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Mineral is a chemical compound,it is in crystal form usually.graphite is one kind of mineral,it can make up to pencil and other things else.minerals also keep us healthy,we need mineral to grow,bones contain mineral also,mineral can also help us produce hormones and maintain a normal heartbeat.

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Test for starch

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Test for glucose

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Nucleic acids is a classof  biomolecules which can find in all living things.It is responsible for the storage of genetic information and for protein synthesis.The building blocks is double stranded DNA which two stand intertwine

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4c17
minerals help your body grow, develop, and stay healthy. The body uses minerals to perform many different functions — from building strong bones to transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are even used to make hormones or maintain a normal heartbeat.

Like calcium : it helps you build up Strong bones and teeth .
Iron: we need it to help us transmit oxygen because it’s a key to form red blood cell, which the part carry oxygen .

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Types of lipids and functions

1)Phospholipids

These lipids are responsible for protecting and insulating cells.

2)Steroids

Steroids are a type of lipid that includes hormones and cholesterol.

Cholesterol is produced by the body and use up through food. It responsible in the production of hormones. Hormones that include the sex hormones estrogen (雌激素) and testosterone(睪丸激素) , as well as your other hormones like adrenaline, cortisol and progesterone. Cholesterol, have rich steroid lipid in the body, is required in every cell in the body. It helps the cell repair and forming a new cells.(formation)

3)Triglycerides

Triglycerides are lipids you absorb from food sources of fat, such as cooking oils, butter and animal fat. Triglycerides provide insulation that keeps you warm and protecting your internal organs with a layer of padding.

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Know how to test lipids

We can test lipids through the brown paper test. First, find a brown paper and put a small amount of the sample on the paper. If the sample is solid state, you can rub some of it on the brown paper. Then, lable the name under the food sample. Third, let thr paper dry for a few minutes. At last, hold the paper under light and see if there is a stain. If it is a positive result, it means there are lipids. If it's a negative result, it means there is no lipid.

We can also test lipids through the emulsion test. First, add some ethano into thr sample that is beunf tested. Second, shake the sample with enthano. Third, pour the mixture into thr water. At last, if the mixture turns white and cloudy, it means there are lipids. As lipds dont dissolve in water but ethanol.

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Test for glucose

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Test for starch

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Test for starch | Food chemistry | Chemistry

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Test for reducing sugar

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most minerals is inorganic ions such as sodium ion magnesium ion calcium ion iron ion chloride ion nitrate ion and phosphate ion.For sodium ion the functions is to keep water balance,manesium ion is for plants to form chlorophyll,calcium ion is for muscle contraction and blood clotting,which also has a function to structural component of bones an teeth,iron ion is used to form haemoglobin,a pigment in red blood cell for carrying oxygen,chloride ion is used for balancing water in our body and used for forming hydrochloric acid in grastric juice,for nitrate ion it is  Needed in plans for forming proteins, last but not least,phosphate. Its a component of nucleic acids  And cell membranes

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water is very important is because Water attracts both positive and negative ions, because of the nature of the chemical bonds in water. Thus, positive ions are attracted to the oxygen in water, while negative ions are attracted to the hydrogen. This allows water to dissolve compounds important for survival, such as glucose gleaned from ingesting food.All life or all living things are dependent upon water. Water makes up 60 to 70 percent of all living matter and humans cannot live without drinking water for more than a week. The water cycle, or hydrologic cycle, distributes fresh water all over the earth's surface.

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Carbohydrates are carbon compounds that contain large quantities of hydroxyl groups. The simplest carbohydrates also contain either an aldehyde moiety or a ketone moiety. All carbohydrates can be classified as either monosaccharides, oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. From two to ten monosaccharide units, linked by glycosidic bonds, make up an oligosaccharide. Polysaccharides are much larger, containing hundreds of monosaccharide units. The presence of the hydroxyl groups allows carbohydrates to interact with the aqueous environment and to participate in hydrogen bonding, both within and between chains. Derivatives of the carbohydrates can contain nitrogens, phosphates and sulfur compounds. Carbohydrates also can combine with lipid to form glycolipids or with protein to form glycoproteins.

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Calcium makes out bone stronger. Iron helps produce blood 4c(17)

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1.1 The importance of water

Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth.

