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1. Origin and Emergence of the two Regimes

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1. Origin and Emergence of the two Regimes

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GERMANY
Wiemar Republic -
*Began in 1918 and ended in 1933
*Name originated from a town in Central Germany
*The Wiemar republic time period consisted of violence, economic hardships and political troubles
*The struggles helped Hitler rise to power
Economics of 1920 -
*Money was a struggle for the Wiemar republic
*Lost of war and the Treaty of Versailles worsened economy
*German currency declined which caused inflation
--> 1USD=4,200,000,000,000 Marks
Early Nazi Aims -
*Hitler wanted an unified Germany
*Kicking out all the jews
*Bettering Economy
*Freedom of Germans
Great Depression -
*German banks closed
*Businesses failed
*Inflation
*high unemployment
Election of 1933
*Nai party had less than 50% of votes
*Last election under Hitler
*Anti-German communist prescience increased

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2. Consolidation and Maintenance of Power 

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2. Consolidation and Maintenance of Power 

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GERMANY
*Hitler utilized a combination of legal procedure + persuasion + terror.
*constant use of propaganda
*Hitler's personality: He was an orator
----> with his supreme confidence in himself plus his faith on himself he inspired new optimism among Germans thus gaining him support
*He often portrayed himself as all powerful, all knowing, a father figure, friend of children, and a leader who really cared about his country.
*Nazis controlled the news and radio outlets through heavy censorship that often only allowed Nazi ideas and opinions to be aired and shared with the public.

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3. Economic, Social, and Political Policies and their impact. 

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3. Economic, Social, and Political Policies and their impact. 

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GERMANY
social:
Hitler's most important social policy could be argued to be 'Lebensraum' (literally: living space). By the start of 1935, Hitler had rearranged German life to conform with his Weltanschaung (world view) through the pursuit of Lebensraum and of course a race to find a solution to 'the Jewish question', which is addressed under a separate heading 'religious policies'

Political:
His political views were synthesized in National Socialism (Nazism). It was a worldview as much as a political system that advocates totalitarian control over all aspects of the state. It developed in 1918 as a counter-ideology following the Bolshevik revolution and the democratic parliamentary system (see extract of speech above, which clearly counters the second movement). Although antisemitism was not an inherent part of National Socialism, it soon became that. In addition, the party was very nationalistic (its supporters were very much so) and strongly against internationalism and the assimilation of any foreign cultures. By this, Hitler also spoke out against the Jews in the respect that he convinced others there was no space for foreigners in Germany and Germans could not accept others if it meant that their own identity would be compromised.

Economic:
When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he introduced policies aimed at improving the economy. The changes included privatization of state industries, autarky, and tariffs on imports. Wages increased by 10.9% in real terms during this period.[2] However, reduced foreign trade meant rationing in consumer goods like poultry, fruit, and clothing for many Germans

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1. Origin and Emergence of the two Regimes

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1. Origin and Emergence of the two Regimes

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CUBA
Conditions in Cuba prior the rise of Fidel Castro

Conditions were terrible

Widespread poverty (actual wealth laid in the hands of only a few)

unemployment was high

Economy was very dependent on sugar

High volume of corruption (especially in Havana)

Cubans were oppressed by government

United States had a heavy influence on Cuba

Because of the Teller and Platt Amendment instigated after Spanish American War of 1898

US controlled

75% of the agriculture, sugar

Oil Refineries

Electricity production

Telephone system

The industries and factories

Cuban’s despised United States involvement

Fulgencio Batista’s government was corrupt and unstable

Bastista seized power illegally in 1952 and ruled as a dictator

He failed to implement reforms but rather, he used brutal measures to keep his people under his control

He needed to take drastic and aggressive measures to maintain his country. The United States, who initially supported him, ended their support and began to support Castro

http://ibhistory.wikidot.com/rise-of-castro

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2. Consolidation and Maintenance of Power 

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2. Consolidation and Maintenance of Power 

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CUBA
There were various tactics used by Fidel Castro to consolidate his power in Cuba in the period 1959 to 1975. First, he removed all those associated with Batista's regime from the government, following this he changed the government and introduced communism into Cuba. He also launched reforms and created unions as well to prove to the people that the revolution was living up to its promises and was getting things done. He also made a significant use of propaganda such as posters to gain support. Lastly and most importantly, he appealed to the people’s nationalism by exploding and exaggerating the idea of Cuba being threaten by the USA.

