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Anthropologist: a scientist who studies human development and culture
Remains: a dead body
Biped: a two footed animal
Migrate: to move from one geographic region to another
Land bridge: a piece of land connecting two continents

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Artifact: an object made or used by people in the past
Prehistoric: before written history
Ritual: relating to a ceremony, such as a religious cermony

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In this chapter I read about the tools and things the early humans used. Geographers found artifacts that look like tools. The geographers also found prehistoric cave art. That shows ways of hunting and clues of what religions they believed in. These paintings included drawings of hands, human, animals, and shapes. The types of tools they used were spears, clay and hollow bird bones. This is basically what this chapter was about.

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This spices lived about 3 to 4 million years ago. They had features like an ape mixed with a human. They were about 3 three feet tall. Her arms were long but her hands looked like the modern human’s hands. They had a long head but their forehead and jaw stuck out. They did not use tools. Some interesting facts about them is that she is one of the first species of humans. They also survived with no tools.

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These hominids lived about 1.5 to 2 million years ago. They had a combination of ape and humans but they look more modern. They also walked on two feet and were slightly taller. These species did use tools such as sharp rocks and animal bones for digging. They’re brains were twice the size of the Australopithecus. Thus species was the first one to use and make tools.

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They lived around 1.8 million to 200,000 years ago. These hominids used tools such as fire and axes. Their foreheads were round and soft, they had a large ridge in the middle of their eyes. Their jaw stuck out. These hominids also walked on two feet. They had strong bones and they had traveled. They would also use fire to cook animal meat. Their campsites had oval-like domes.

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This species lived about 230,000 to 30,000 years ago. They were also about 5 and 1/2 feet tall. These hominids walked on two feet. They made tools such as knives, scrapers, and spear points. They had large brains, so I can make the inference that they had a large forehead. They had a stocky body. When one of the members of a tribe died they were laid in burial mounds along with tools and flowers as a part of a ritual.

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These hominids lived around 35,000 to 12,000 b.c.e. they had round skulls and small teeth. They also had more modern features. They also made tools such as needles, spears, clothes, and sculpting tools. They also made paintings and sculptures. Scientists still don't know why they made paintings but they believe that they expressed them selves. They also believe that they painted for religious reasons and belief's.

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Domesticate; to train a wild animal to be useful to humans
agriculture; the business of farming
Trade; the business of buying or selling or exchanging items
Ore; a mineral mined for its valuable uses

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The early Stone Age was about 2 million years ago. It was about 2000 bc. The people hunted and collected food. Such as plants in like bushes or trees. They took shelter in caves such as the ones they made cave art in.

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This Stone Age was from 8000 to 3000 bce. They got food by farming. They settled east of the Mediterranean Sea where the land was fertile. They built permanent shelters because they didn’t have to go out for food. They also made better tools and clothing.

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The way they had a stable food supply is by hunting, animals, and gathering plants. Later on they started to plant food. They also learned how to domesticate animals, which means that they raise animals for their own use.

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Social structure; the way a civilization is organized

Technology; the use of tools and other inventions for practical purposes

Status; importance
Chariot; a two wheeled vehicle pulled by horse
Scribe; a person who writes
Ziggurat; an ancient Mesopotam temple tower

Arch; an upside down U-or v- shaped structure that supports weight above, as in a doorway
Cuneiform; writing that uses wedge shaped characters
Pictograph; a symbol that sends for an object

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Their shelters we're made out of mud and bricks. Sometimes they put pebbles on top if they wanted a stronger structure. Inside their were many different rooms one to put food and there was a pit to make fires for cooking.  Making permanent shelters was important because they didn't have to deal with finding a place for winter and another one for summer.

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The way these communities formed was that they would create farms and would establish their homes next to it. The communities allowed people to divide the work of producing food.  This lead to the need of tools so some people started to make tools. These people we're called toolmakers.

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This section was about how as different needs lead to different jobs. Such as clothing makers and weavers. The weavers weaved things like leaves into baskets. This stone age didn't just want to survive they also wanted to make it more beautiful. They did this by making shapes on pottery and their surroundings.

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Some of the characteristics of this civilization are:
- they need to have a stable food supply
- a social structure
- a system if government
- a religious system
- a highly developed culture
- advances in technology
- a highly developed language

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The social classes were upper, middle, and slaves. The upper class were priests, land owners, and government officials. These people had houses two stories high. The middle class however were merchants and craftspeople. These people made items such as hoes and plows. They also made mirrors and jewelry for the upper class. The slaves were at the bottem of this pyramid and they lived in their owners homes and did not own any land.

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The kings who were "chosen by the gods" ruled Sumerian cities. The kings hired people time collect taxes.  The king also ruled armies that fought for Sumerian land.  The kings also had officials, these people patrolled canals and made sure farmers got water legally.

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The religious system is a set of beliefs usually in gods. The Sumerians expressed their beliefs by building temples and religious towers. These towers were called ziggurats. The ziggurats were made of mud bricks and located near temples. They were eight stories and could be seen from 20 miles away.

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Hello I sell hoes for 1.00. If you buy 4 you pay 3$. Step right up get your hoes here.

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They assist the pharoah and occasionally give him advice. They were very wealthy. They even lived in luxury with the king.

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Priests were in charge of

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Monsoon; a strong wind that brings heavy rain to Southern Asia in the summer
Plateau; a flat area of land that is elevated, or raised, above the land around it
Glacier; a huge mass of ice that slowly slides over a land area

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This river starts in the Himalayas goes through snowcapped  mountains. The water is cold and crisp. The water that is added comes from heavy monsoon. This river joins the Ganges river. The area where the two meet is very fertile.

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This area is a triangle shaped elevated piece of land. The flatter parts have very old rocks dating back 600 million years ago. The parts with more hills have small forests and low bushes. The plateau has different types of soil too. Red(good for planting),yellow,and red(not so good for planting)

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These mountains make the shape of a V. The Deccan plateau is between these mountains. Although these mountains sound the same they have many differences. Such as the fact that the Western ghats are higher,  have steeper slopes, has a lot of rain way more than the Eastern ghats. However the Eastern ghats are not as wet But has a lot of rivers. The rivers rarely flood but they are still not safe for travel.

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This river flows through most of the northern part of India. They start at the Himalayas then goes through rocks, ice, and mountains. The river carries sediment. Monsoon gives the river water. The land around the river is very fertile but can deystroy all the plants if it floods.

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Underneath the mountains the earth is constantly moving. The famous Mount Everest is located there in the mountains. These mountains are located along India’s border.

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These mountains form a border between India and Afghanistan. The land on the mountains is very snowy, steep, and with many peaks. The Khyber pass is 28 miles long and its used for trading.

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This river starts in the Himalayas and gets its water from the melting snow. The soil around this river is rich and fertile. The river is often compared to the Nile river.

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Gazelles and birds roam the land. This dessert is sprinkled with rocks. Water is sparse so it is precious. This land also have sand dunes.

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Citadel; a fortress built to protect a city
Granary; a place to store grain
Sewer system; a network of pipes that disposes of sewage, opr waste water

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This was a citadel that was built on the banks of the Indus River.

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The great bath was a very dramatic feature

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Every one is suffering because they want things they don’t have. People are suffering because they want something they don’t have.

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Right  understanding: Devolop a deep understanding of noble truths
Right purpose: live a life full of selfnessness

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Emperor Qin ruled in 221 BCE. He was born in 259 BCE. He was 13 years old. His nickname was tiger of Qin.

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The father of the Silk Road was known as Zhang Qain.