Fig. 6.1: Plants and animals need water.

Apart from drinking it to survive, people have many other uses for water. These include:

cooking

washing their bodies

washing clothes

washing cooking and eating utensils; such as billies, saucepans, crockery and cutlery

keeping houses and communities clean

recreation; such as swimming pools

keeping plants alive in gardens and parks

Water is also essential for the healthy growth of farm crops and farm stock and is used in the manufacture of many products.

Fig. 6.2: Some domestic uses of water.

It is most important that the water which people drink and use for other purposes is clean water. This means that the water must be free of germs and chemicals and be clear (not cloudy).

Water that is safe for drinking is called potable water.

Disease-causing germs and chemicals can find their way into water supplies. When this happens the water becomes polluted or contaminated and when people drink it or come in contact with it in other ways they can become very sick.

Water that is not safe to drink is said to be non-potable. Throughout history there have been many occasions when hundreds of thousands of people have died because disease-causing germs have been spread through a community by a polluted water supply.

One of the reasons this happens less frequently now is that people in many countries make sure drinking water supplies are potable. Water supplies are routinely checked for germs and chemicals which can pollute water. If the water is not safe to drink it is treated. All the action taken to make sure that drinking water is potable is called water treatment.

1.2 Sources of water

There are many ways in which we can collect water. The main sources are discussed below.

Surface water

This is water which falls to the ground as rain or hail.

This water is collected from a special area called a catchment. The catchment feeds water into a holding area via rivers, streams and creeks. The water is then stored in a natural or artificial (manmade) barrier called a dam or reservoir. Dams are usually placed at the lower end of a valley.

Catchment areas are usually far away from towns or cities to lessen the chance of the water being polluted. There are laws which control human activities, such as farming and recreation in catchment areas and on dams to make sure that water supplies are kept potable.

Fig. 6.3: A surface water dam.

Rivers or lakes

Town or community water supplies are sometimes drawn directly from nearby rivers or lakes.

Fig. 6.4: Rivers and lakes can supply water.

Springs

These are found where underground water flows out of the ground naturally without the use of bores, wells or pumps.
Springs often occur towards the bottom of a hill or on sloping ground.

Fig. 6.5: A spring.

Rock catchment areas and rockholes

Sometimes large rocky outcrops contain low areas in which water is trapped. These low areas make good natural dams. Often a wall can be built to increase the amount of trapped water.

Fig. 6.6: A rockhole.

Excavated dams

Excavated dams are made by scooping out soil to make a large shallow hole. These dams are sometimes placed at the bottom of a slope to aid water collection. However, this can only be done in areas where the soil will not allow the water to drain away very easily through the ground. For example, in clay soils.

Soils which do not allow water to drain away are called impervious.

If a community wants a dam in an area where the soil is not impervious this can still be done by digging the hole and lining it with clay or an impervious liner, such as concrete or heavy plastic. Excavated dams are often used by farmers to supply water to stock.

Fig. 6.7: An excavated dam.

There is often a layer of water lying beneath the ground surface, trapped by an impervious layer of rock which will not allow it to drain away. The water may be close to ground level or it may be deep in the ground. This layer of water is called the water table.

When this water table is close to ground level the water may actually come to the surface and create a permanent wet area called a soak. This usually occurs in low lying areas or hollows.

Soaks are affected by changes in the depth of the water table. That is, if the water table drops then soaks may dry up. Some causes of this can be drought or overuse of ground water by people.

Fig. 6.8: A soak.

Rainwater tanks

The rainwater which falls on the roofs of houses is often collected using roof guttering leading through a pipe to a storage tank.

Fig. 6.9: A rainwater tank.

Note: EnHealth's monograph 'Guidance on use of Rainwater Tanks' provides the most up-to-date information and advice on the range of potential hazards that can threaten rain water tank water quality. Environmental Health Practitioners are encouraged to use the guide when planning how to prevent these hazards from contaminating rainwater, straightforward monitoring and maintenance activities and, where necessary, corrective actions. The monograph can be found on the enHealth website or by using a search engine with the title of the monograph.

Bores and wells

These are holes drilled into the ground deep enough to find a permanent (long-lasting) body of water. A pipe runs down the hole into the water and a pump is used to get the water up to ground level. The water is then pumped to the community.

