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TOPIC 1: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND BORDERS

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TOPIC 1: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND BORDERS

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Is Romania really a continental country ? Romania is a country located in the Southeastern of Europe, and is surrounded by Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Moldova, Bulgaria and the Black Sea. The capital, Bucarest, is the sixth largest city in the EU. The most important river in the country, the Danube, is becoming a Delta on the Romanian ground after taking a southeast direction through the whole region. The Carpathian Mountains cross the country from the north to the south. It is the largest souteastern country in Europe. Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, and it’s climate is rather tempered and continental, with rough winter (around 2°c for the average maximum) and hot summer (around 35°c for the average maximum). In the Western parts of Romania, the climate is mild and is influenced by the mediterranean sea, while the eastern part is pretty continental, with influences from the Black sea. Therefore, we can say Romania is a eastern country that find himself blocked between two seas, and is, as a such centrally located place, mostly a continental climate country withal highly influenced by Mediterranean sea on the West.

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What kind of place do sport hold in Romania ? Romania has a strong history toward sport. During the « Cold War » era, USSR putted the  culturism and the « sound mind in a sound body » motto at the center of their ideology. It resulted for the nowadays Romania in a widely varied choice of sports as Snow sports, speleology and hiking in the mountains (in the Apuseni hills, Maramures, Bucovine, Bucegi hills, Moldavian mountains …), and they get 40 different Federations for sports (for football of course, the national sport, but as well for rugby, baseball, etc…). A typical sport from Romania would be Oina, which is a kind of local baseball. Romanian professionnal athletes do illustrate themselves in numerous sports as Halterophily, Athletism, Gymnastic, Boxing, shooting, Canoë-Kayak, Rugby or Volleyball. Some of the most famous Romanian athletes are Nadia Comaneci, gymnastic professionnal, and Tennisman Ilie Nastase. During the 1984 Olympic Games (before the end of the USSR regime), Romania ended up at the third place with 32 medals, including 20 gold medal.

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Transport : Is there a lot of conveyance in Romania ? As a densely populated country with a developed economy, Romania has lots and modern infrastructures for transportation. If we’re talking about commercial transportation, the country’s most important waterway is the Danube, and the largest port is Constanta. The capital, Bucharest, has an International Airport. Public transport are available in almost every areas, and Romania can say they have a big rail Network relying the major cities, and tramway in the biggest like Cluj-Napoca, Bucharest or Oradea. Talking about the roads, they’re late comparing to their neighbors, as they have an almost 200'000 km long network but only 60'000km are paved. There i only one underground railway system, which is in Bucharest.

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What is the Migration situation in Romania ? Is there many Romanian/Roms leaving ?

In 2013, there were 198,839 immigrants living in Romania, of which 13,000 were refugees. Half of it were from Moldova, Turkey and China. Since the migration issue in Europe, around 65000 peoples per year did officially arrive on the Romanian ground; a constantly increasing number. This new wave of immigrants (Africans, Indians, Afghan, Iraqi, Syrian) are fleeing death, starving or misery.
Within the European Union, the country has the second highest rate of immigration from non-EU countries (86%), just behind Slovenia (90%) .
The share of people having the citizenship of the EU Member State to which they were migrating, within the total number of immigrants was highest in Romania (87 % of all immigrants).

Concerning the expatriation of Romanians, Since the country integrated the EU on the January 1st 2007, hundreds of thousands of Romanians and Roms, from all kind of social cast, emigrated to Western Europe. Cheap labor in times of economic growth, they become unwanted when the economy is down...

Romania has evolved since 1990 from a country of transit for illegal migrants to a country of touristic and business destination.

