/

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Find and save recipes, parenting hacks, style inspiration and other ideas to try.

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Evangelical religion vs Candomble religion in Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

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Evangelical religion vs Candomble religion in Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

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Some of the evangelical believers persecute other people mainly Candomblecistas (people who practice Candomblé - an afro-brazilian religion)

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Walls divide societies and make people feel small and hopeless!

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Walls divide societies and make people feel small and hopeless!

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                    Football Rivalry Newcastle and Sunderland.
                    
                    I have long thought that Football has replaced 
religion  as `the opiate of the people` to coin a Marxist phrase.  I am 
constantly amazed by the visceral hatred between rival groups , 
especially young men, in the cities of Newcastle and Sunderland. There 
is a deep historic rivalry between the two cities  in relation to 
economic and political matters as these links show:
                    http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/newcastle-vs-sunderland-story-age-old-8292836
                    http://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/oct/23/newsstory.sport
                    
                    However in today`s political and economic 
situation the cities have more in common than anything that divided them
 in the past. Yet they remain divided by football which in a some areas 
actually still divides the populations  and weakens their political 
response to problems that face them. Easy of course to laugh off until 
your city centre is invaded by rival fans. I feel the whole structure of
 modern football has been invaded by capitalism which sees profit in 
such divisions, not only in terms of diverting income from the working 
classes but also diverts their attention from political issues and in a 
sense negates their potential political impact. It`s `bread and 
circuses`, all over again.
                    
                  

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                    Football Rivalry Newcastle and Sunderland.
                    
                    I have long thought that Football has replaced 
religion  as `the opiate of the people` to coin a Marxist phrase.  I am 
constantly amazed by the visceral hatred between rival groups , 
especially young men, in the cities of Newcastle and Sunderland. There 
is a deep historic rivalry between the two cities  in relation to 
economic and political matters as these links show:
                    http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/newcastle-vs-sunderland-story-age-old-8292836
                    http://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/oct/23/newsstory.sport
                    
                    However in today`s political and economic 
situation the cities have more in common than anything that divided them
 in the past. Yet they remain divided by football which in a some areas 
actually still divides the populations  and weakens their political 
response to problems that face them. Easy of course to laugh off until 
your city centre is invaded by rival fans. I feel the whole structure of
 modern football has been invaded by capitalism which sees profit in 
such divisions, not only in terms of diverting income from the working 
classes but also diverts their attention from political issues and in a 
sense negates their potential political impact. It`s `bread and 
circuses`, all over again.
                    
                  

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Syrian Refugees in Turkey and the Border

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Syrian Refugees in Turkey and the Border

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The global refugee crisis is most complicated at the border in Turkey due to the conflict between the Turkish state and local peoples of the region. The state becomes more and more contested as the state loses its authority and ability to keep safety and handle the jihadists crossing the border.

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https://www.thinglink.com/scene/500217410100396033

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house price division across a single street

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house price division across a single street

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On the link below, there is an image of a protest in the Dominican Republic, where some citizens are protesting against corruption. People are gathered in front of the City Council and are being held back from it with metallic fences. We see 3 kinds of actors on this scene: the protesters, mainly men, with banners with their demands, shouting and making noise to make their voice listened; there are the policemen, armed, standing still and silent, waiting on any violent event to act; and for last, there are the journalists, that even though there is a fence dividing the protesters from the police, they are in the middle of both, showing their neutral position and just wanting to capture and pass down both's points of view, so even though there is a fence, the journalists are the ones maintaining the boundary of the division and avoiding a hostile encounter between both sides.

http://www.google.com.do/imgres?imgurl=http://www.photoshelter.com/img-get/I0000Ud_2PFYtn0Y/s/1000%253F1377730094.jpg&imgrefurl=http://acento.com.do/2014/politica/8145119-san-francisco-no-cesa-en-su-reclamo-de-castigo-para-los-corruptos-convoca-a-protestas/&h=429&w=645&tbnid=lRTcyEB2aRFhuM:&docid=FzHtK8BRscmKgM&ei=8aQRVpSaOITYeIWzq-AP&tbm=isch&ved=0CCwQMygRMBFqFQoTCNTW8djrqcgCFQQsHgodhdkK_A

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Thousands protest in Georgia over gay rights rally

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Thousands protest in Georgia over gay rights rally

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Thousands of Georgians have protested in the capital Tbilisi against a gay rights rally being held to mark the international day against homophobia.