Fig. 6.10: A bore.

Artesian bores

Sometimes when a bore is sunk into a low lying area the water gushes out of the hole under its own pressure. This water is under pressure because it is part of an underground body of water much of which is at a higher level than the bore opening. This kind of bore is called an artesian bore.

Fig. 6.11: An artesian bore.

A water supply taken directly from a bore or well is often called groundwater.

The water which comes from any of these sources may be salty, cloudy, smell unpleasant or have germs in it. Water of this kind would require special treatment to make it potable.

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aboriginal and torres strait islander people

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Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth. Fig. 6.1: Plants and animals need water. Apart from drinking it to survive, people have many other uses for water.

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[ADI] MINERALS FOUND IN HUMAN BODY!!! TRICK In Hindi

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Test for lipids
the emulsion test is a method to determine the presence of lipids using wet chemistry. The procedure is for the sample to be suspended in ethanol, allowing lipids present to dissolve (lipids are soluble in alcohols). The liquid (alcohol with dissolved fat) is then decanted into water. Since lipids do not dissolve in water, when the ethanol is diluted, it falls out of solution to give a cloudy white emulsion.
Add ethanol to the solution you want to test, and add water. A colour change to cloudy white shows that lipids are present.

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https://www.livestrong.com/article/134084-why-is-water-so-important-life-earth/

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Denny 4D20

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At every stage in the food supply chain, avoiding contamination is an important priority for manufacturers. Protecting consumer health by eliminating the presence harmful microorganisms in your food products can be achieved with reliable microbiology testing. We use cutting-edge technology to test for the presence of microorganism, e.g.

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4A 03 Carissa           2.7 Nucleic acids

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4A 03 Carissa           2.7 Nucleic acids

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The building blocks and function of Nucleic acids

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Test for protein:
a. Positive control: purple
b. Negative control: blue

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4B 14 Kenny Chiu

Proteins
1. Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen(some may also contain sulphur).Proteins are large and complex molecules.

2. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. There are more than 100 kinds of amino acids, but only 20 of them are used to make proteins.

3. When there are many amino acids join together, a chain of amino acids is formed, which is called polypeptide. There may be one or more polypeptide chains in a protein.

4. Different proteins have different functions in organisms:
a. Formation of new cells
b. Growth and repair of body tissues.
c. Main components of the cytoplasm and cell membrane
d. Formation of enzymes( important for digestion), antibodies and hormones
e. Are broken down to provide energy if carbohydrates and lipids are used up.
f. Maintains proper pH in our blood and body fluids.
g. Transport substances into our cells, out of our cells and within our cells, including oxygen, minerals, vitamins and blood sugar.

e.g. haemoglobin is protein that carries oxygen from our lungs to our cells.

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www.biologydiscussion.com/biochemistry/3-main-tests-for-lipid-fats-and-oils-biochemistry/45781

https://youtu.be/RduSBSVaceA

https://goo.gl/images/kPcXqx

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Types of lipids and functions

1)Phospholipids

These lipids are responsible for protecting and insulating cells.

2)Steroids

Steroids are a type of lipid that includes hormones and cholesterol.

Cholesterol is produced by the body and consumed through food. It plays a role in the production of hormones. Hormones include the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone, as well as your other hormones like adrenaline, cortisol and progesterone. Cholesterol, the most abundant steroid lipid in the body, is required in every cell in the body. It plays a role in cell repair and the formation of new cells.

3)Triglycerides

Triglycerides are lipids you obtain from food sources of fat, such as cooking oils, butter and animal fat. Triglycerides provide insulation that keeps you warm while protecting your internal organs with a layer of padding.

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The discovery of neclein?

While neclein was first discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1869.
……………………………………………
During the year at 1889,Richard altmann found that nuclein had acidic property . This explained the named of necleic acid.
……………………………………………
The studies of nucleic acids is an major part in modern biological and medical research form genome and forensic science , it may be the title called Biotechnology and pharmaceutical

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Fatty Acids Definition

Fatty acids are comprised of hydrocarbon chains terminating with carboxylic acid groups. Fatty acids and their associated derivatives are the primary components of lipids. The length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon chain is highly variable between each fatty acid, and dictates the associated physical properties (e.g., melting point and fluidity). Moreover, fatty acids are responsible for the hydrophobic properties (insoluble in water) exhibited by lipids.