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Energy : Is Romania a well developped country regarding Energy production ? Is it self sufficient ?
Concening Energy production, Romania is historically the first Central and Oriental European country to produce oil and gaz (excluding Russia). It’s repartition in 2016 was about 29,88% in the hydro energy, 24,37% was made from the coal industry, 17,9% went from the Nuclear plants, 15,18% from the gas production, 11,07% was produced by the wind turbine plants, 1,18% in the photovoltaic part, and finally 0,26% from crude oil and 0,16% by biomass.
A real paradox is typifying the energetic situation of Romania : while Romanians consume less energy and electricity than the average rate in the EU, wasting are still huge in the country. In the Romanian ground rests loads of gaz and petrol, and it gets an important mining industry of carbon (mediocre carbon as lignite for example). Those different energy producing means are getting older, but still are very developped and allow Romania to cover 78% of the primary needs in energy. The challenge is to upgrade those energy production, that come for the most from the Ceausescu era (Communist leader).
While the major portion was produced by coal and thermic plants in 2006 (62%), the energy making process has got greener over the 10 past years as shown in the first paragraph. Indeed, 42,29% of the national production has been produced by renewable energy (mostly from electric dam).
In 2012, the OMV Petrom oil company has discovered a very important gaz field inside the Black sea Romanian coast. In 2014, they found the biggest oil slick found in the Romanian coast since 10 years. Those good news are leading Romania to a new future perspective, and the CEO of the company, Mariana Gheorghe, said that by aiming to discover and exploit the Black sea, they hoped for Rmania to emancipate from gaz importation from Russia. She also underlined that if the quantity of hydrocarbure is more important than the previsions, those will be able to cover partly the European needs.
The Romania Energy making process is therefore big and powerful, even if the carbon production is still too high and the infrastructures are getting older each years.

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How is the Romania's glyphosat position impacting the environment?
On a european scale, there's a debate whether or not the glyphosat weed-killer should be banned from the Tools used by growers, and from the single market.
Romania were among the few countries in favour of a 10 years renewal about the glyphosat licence (Bulgaria, Denmark, Czech Republic, Estonia, Ireland, Spain, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Finland and the U.K.). But their vote have consequences, and every actions implies an aftermath.

Indeed, the ICCR (International Center of Cancer Research), a World Health Organization agent, classified it as "highly potentially carcinogenic" in March 2015, and is particularly dangerous because it don't harm only the farmers who spread it everyday for years, but by killing all the insects and flies, it's lowing the population of birds and animals leading them to break the food chain, it's killing bees, which we need to make plants grow, and is poisoning the soil and the groundwater.

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What did happenned in the Baia Mare scandal ? How did this affect the environment ?
In 2000, a catastroph occured in the extreme north-west of Romania when a gold-mining accident provoked a huge cyanid dumping into the hydrographic bath of the Somes and the Tisza following a dam break. It happened thanks to industrial activities of the Aurul society, specialized in gold exploitation, which the uses of cyanid to amalgam gold induced the worst environmental catastroph in Eastern Europe since Tchernobyl. 100000 m3 of water were therefore infected, travelling into rivers, going through Hungary, Serbia, falling into the Danube and finally ending in the Black Sea. This brang about an important amount of destruction, including 80% of the fisheries resources, a contaminated water in the drinkable supply
of 2,5 millions of Hungarian, 19 unique and protected species eradicated at once, and more than 100 tons of dead fishs found in the Tizsa in february 2000. The Cyanid presence in some parts of the Danube (second longes
t river in Europe) was, at that time, 20 to 50% too high regarding the "acceptable" dose.

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Who was the last King of Romania ? How is it that he’s been as well liked as he was hated ?
He was the last King to reign on Romania during the World War II. Michel the 1st was a widely controversial King, because after a short period of reign (from 1927 to 1930), when he reached the throne at the age of 5. As he was unfit for the title, Carol II, his father, designed Michel as the Heir Prince until the 5th of December 1940, when the nazi-friendly government of Antonescu marshall drive a coup on Caroll II, forcing him to leave the country and abdicate in favour of Michel, which is at this time for the second time the King of Romania, at the age of 18. After the war, in 47, he is outcasted by the new communist government. When the communism fell, he first tried to go back to his country, 47 years after he abdicated (around the 90’s), but was refused to enter the Romanian territory, until 7 years later. For lot of people, he didn’t deserved his place in a country he abandoned to communist to shelter in Swiss while Romanians were undergoing the totalitarism of Antonescu. Nevertheless, loads of peoples are underlining today the major role he played during the WWII, when he got Romania out of the alliance with the Hitler’s Germany, thus depriving the German army of the coal resources of the country and bringing back Romania on the other side and therefore contributing to the failure of the Nazi’s plans. He died the 5th of December in 2017, in Swiss, in his private residence of Aubonne.

