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A cloud of gas and dust in outer space, visible in the night sky either as an indistinct bright patch or as a dark silhouette against other luminous matter.

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Astronomers use an effect called parallax to measure distances to nearby stars. Parallax is the apparent displacement of an object because of a change in the observer's point of view.

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The W. M. Keck Observatory is a two-telescope astronomical observatory at an elevation of 4,145 meters near the summit of Mauna Kea in the U.S. state of Hawaii.

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A blue shift is defined as any decrease in wavelength, with a corresponding increase in frequency, of an electromagnetic wave.

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Red shift is defined as what happens when light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum.

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an increase (or decrease) in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move toward (or away from) each other.

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A line spectrum produced by the passage of white light through an ionized gas or vapor that appears as a continous spectrum with some small slices removed

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An emission spectrum that consists of a continuum of wavelengths

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The spectrum of a substance appearing on a spectrum as one or more bright lines against a dark background.

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An optical device for producing and observing a spectrum of light.

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A band of colors, as seen in a rainbow, made by the separation of the components of light.

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Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, and astronomer who changed the heliocentric model by introducing the idea that the orbits were elliptical.

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Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe.

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Ptolemy was a Greek-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet who created the geocentric model.

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A device used to magnify light through the use of a reflecting mirror.

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A device that magnifies light through the use of refracting lenses

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A heliocentric system is defined as a astronomical model in which the planets revolve around a fixed sun.

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An instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north.

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The study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the natural world.

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Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena.

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A model of the universe that places earth at the center with all planets rotating around it.

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an instrument used to make astronomical measurements, typically of the altitude and azimuth of celestial bodies

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Altitude is defined as the apparent height of a celestial object above the horizon, measured as an angle.

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Azimuth is defined as the distance from the north point of the horizon to the point at which a vertical circle passing through the object intersects the horizon.

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Frame of reference is defined as a system of axes in relation from which measurements of size, position, or motion can be made.