Function of Fatty Acids

Fatty acids have important roles in: 1) signal-transduction pathways; 2) cellular fuel sources; 3) the composition of hormones and lipids; 4) the modification of proteins; and 5) energy storage within adipose tissue (specialized fat cells) in the form of triacylglycerols.

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Protein is made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (with a little sulphur). The chemical formula in general is RCH(NH2)COOH, where C is carbon, N is nitrogen, O is oxygen and R is varied on the type of protein. Proteins are made of amino acids where a chain of them are called a polypeptide.
They are needed for forming and repairing new cells, enzymes, antibodies and certain hormones. They are also a source of energy.

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Cyrus wong 4D (22)
Protein
1.The basic building block of a protein is called an amino acid. There are 20 amino acids in the proteins you eat and in the proteins within your body, and they link together to form large protein molecules. The building blocks are used for many important functions in the body, including growth and repair of muscle, connective tissue and skin. Amino acids are also needed for building hormones, blood proteins and enzymes. While protein can be used by the body for energy, the first priority is to keep the body strong.
2. (The video link)

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Definition of build blocks in biology?

The Biological Building Blocks are the units of cell smallest group of atoms or molecules.

Definition of  Nucleic acids ?
Polynucleotides(核苷酸)that is, long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly the same building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen-containing aromatic base attached to a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, which is in turn attached to a phosphate group.

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4A (14) Matthew Kwan 2.4      Carbohydrates

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4A (14) Matthew Kwan 2.4      Carbohydrates

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2. know how to  test for glucose, reducing sugars and starch.
test for starch

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Use iodine to test a leaf for starch | Plant Physiology | Biology

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https://www.everydayhealth.com/water-health/water-body-health.aspx

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Mineral are inorganic substances. Most minerals are in form of inorganic ions dissolved in the cytoplasm and body fluid.They play
important roles in regulating metabolism. Some minerals form body structures in organisms.

Minerals play an important role in regulating metabolism and form body structures in organisms.

Examples of mineral that found in organisms:

Sodium: for water balance.
Magnesium: form chlorophyll that needed in plants. Calcium: needed for muscle contraction and blood clotting.
Iron: form haemoglobin which a pigment carries oxygen in red blood cells.

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Minerals- What are minerals- Types of minerals

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4A (14) Matthew Kwan 2.4      Carbohydrates

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4A (14) Matthew Kwan 2.4      Carbohydrates

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2. know how to  test for glucose, reducing sugars and starch.
test for reducing sugars

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4B7 Angel
The building blocks and functions of nucleic acids.

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2 types of nucleic acidsbasic building blocks of nucleic acidsrna and its types

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Functions and building blocks of 2 types of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) - Biology

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2 types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA are the most important macromolecules. Different sequences of their building blocks allow them to store and transfer instructions for the functioning of all living organisms.

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1. The building block of protein is amino acid
Proteins are the most versatile macromolecules in living systems and serve crucial functions in essentially all biological processes. They function as catalysts, they transport and store other molecules such as oxygen, they provide mechanical support and immune protection, they generate movement, they transmit nerve impulses, and they control growth and differentiation.

2.

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1.Proteins are made up of smaller building blocks called amino acids, joined together in chains.
Proteins are required for developing and repairing body tissue, , they are a major source of energy to the body, they are involved in the creation of some hormones, they are major elements in the transportation of certain molecules in the body, and they produce antibodies that help prevent infection, illness and disease. Some proteins are enzymes that digest food after consumption.

2.Test for protein

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4D(12)Sarah wong "2.2 water"

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Why Is Water Important for Living Organisms?

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All living organisms require water for survival, although different species use it for different purposes. Water is used as a solvent, a temperature buffer, a metabolite and a living environment.

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1.It can be either simple or complex. It is divided into four chemical groups which are monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. There are mainly three types of carbohydrates include sugars, starches and cellulose. other else like carbs.

1.Functions of carbohydrates:
It is essential for body to work properly.
When carbs are digested, they will turn to be glucose which is the main source of energy.complex carbs provide energy for bodies for longer time.
It can also decrease disease risk, for weight control, brain function, digestive.

