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Fine Motor Skills
- Brushing own teeth
- Tracing on a line with control
- Grasping pencil with "tripod grasp" (3 fingers to stabilize pencil)
- Cutting roughly around pictures
- Can copy circles, squares, and crosses
- Can thread small beads onto a string
- Can copy capital letters with control

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Gross Motor Skills
- Can catch a bounced ball a majority of the time
- Pouring water into a cup (usually up to a “fill line”, with enough arm control to stop pouring)
- Can hop/stand on one foot up to 5 seconds
- Can stand on "tip-toes" for 3 seconds without moving feet
- While running, able to stop completely and change direction without stumbling
- Jump forward about 3 feet

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- Verbally expresses likes/dislikes
- Creative with and enjoys make believe play
- Can attempt to negotiate solutions

- Shows wide range of emotions:  Expresses anger verbally rather than physically most of the time.

- Social skills: comforting friends, accepting friends ideas, getting along with others, complementing friends, saying nice things to playmates

- Greater sense of independence
- Plays "Mom" or "Dad" in fantasy play
-  Can distinguish between fantasy and reality
- Enjoy dressing and undressing themselves
- Are aware that they are whole people with minds, bodies, and feelings
- Are aware that they can get hurt and therefore are extra conscious or sensitive of their bodies

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Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development 

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Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development 

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Who was he?

- Lawrence Kohlberg was an American Psychologist

- His theory was influenced by Jean Piaget’s ideas of moral development

Brief understanding:

Kohlberg proposed that the development of moral reasoning is characterized by a sequence of six stages clustered into 3 levels of morality: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. In regard to 4-year-olds, they fall under the first stage.

1)Preconventional morality

-Ages this theory falls under is approximately 3-7 years of age (preschool), but you can also see it in elementary school students and even older (middle and high school). Nevertheless, Kohlberg proposed that a child in this stage has not yet adopted and internalized society’s conventions regarding what is right and wrong. Thus, the child makes decisions based on what is best for oneself, without regarding others needs or feelings.

Stage 1: punishment, avoidance, and obedience

-A child sees rules and fixed and absolute and must be obeyed to avoid punishment.

Example: “A child taking a toy home, as long as he doesn’t get caught”

Stage 2: Exchange of favors

-A child sees that the right behaviors are those that are in the best interest of oneself,

Example: “What’s in it for me?”

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- Names colors
- Names numbers up to 10 (at least)
- Remembers parts of stories and can retell them
- Can copy alphabet letters using a guide or an example
- Plays board games/card games with an understanding of rules
- Can tell you what they think is going to happen next in a book
- Can point out why things are the "same" or are "different"
- Can sort objects by color, size, or shape
- Making sense of time - differences between morning and night, changing of seasons, daily routines
- Can engage in fantasy play
- Are aware of their own gender and can identify the gender of others

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This video demonstrates the child's ability to be able to hold the pencil appropriately and use it to draw on the sketch board, using his fine motor skills. Not only can the child hold the pencil, but he's also able to use the knob at the bottom and swish it to erase his picture, which shows his proficiency in his fine motor skills as well

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Four-year-old shows proficiency in his gross motor skills as he hops with two feet together.

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4-year-old shows growth in his social-and-emotional domain as he make-believe plays while pretending to be a doctor.

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4 year old pretending he's a doctor - fixing Oupa

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A young four year old girl who is trilingual shows various examples of all three domains through what she is able to do such as, brushing teeth without physical assistants, play board and card games, counting to ten or higher, etc.

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What a 4 Years old can do? | Denver Developmental Screening

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4-year-old shows proficiency in drawing, showing his cognitive domain as he uses fine motor skills and creativity.

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Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

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Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

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Brief understanding: Erikson’s theory consists of 8 distinct stages from infancy to adulthood.  Erikson’s psychosocial development theory looks at not just biology, but also at the changing mind and emotions and the effects of society in forming behavior patterns. Each stages involves a person experiencing a psychosocial crisis which can positively or negatively influence a person’s development. The area of focus for our developmental project would be the 3rdstage- initiative vs guilt.

These stages include developing social role in each stage. Initiative vs guilt stage occurs during the ages 3-5 years old. Preschoolers must learn to engage in their surroundings – including people outside the family- or experience guilt having failed to meet the expectations of parents and others. Erikson’s theory also stresses the importance of adults in understanding and meeting children’s needs in each stage. This affects how the child feels about themselves and interacts with others.

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Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
The image below portrays the boys showing growth in their cognitive domain as they interact with each other in "fantasy" play. This strengths their language skills as they negotiate and resolve conflicts together. It strengthens their social/emotional domain as they mimic pirates they may have seen on different medias and use everyday objects for their imaginative play. Jean Piaget spoke of this aspect of a child's development in his Theory of Cognitive Development. This theories identifies 4 stages a child goes through - the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operation stage, and the formal operational stage. The preoperational stage is children roughly 2-7 years of age. Piaget says that children become well-equipped at pretend/fantasy play at this age and often are found to play "Mom" and "Dad", as well as obtaining an understanding that there is a sequence of events to things (even if they cannot yet see the logic in them). This theory is evident as one watches 4 year olds pretend playing, like in the picture below. Though only using household objects, the children are cognitively able to pretend to be pirates and work together.

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Microsystem: Direct/Immediate impact (Examples: family, schools, peers, neighbors, etc)

Mesosystem: Interconnect relations of the microsystem (Examples: A child’s Birthday or a parent/teacher conference)

Exosystem: indirect influences on a child's development (Examples: extended families, friends of friends, mass medias,etc..)

Macrosystem: Regional differences, ideologies, customs, cultures.

Chronosystem: Socio-historical events/conditions. Life changing effects on an individual due to a certain time period or events that have occured. Depends on the individual. (Examples: natural disasters, 9/11 for some people)

Urie Bronfenbrenner created his Ecological Theory of child's development consisting of five levels. All levels of which directly or indirectly affect a child's physical and mental development. Bronfenbrenner's theory is not entirely dependent on the age of children unlike other theorist we included. It is a continuous theory that cycles and interacts with people's everyday lives from birth to reaching adulthood, and throughout their senior citizenship.  Though the first three levels of his theory are more prominent for four year olds.