They broke through police barricades and carried stinging nettles with which to beat activists. Some posters read: "We don't need Sodom and Gomorrah".

Police were forced to bus the 50 or so activists out of the city centre to avoid further violence.

Several people, including a journalist and a police officer, were injured.

The protests followed comments from the head of the Georgian Orthodox Church.

Patriarch Ilia II had urged the authorities not to allow the gay pride rally to go ahead, saying it was a "violation of the majority's rights" and "an insult" to the Georgian nation.

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Find and save recipes, parenting hacks, style inspiration and many other ideas to try.

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The border fence between U.S. & Mexico has some Texas farms on 'wrong' side of fence; keeps seasonal undocumented farm workers from returning to their homeland; and seriously affects wildlife ranges

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A creative resistance piece to cctv (involves aliens).

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Undercurrents captures an alien in Bournemouth! A music producer gets his own back on the police for pointing a CCTV camera in his window. http://www.undercurrents.org

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In Sao Paulo class division is totally obvious. And so they are their status symbols.

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Western vs. non-Western access to free movement

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Western vs. non-Western access to free movement

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The video and images on this website illustrate the situation at the Austrian-German border two weeks ago:
http://www.salzburg.com/nachrichten/dossier/fluechtlinge/sn/artikel/liveticker-nachlese-brennpunkt-freilassing-166082/

We can observe the division in our (global/ Western) society between Western citizens and non-Western migrants and refugees when it comes to mobility. The images and the video, on the one hand, show how refugees are waiting on and around the central bridge that connects Salzbourg (Austria) and Freilassing (Germany). On the other hand, other people pass just throught that border with their shiny cars and caravans. I just experienced this crossing last week when I came back from a study trip to Vienna, feeling myself that selective access to free movement within Europe. The boundary of this division is maintained by crowd control barriers on the bridge that seal off the sidewalks. Moreover, policemen and policewomen control the bridge so that nobody crosses the border without their permission.
However, the first impression in the video also shows how refugees challenge this division by chanting "Merkel! Merkel!", referring to the German chancellor's promise to open the border to refugees (from Syria). I just read an article on how the refugees gain political power through their masses - it reminded me of just that.

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Rivalry and Harmony at the Holy Sepulchre

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Rivalry and Harmony at the Holy Sepulchre

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Space-sharing and co-existence is not always easy among the various Christian denominations present in the Holy Land. What mechanisms have been developed to maintain the status quo?
in 1852 the sultan of Turkey, ruler of the Holy Land, issued an edict that effectively froze all of the religious arrangements in effect at the time — including rights of possession, lighting, decorations and hours of worship. This freeze, specific to the Holy Land’s sacred sites, was called the status quo. It remains in effect to this day.
https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/identity-conflict-and-public-space/3/assignments/41682/submission/new

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https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/identity-conflict-and-public-space/3/assignments/41682/submission/new

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Demonstration against Islamisation in Dresden

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Demonstration against Islamisation in Dresden

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Non-Christian protest using uploaded Christian symbol

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THE UN Secretary General has stepped in to condemn Hungary’s violent treatment of refugees, as the crisis escalates.

As the global refugee crisis continues to intensify, destitute men, women and children fleeing suffering have been confronted with an increasing hostile political environment in some parts of Europe.

In Hungary, the anti immigration government have faced international condemnation for the aggressive manner in which they have dealt with the crisis. The most recent reports include riot police firing pepper-spray into crowds of refugees who have fled Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and beyond.

Serbian doctors reported that between 200 and 300 people had been forced to seek medical help following the release of tear gas.

