# data[].attributes.headline
Short Story: Freedom Summer by J. Patrick Lewis

# data[].attributes.subject
Short Story: Freedom Summer by J. Patrick Lewis

# data[].attributes.body
Freedom Summer was a voting registration. It was to encourage African Americans to vote. But the KKK and government employees started beating the African Americans to death. Three students disappeared and they were found six weeks later. When they were found, they were dead.

# data[].attributes.headline
WOMEN IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT          -Aiden (infotext)

# data[].attributes.subject
WOMEN IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT          -Aiden (infotext)

# data[].attributes.body
"Jo Ann Robinson, the head of the Women’s Political Council who called for a bus boycott after being verbally attacked by a white bus driver in 1949." (Smith). This caused Rosa Parks to stay in her seat because many people were being racist to her. Women were the major amount of protesters. Another significant change they made was Women Suffrage.

# data[].attributes.body
Thurgood was the guiding lawyer that helped to turnover segregation when he worked for the National Associate for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He also was the first Supreme Court Justice that was an African American. Thurgood received his law degree from Howard University and he learned how to use litigation to create social reform. As a younger lawyer traveling for the NAACP, he became known as Mr. Civil Rights based on how much work he was doing to help people with their rights’ issues. He won 29 of the 32 cases that he argued in front of the Supreme Court.

# data[].attributes.headline
Fidel short story: Remember by Toni Morrison

# data[].attributes.subject
Fidel short story: Remember by Toni Morrison

# data[].attributes.body
The short story Remember by Toni Morrison is a story about the young boys and women that lived through the civil rights movement. The theme of this story is to never forget the passion, or courage that someone else showed, always remember what they did. In the text it states, “I’ve never been arrested or jailed before. I’m scared but not afraid… because if I ever feel helpless or lonely I just have to remember that sometimes all it takes is one person, then the loneliness melts away" (Morrison 63-65).

# data[].attributes.headline
SIX WORDS AND THE LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL      -Fidel (InfoText)

# data[].attributes.subject
SIX WORDS AND THE LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL      -Fidel (InfoText)

# data[].attributes.body
The central idea of this infographic, is that when MLK was thrown in jail, he was  asked what his thoughts were so he scribbled down on paper an excerpt that was later turned into a book, called why we cannot wait talking about peaceful rioting.

# data[].attributes.body
The name, Jim Crow, comes from a minstrel routine that was performed and written by Thomas Rice. Many people also imitated the Jim Crow from the routines. It was considered a bad term for African Americans and it was a symbol of their segregated life. The Jim Crow laws are any laws that enforced racial segregation from 1877 through the 1950’s. The most famous law was done by the Supreme Court in 1896 (Plessy v. Ferguson) and it was known as separate but equal.  It was later reversed in 1954 in the case Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka.

# data[].attributes.body
Many people across the country rode on buses to help draw attention to equal rights for African Americans. During some of these trips, some white people did not want equal rights. One of the larger groups was known as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The worst violent instance during the Freedom Rides was in Anniston, Alabama. The attacking group threw rocks at the bus and slashed the tires. The driver was able to leave the area and traveled a few mile down the road. After stopping to repair the bus, the attacking group firebombed the bus. In other cases, the riders were beaten with baseball bats, pipes and other objects. As a result of the attention that these incidents generated, Robert Kennedy, the attorney general, was forced to petition the Interstate Commerce Commission to outlaw segregation on interstate travel. It also inspired African Americans to use civil disobedience as a way to help call attention to civil rights issues.

# data[].attributes.headline
Mason Dixon Memory Story Summary -Corbin

# data[].attributes.subject
Mason Dixon Memory Story Summary -Corbin

# data[].attributes.body
This story talks about two stories that happened during Deondré’s life. During the first part of the story, he is starting to give a speech in Louisiana when his coach calls him and the other seniors over. His coach tells him and the other seniors, that in order to participate in the golf tournament, they cannot have Deondré with them because of the color of his skin. After the coach tells him this, the story cuts to a past event in which the same thing happened while he was in Washington D.C. While in D.C., Deondré could not go to an amusement park because of his skin color. When he told his friend this, Frank (his friend) pledged not to go and they got many other kids not to go because they thought it was not right that Deondré could not go. The text states, “the next thing I knew, the room was filled with kids listening to Frank. ‘They don’t allow negroes in the park’ he stated, ‘so i’m staying with Clifton’... eleven white boys from Long Island, had made its decision: ‘we won’t go’” (Davis 5). After the Washington D.C. trip story, it cuts back to the huddle with his coach and teammates. His teammates decided to forfeit the tournament just because Deondré could not play. The theme of this story is, all people are different. In the text it states, “‘They won’t let me go to Glen Echo Park tonight’ … ‘because I’m a Negro’ ‘Then I won’t go either’” (Davis 5).

# data[].attributes.body
By what sends

the white kids

I ain't sent:

I know I can't

be President.