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What place does art takes in the Romanian culture?
The very first artistic productions in Romania are much older than the territory itseld, as in goes back to the Neolitic and the Bronze age. Until the 9th century, Romanian art is essentially religious. Under the Ottomans occupation, the cultural development keep spreading as the vassalage system is more friendly with local cultures than in other Eastern-europe countries. Moreover, the nobility there supported art development and castle construction (for military and symbolic reasons). The national conscience has woke up in the 19th century and give Romania some internationally known artist, as Eugène Ionesco, that has been performing in France and is now the principal figure of the absurd theatre current, Mihaïl Eminescu, a well-known Romantic author, or Constantin Brâncusi, which is the sculptor considered as the one who pushed the modern art at an unreached level in sculpture, and openend the way for surrealist and minimalist current in the 60’s. Among the many lustrous artist in Romania, we can talk also about George Enescu, Romanian compositor, violinist, conductor, university teacher and pianist. He used to make opera, symphonic and "chamber" kind of music, and made a masterpiece called "Oedipe", a deeply humanist song created in 1936 in the Paris Garnier opera.

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Can we say Eugène Inesco was a Romanian playwright ? What kind of artwork was he inclined to produce ?
Eugène Ionesco, born Eugen Ionescu in Slatina (Romania) the November 13th of 1909, sprang from a french women and a romanian guy, and spend his whole childhood in France. He wrote his first poem at 11 years old, which was a comedyand a "patriotic drama". In 1925, when his parents divorced, he needed to go back to Romania with his father ; However, he undertook Frenck letters studies in the Bucarest University, participating in the production process of various avant-garde magazines. He wanted to return in France to finish his thesis around 1938, but unfortunately the WWII began, forcing him to retrace his steps ; He eventually managed to turn back once again and definitely settled in France in 1942, where he earned his French nationality.
Among his very numerous works, some of the most famous theater play were "La Cantatrice Chauve", his very fist drama work ; Even if the artpiece failed to obtain a keen interest at the first appearance, this drama piece parody made Ionesco one of the "absurd theater" fathers and marked the theater world. Non-sense and ludicrous were the main tools he used to bring satire in the comedy and discomfort in the viewer's head, which was somehow the mark of the artist's creative hand. The uneasiness is felt in every theater play he wrote : for example, "La Leçon" (1950), "Les Chaises" (1952), or "Rhinocéros" (1956), another of his masterpieces that tried to transfer the discomfort, but slowly and gradually in this one, illustrating the horror of war and the conversation at cross purposes that takes place when the climbing events shows up. "Rhinocéros" was the first creation to acknowledge and recognize the author's talent, thanks to Jean-Louis Barrault.

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How come Romania is still one of the poorest countries in the European Union since it is shown his global GDP is booming ?
As Romania is a former communist country, and as it only entered the EU in 2007, along with Bulgaria, Romania still is one of the poorest countries of the EU with a GDP per inhabitants equivalent to 57% of the average one in EU in 2015. But at the same time, Romania had one of the best economical catch-up in the EU between 2006 and 2016, and even reached the astonishing rate of +6.7% per year in average between 2002 and 2008, thanks to the consumption, credit and foreign capital influx.

Then came the crisis. The budget balance and the current account of the state hardly dived at this time, reaching -7.1% for the first one in 2009 and even -11.5% for the second in 2008 ; It's at this moment that IMF and European Commission launched some programs (2009-2013) so Romania can get back on it's feets. And it worked : the current balance is at the rate of -1.1% in 2015, and the budget balance at -0.8%. It's now the second most dynamic economy in Eastern Europe after Polish one. In 2016, the global GDP raised of 5%. The economic growth reached 5.9% in 2017, despite most observer were expecting 3.8%.

But the poverty rate is still concerning : The National Statistics Institute (INS) asserted that in terms of relative poverty they ranked first in thoses terms with the dazing rate of 25.1% of peoples there living with less than 60% of the Romanian population's median income.

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The photograph I'm sharing now is a picture of the Hunyad castle in Transylvania, Romania. This building, also known as the Corvin Castle, is the biggest Romanian castle and one of the most famous ; It was built in the end of the XIVth century as a fortified structure. Following 1440, a renovation and enlargement has began thanks to the Hunedoara's family portfolio. It has a gothic style and is, therefore and from that moment, half fitted for war and military defense operation, but in the other hand it's half constructed as a pleasure castle. Over the centuries, it has been the home of several Transylvania Prince, which renovated and enhanced the size of the castle from the XVth to the XVIIth century, castle
that finally became what it is nowadays after a big restoration occured in the XIXth century.

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immigrants with the citizenship of the EU Member State to which they were migrating, within the total number of immigrants was highest in Romania (87 % of all immigrants)

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immigrants with the citizenship of the EU Member State to which they were migrating, within the total number of immigrants was highest in Romania (87 % of all immigrants)