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, was quoted in the Independent stating: “I was shocked to see how these refugees and migrants were treated, it’s not acceptable.”

In an apparent condemnation of Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban, Ban Ki-Moon added: “All the countries have their domestic problems, but since these people are fleeing wars and persecution, then we must show our compassionate leadership.

“First and foremost we have to provide life-saving assistance and shelter and… sanitation, then we can discuss how they should be treated, accommodated. They must be treated with human dignity and human rights. That’s my consistent message to European and Asian leaders.”

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The invisible "distinctions" between the South and the North of Vietnam. 

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The invisible "distinctions" between the South and the North of Vietnam. 

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"The problems of reconciliation and accommodation following the Vietnam War are still extremely pronounced. Polarization in social, economic, and ideological terms created by the long war is still evident. Repression of civil society during the war and military “victory” created difficulties for national reconciliation, integration, and development." (Ngo Vinh Long, link: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pech.12041/abstract)

You also reference this paper on this content:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pech.12038/abstract

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Powerful image that implies love is stronger and more long lasting than hatred,. This artifact is a grave of a Catholic husband and protestant wide, divided physically in life (and interment but united spiritually beyond death

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Do white South Africans have a future in SA?

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Do white South Africans have a future in SA?

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Apartheid South Africa looked after white people and nobody else. Now some of its white communities face a level of deprivation, or of violence, which threatens their future in the country.

Everyone here, regardless of colour, tells you that white people are still riding high.

They run the economy. They have a disproportionate amount of influence in politics and the media. They still have the best houses and most of the best jobs.

All of this is true but it is not the only picture.

Look below the surface and you will find poverty and a sense of growing vulnerability.

The question I have come to South Africa to answer is whether white people genuinely have a future here.

The answer, as with so many similar existential questions, is "Yes - but..."

You are twice as likely to be murdered if you are a white farmer than if you are a police officer

It seems to me that only certain parts of the white community really have a genuine future here: the better-off, more adaptable parts.

Working-class white people, most of them Afrikaans-speakers, are going through an intense crisis. But you will not read about it in the newspapers or see it reported on television because their plight seems to be something arising out of South Africa's bad old past - a past which everyone, black and white, would like to forget.

According to one leading political activist, Mandla Nyaqela, this is the after-effect of the huge degree of selfishness and brutality which was shown towards the black population under apartheid.

"It is having its effect on whites today, even though they still own a share of South Africa's wealth which is entirely disproportionate," he said.

Find out more

BBC News: The Editors features the BBC's on-air specialists asking questions which reveal deeper truths about their areas of expertise
The Editors
That may all be true. But the people who are suffering now are the weakest and most vulnerable members of the white community.

Ernst Roets, a leading Afrikaans campaigner from the AfriForum organisation, took me to a squatter camp outside the country's capital, Pretoria. A white squatter camp.

It has been set up on the property of a sympathetic white farmer and is called, optimistically, Sonskyn Hoekie - Sunshine Corner.

There are broken-down cars and bits of discarded furniture everywhere. Beyond the wooden shacks lie ditches and pools of dirty, stagnant water where mosquitoes breed. Two basic toilets serve the whole camp.

Share of income in South Africa 1993 and 2008
Viewpoint: Does race matter in South Africa?
According to Roets there are 80 white squatter camps - many of them bigger than this - in the Pretoria area alone. Across South Africa as a whole he believes there could be as many as 400,000 poor whites in conditions like these.

Sonskyn Hoekie has no water and no electricity. The inhabitants live on two hand-out meals of maize porridge a day, which is provided by local volunteers. There is no social security for them, no lifeline - any more than there was for non-whites when apartheid ruled.

"I don't want to live in a place like this," said Frans de Jaeger, a former bricklayer, who with his beard and wrinkled face looks like one of the old Voortrekkers.

"But I can't get out."

His wife died suddenly of cancer a few years ago and it sent him into a downward spiral of binge drinking and destitution.