What don't bug

them white kids

sure bugs me:

We know everybody

ain't free.

Lies written down

for white folks

ain't for us a-tall:

Liberty And Justice —

Huh! For All?

# data[].attributes.body
In this poem, the first stanza is stating that the Narrator (Langston Hughes) is treated equally as the white kids and that due to the color of his skin, he cannot be president in the future. In the second stanza of this poem, Langston Hughes is stating that whatever bothers him in life does not bother the white children. Also in the second stanza, he states “We know everybody ain’t free” this means that African Americans notice that not everybody is free it is only white people that are free. In the final stanza of this poem, Hughes states that the pledge of allegiance is a lie. He says this because the allegiance states “liberty and Justice for all” when he has no liberty or justice. The message the author is trying to give is, not everybody is treated equally. We can see this when he states, “I know I can’t be President”, “We know everybody ain’t free”, and lastly when he states, “Liberty and Justice Huh! For all?”

# data[].attributes.body
Arnold, Alexander. “I Have a Dream.” Prezi.com, 26 Oct. 2012, prezi.com/0rkkujpwppe2/i-have-a-dream/.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Montgomery Bus Boycott.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 28 Feb. 2018, www.britannica.com/event/Montgomery-bus-boycott.

“Freedom Rides (1961) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed.” St. Clair, Stephanie (1886–1969) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed, www.blackpast.org/aah/freedom-rides-1961.

History.com Staff. “Black Panthers.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2017, www.history.com/topics/black-panthers.

History.com Staff. “Brown v. Board of Education.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka.

History.com Staff. “Civil Rights Act of 1964.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2010, www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act.

History.com Staff. “Ku Klux Klan.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/ku-klux-klan.

History.com Staff. “Montgomery Bus Boycott.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2010, www.history.com/topics/black-history/montgomery-bus-boycott.

History.com Staff. “Plessy v. Ferguson.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/black-history/plessy-v-ferguson.

History.com Staff. “Thurgood Marshall.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2009, www.history.com/topics/black-history/thurgood-marshall.

“Malcolm X.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 18 Jan. 2018, www.biography.com/people/malcolm-x-9396195.

“Martin Luther King Jr.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 18 Jan. 2018, www.biography.com/people/martin-luther-king-jr-9365086.

Urofsky, Melvin I. “Jim Crow Law.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 19 July 2017, www.britannica.com/event/Jim-Crow-law.

“What Does NAACP Stand For?” NAACP, www.naacp.org/about-us/.

“What Is the NAACP?” History, 1 June 2017, www.historyonthenet.com/what-is-the-naacp/.

YourDictionary. “What Did Martin Luther King Do to Progress the Civil Rights Movement?” YourDictionary, 27 Oct. 2016, biography.yourdictionary.com/articles/martin-luther-king-progress-civil-rights-movement.html.

# data[].attributes.headline
Short story: March 3  by John Lewis-Howard

# data[].attributes.subject
Short story: March 3  by John Lewis-Howard

# data[].attributes.body
March 3 by John Lewis is about the Birmingham Church Bombing.  A preacher was teaching a class about peace and how we should love others than a bomb goes off in the church. The bomb would cause major damage to the church, also the bomb killed 4 people and injured about 20 or more. The news about the bombing was on the radio and many African Americans went to Birmingham to help but some were killed before they could help survives of the Birmingham Church Bombing. The theme of the story is good samaritans that were hurt or killed when trying to help others because during the story many African Americans were trying to help survivors during the bbombing but some white people had shot African Americans that were on there way to Birmingham. One piece of text evidence that supports my theme is “ As I made my way Dotan on a Greyhound Bus, the killing did not stop and the teenagers who shot 13-year old Virgil Lamar a kid trying to help were Eagle Scouts. They had been at a Klan rally when word of the bombing reached them” (Lewis 12).

# data[].attributes.headline
Poem: Frederick Douglass by Robert Hayden- Howard 

# data[].attributes.subject
Poem: Frederick Douglass by Robert Hayden- Howard 

# data[].attributes.body
When it is finally ours, this freedom, this liberty, this beautiful

and terrible thing, needful to man as air,

usable as earth; when it belongs at last to all,

when it is truly instinct, brain matter, diastole, systole,

reflex action; when it is finally won; when it is more

than the gaudy mumbo jumbo of politicians:

this man, this Douglass, this former slave, this Negro

beaten to his knees, exiled, visioning a world

where none is lonely, none hunted, alien,

this man, superb in love and logic, this man

shall be remembered. Oh, not with statues’ rhetoric,

not with legends and poems and wreaths of bronze alone,

but with the lives grown out of his life, the lives

fleshing his dream of the beautiful, needful thing.