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4A (14) Matthew Kwan 2.4      Carbohydrates

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4A (14) Matthew Kwan 2.4      Carbohydrates

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1. know different types of carbohydrates and their functions.
-Monosaccharides, it most often called a simple sugar.  The major function of  Monosaccharides  is fuel for metabolism.monosaccharides
Includes fructose,galactose and glucose.
Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed directly into blood during digestion.
Galactose has no function in and of itself; it's merely a molecule like any other. However in terms of metabolism, galactose can serve as a cell's source of energy by being converted to glucose, which is the primary fuel for cellular energy extraction (some would incorrectly say "energy production").
Glucose Metabolism. Energy is required for the normal functioning of the organs in the body. Many tissues can also use fat or protein as an energy source but others, such as the brain and red blood cells, can only use glucose. Glucose is stored in the bodyas glycogen.

-Disaccharides , also called a double sugar ,  the function of a disaccharide is to serve as a unit of energy storage similar to how polymers such as starch and glycogen store the energy necessary for cellular respiration in plants and animals, respectively. Disaccharide includes maltose,sucrose and lactose.
Maltose: Our body has an enzyme called amylase that can break the glucose-glucose bonds. The amylase can either break the starch into individual glucose units or into the disaccharide maltose. Our body can absorb maltose, which can later be broken into individual glucose molecules and then be used as energy.
Sucrose provides your body with the energy required to perform physical and mental functions. Your body breaks down foods such as sucrose and starch into fructose and glucose during digestion. The fructose and glucose are metabolized by your body to release energy to your cells.
Lactose is composed of glucose and galactose, two simpler sugars used as energy directly by our body. Lactase, an enzyme, splits lactose into glucose and galactose.

-Polysaccharides  THe function of  polysaccharides  are used for storing energy, some for sending cellular messages, or others for providing support to cells and tissues. Polysaccharides includes starch, glycogen and cellulose.
Starch breaks down into glucose in your body, providing a more gradual energy source for your bodily processes than simple carbohydrates, such as refined sugar. Carbohydrates, such as starches, provide the majority of fuel for your body.
Glycogen functions as one of two forms of long-term energy reserves, with the other form being triglyceride stores in adipose tissue (i.e., body fat). In humans, glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and skeletal muscle.
Cellulose is a major component of tough cell walls that surround plant cells, and is what makes plant stems, leaves, and branches so strong.
2. know how to  test for glucose, reducing sugars and starch.
Test for glucose

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There are two major types of carbohydrates (or carbs) in foods: simple and complex.

Simple carbohydrates: These are also called simple sugars. They're found in refined sugars, like the white sugar you see in a sugar bowl. If you have a lollipop, you're eating simple carbs. But you'll also find simple sugars in more nutritious foods, such as fruit and milk. It's healthier to get your simple sugars from foods like these. Why? Because sugar isn't added to them and they also contain vitamins, fiber, and important nutrients like calcium. A lollipop has lots of added sugar and doesn't contain important nutrients.

Complex carbohydrates: These are also called starches. Starches include grain products, such as bread, crackers, pasta, and rice. As with simple sugars, some complex carbohydrate foods are better choices than others. Refined (say: ree-FIND) grains, such as white flour and white rice, have been processed, which removes nutrients and fiber. But unrefined grains still contain these vitamins and minerals. They're also rich in fiber, which helps your digestive systemwork well. Fiber helps you feel full, so you're less likely to overeat. A bowl of oatmeal fills you up better than sugary candy with the same amount of caloriesl.

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Test for starch

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Test for glucose

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Test for reducing sugar

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2.2     Water:
Students should be able to relate the significance of water to life.

2.3      Minerals:
Students should know the functions of some minerals in organisms.

2.4      Carbohydrates:

1. know different types of carbohydrates and their functions.

2. know how to test for glucose, reducing sugars and starch.

2.5      Lipids:
1. know different types of lipids and their functions.

2. know how to test for lipids.

2.6      Proteins:
1. know the building blocks and functions of proteins.
2. know how to test for proteins.

2.7      Nucleic acids:
Student should know the building blocks and functions of nucleic acids.