Semi-skilled white people have little chance of getting a job when so many black South Africans are unemployed.

Who is poor in South Africa?

Average annual black income in 2011: $2,300

Mixed-race (coloured): $4,300

Asian: $7.700

White: $17,500

Source: South African Institute of Race Relations

There is another group of white Afrikaners, far higher up the social scale, who are deeply threatened - in this case, literally. Virtually every week the press here report the murders of white farmers, though you will not hear much about it in the media outside South Africa.

In South Africa you are twice as likely to be murdered if you are a white farmer than if you are a police officer - and the police here have a particularly dangerous life. The killings of farmers are often particularly brutal.

Ernst Roets's organisation has published the names of more than 2,000 people who have died over the last two decades. The government has so far been unwilling to make solving and preventing these murders a priority.

I went to a little town called Geluik - happiness. A few weeks ago gunmen burst into the farm shop there and opened fire, killing one farmer outright and injuring one of his sons and a shopworker.

They stole next to nothing. It seemed to be a deliberate, targeted killing. Soon afterwards the son died of his injuries.
BBC News: The Editors features the BBC's on-air specialists asking questions which reveal deeper truths about their areas of expertise. It is available on the BBC iPlayer and is also on BBC World News.
Belinda van Nord, the daughter and sister of the men who died, told me how dangerous the lives of white people in the countryside have become. The police, she said, had seemed to show little interest in this case.

In the little graveyard where her father and brother are buried there are two other graves of farmers murdered recently. The wonderful landscape which surrounds it has become a killing ground.

There used to be 60,000 white farmers in South Africa. In 20 years that number has halved.

In the old days, the apartheid system looked after whites and did very little for anyone else. Nowadays white people here are on their own.

Those who fit in and succeed will certainly have a future. As for the rest, there are no guarantees whatsoever.

Update 29 May: John Simpson addresses some of the issues raised by this report in this article.

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Apartheid South Africa looked after white people and nobody else. Now some of its white communities face a level of deprivation, or of violence, which threatens their future in the country. Everyone here, regardless of colour, tells you that white people are still riding high. They run the economy.

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As locals blame immigrants for hard economic times, xenophobic violence in South Africa is on the rise. CNN's Diana Magnay reports.

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There is more than one way to be educated. Book learning does not always lead to common sense.

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In Italy two years ago, Trenitalia, the national train society, decide to make an add sponsorising the creation of the "third class". In this video add Trenitalia put in this class Rom people saying the even who has anything can travel on train. After a lot of protest, both the add and the third class was eliminated.
But the division between first and second class still remain. Who has got money can travel more comfort.

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Below map by journal "Le Monde" published in 2013, shows divisions within the society and it marks these divisions with territory control. These boundries which shapes the regions of each division are highlighted by the following:
1- ethnic and cultural division (Amazigh, Touareg, Tebu)
2-religious ideology division (Ansar Alsharia-islamic radical movement)
3-regional different (Cyerenica federalist movement)

The challenges which will take for these divisions depends on certain aspects and they are:
1- time, period for which it will take to evolve and shape itself
2- geopolitic recognition for the region formation
3-legitimacy from the masses (public opinion and reaction, intellectuals, CSOs)

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http://www.lemonde.fr/libye/infographie/2013/12/04/la-libye-en-voie-d-eclatement_3525324_1496980.html

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Deux ans et demi après la chute du colonel Kadhafi, le gouvernement de Tripoli est plus affaibli que jamais. Les tensions autour des puits de pétrole, accaparés par les différentes factions, ont fait chuter la production du pays à un niveau historiquement bas.

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Abu Dhabi is a very structured and controlled environement. There is very little crime

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Protest by young and old against proposed energy price hikes of 15%

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Desperate Journey: Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Hungary

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Desperate Journey: Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Hungary

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Desperate Journey: Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Hungary

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Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people in 90 countries worldwide, spotlighting abuses and bringing perpetrators to justice

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indigenous rights threatened by capitalist power.

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indigenous rights threatened by capitalist power.