The first stanza of the poem is talking about how freedom is just important as air and the Earth. The first stanza of the poem also talks about how Frederick Douglass was exiled by the white man but he was a legend by African Americans and how he inspired others.  The message of the author is that freedom is important other people have inspired others to find their dream. In the poem, it states “When it is finally ours, this freedom, this liberty, this beautiful and terrible thing, needful to man as air, usable as earth” (Hayden). Also, the poem states “but with the lives grown out of his life, the lives fleshing his dream of the beautiful, needful thing” (Hayden). He probably wrote this as his message because Frederick Douglass was a huge part of freeing slaves in the United States and he inspired others to stand up to get their own civil rights.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is the Civil Rights Act of 1964?-Howard 

# data[].attributes.subject
What is the Civil Rights Act of 1964?-Howard 

# data[].attributes.body
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a major act that would change the landscape of the United States. This act states it would end segregation in public places, ban employment discrimination on the race, color, religion, or sex. This law was one of the major achievements of the civil rights movement.

# data[].attributes.body
Plessy Vs. Ferguson was a supreme court case that happened in 1886 where an African American passenger refused to sit down in a car for black. Homer Plessy was ⅞ whites and ⅛ black and he believed the Train company had violated the 13th and 14th amendment.  The supreme court believed that the ideal distance between whites and blacks did not conflict with the amendment. This case would make the doctrine separate but equal. Later this doctrine would be overturned in Brown Vs. The Board of Education.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is Brown Vs. The Board of Education?-Howard

# data[].attributes.subject
What is Brown Vs. The Board of Education?-Howard

# data[].attributes.body
Brown Vs. The Board of Education was a case about how Oliver Brown's daughter couldn’t go to a white elementary school and he claimed when he was filling the lawsuit is that the school was not equal to the white schools and the school violated the separate but equal law, that was a law made after the Plessy v. Ferguson.  Brown had one his case because due to the fact that African Americans were being deprived of the equal protection of the 14th Amendment.  This cases wouldn’t stop desegregation in schools yet.

# data[].attributes.headline
What was the Black Panther Party? -Howard

# data[].attributes.subject
What was the Black Panther Party? -Howard

# data[].attributes.body
The Black Panther Party of Self Defense were a political party that believed in protecting African Americans from white police officers in their own neighborhoods. The Black Panther Party was founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.  A member of the Black Panther Party would wear black berets and black leather jackets. They would give weapons to black civilians to protect themselves from white police officers. At their peak in 1968, they had about 2,000 members.

# data[].attributes.body
The March on Washington was a giant protest march that in august of 1963. It is the place where MLK gave his famous I have a dream speech. About 25,000 people joined the march in front of the Lincoln memorial. It was a march for jobs and freedom, it was a march to face the challenges and the inequalities that the African Americans had been experiencing a lot at that time.

# data[].attributes.body
The KKK (Klu Klux Klan)  is an organization that believes that white is supreme and reigns over all other people, especially ones with color. They are a clan with hierarchies like the leader grand wizard. They will do whatever they want to show their point like, lynching people of color just to show how serious they are. Although they were ruthless in their ways and beliefs, during the great depression during the 1930s their ranks depleted and lost a lot of numbers. But after the great depression was fixed their numbers started coming back slowly.

# data[].attributes.body
Malcolm X was an African American, Islamic Minister. He was a very big human rights minister, and very recognized black nationalist leader. He exhorted blacks to be freed from the shackles of Racism by any means necessary. Malcolm became a very well known leader in the nation if Islam, and combined islam with black nationalism. Unfortunately Malcolm died in 1965 but his biography became very popular and his legacy was never forgotten.

# data[].attributes.body
NAACP stands for: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

# data[].attributes.body
The NAACP is a group that fought for equality for minorities in America during the civil rights movement. The fought for rights such as political and economic rights. Another goal they had was to end discrimination towards minorities in America.

# data[].attributes.headline
How long did the Montgomery Bus Boycott last? -Corbin

# data[].attributes.subject
How long did the Montgomery Bus Boycott last? -Corbin

# data[].attributes.body
The boycott began December 5, 1955 and lasted until December 20, 1956. Which is 381 days long.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is the Montgomery Bus Boycott? -Corbin

# data[].attributes.subject
What is the Montgomery Bus Boycott? -Corbin

# data[].attributes.body
The Montgomery Bus Boycott started when a lady named Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man, when she was told to do so. After this happened, she was arrested and many people started to boycott this bus because of this incident. Rosa parks did not give up her seat because she was trying to stand up for African Americans rights.

# data[].attributes.headline
Why was Martin Luther King Jr important? -Corbin

# data[].attributes.subject
Why was Martin Luther King Jr important? -Corbin

# data[].attributes.body
Martin Luther King Jr. would go around and give speeches to try to stop the segregation going on in America. His most famous speech was the “I Have a Dream” speech where he talked about everybody being treated equally. He was one of the leaders in trying to stop segregation.

# data[].attributes.body
King was a leader for civil rights in America during the mid 1950s and 1960s. He also played a big role during the Montgomery Bus Boycott.