To consolidate his power Castro decided to take down everyone associated with Barista and to change the government. He was successful at this and by the end of 1961 he had transformed the country into a communistic state. Something that would be considered the most significant measure taken to maintain Castro’s power after 1975 was the change in the government. By the end of 1975 Cuba had a well-established well-organized communist system. Also in the mid 1970’s Castro tried to make changes to the system of popular representation. And in 1976 a new constitution was created which introduced a system called Poder Popular.

Another thing that Castro took advantage of and knew how to utilize to his favor was the foreign policies. At first Castro’s promise to free Cuba from the heavy influence that the US had over them gave him a high number of followers and supporters. Castro saw the world divided between underdeveloped countries and developed countries, and he felt like it was Cuba’s duty to help those underdeveloped countries, which meant that they might make some allies in the process.

An example of Cuba helping other countries is through the Humanitarian aid that they provided– not only did Castro offer military assistance to various countries, Cuba’s foreign policies also included significant humanitarian aid especially after 1975. He sent primary and secondary school teacher’s doctors, nurses, construction workers, technicians to places such as Nicaragua, Algeria, and Guinea Bissau.

The threat of the United States is mostly what drove Castro and his followers to want a change. Even after Castro had taken over control of Cuba the threat of the US overthrowing Castro’s power, and it had reasons to consider it a threat. For example, the USA issued a Note of protest and began the plan to overthrow Fidel Castro. This plan did involve the incident known as the Bay of Pigs incident of April 1961. According to a reliable source In March 1960 President Eisenhower approved plans for US-backed Cuban exiles to invade Cuba. This plan was known as operation Zapata. It was put into operation by the newly elected president John F. Kennedy and on April 15 CIA pilots helped exiles bomb Cuban air bases. Later one on April 17 around 1,500 exiles trained by the CIA left Nicaragua with a US naval escort and a CIA command ship. The exiles landed on Playa Giron in the Bay of Pigs and that’s where this incident gets its name for. Castro left for Havana Cuba short after the invasion to deal with the defense and after two days the exiles were defeated. Over 100 were killed and 1,179 were captured- most of the exiles were commanders who had been officers under Barista, five of which were executed and nine were sent to prison. The rest were eventually returned to the USA in December 1962, in exchange for $53 million worth in baby food, medicines, and medical equipment. Although the defeat was obvious president Kennedy ordered the CIA to keep working on the plan to overthrow Castro. (Todd,Alann)There were also other minor actions taken by the United States such as the mass mobilizations, revolutionary political offensive and popular militarization. Also, the Torricelli Act of 1992 as well as the Helm-Burton Act of 1996 were created to tighten the US economic sanctions against Cuba.

Things such as mass organizations and unions were also utilized by Castro to consolidate his power. Since 1976 organizations and methods were used to try and involve the community more with the regime and to make Poder Popular a reality in Cube. Unions such as Confederation of Cuban Workers was created which united all nineteen unions and organizes national congress for workers to discuss their issues.

Another form of propaganda that was heavily used by Castro to consolidate and maintain his power were posters. Although they played a key role in Castro’s consolidation and maintenance of power you’ll be surprised to hear that most of this propaganda showed Che Guevara’s face instead of Fidel Castro himself.

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3. Economic, Social, and Political Policies and their impact. 

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3. Economic, Social, and Political Policies and their impact. 

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CUBA
Economic:
* The government also tried to manage privately-owned farms through the National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP).
*on May 17, 1959 – The First Agrarian Reform Law created the National Institute  for Agrarian Reform (INRA), which placed a 1000-acre limit on land holdings
*Tariffs were increased to protect domestic businesses.
Social:
*Castro changed all private school to public schools which emphasized hard work, self discipline and nationalism.
*Health care - free health care was provided for the citizens of Cuba and it was nationalized in 1961
*Unployment - Castro implemented welfare programs - he created jobs.
-New Man's Theory: Cubans no longer worked for their personal gain now they were working for the benefit of the Cuban people as well as that of the government.