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Definition: Any entity that has agency, has goal directed behavior and is adaptive.

My Explanation: Players are components of a complex system with the ability to self organize based upon information and act upon those choices.

Example: A WA in a anetball game who contributes by playing their dominant role as play maker in the team and makes choices that enable the ball to get to the shooters in the circle.

Importance to Skill: Players have to be able to adapt and self organize accordingly in a game situation and create movement solutions to achieve the over all goal of the game to be skillful

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Definition: Decisions and actions made in relation to the action in which the player is situated.

My Explanation: The adaption to the specific context in order to combat a specific action or play.

Example: Man on man defense limits the attacking teams space and stops the momentum of play. It also works in attack, holding the player create space to drive into.

Importance to Skill: Contributes to a players movement solution and ability to achieve the desired out come either individually in a specific position or as a team.

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Definition: Plan of action to optimise a successful outcome

My Explanation: A specific play or focus goal to obtain a the desired outcome successfully.

Example: A team may have a specific set up in defense, such as a diamond, which  means one

Importance to Skill: A strategy contributes to the way a team self organizes, it acts as a guideline to which the whole team is aware of and self organize with in.

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Definition: The application of typical elements of game playing (e.g. point scoring, competition with others, rules of play) to
enhance engagement and learning activity.

My Explanation: Rewards and problems that make the game joyful or rewarding for achieving the goal of the game.

Example: Scoring 1 point in the circle in basketball but scoring two from the outside.

Importance to Skill: Encourages competitive play and skillful problem solving under pressure to achieve the desired outcome.

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Definition: An interdisciplinary theory about the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science, and is a framework by which one can investigate and/or describe any group of objects that work together to produce some result.

My Explanation: There are three different systems. Simple, complicated and complex.

Simple - Linear, 1-1 connections, put come is predictable and measurable.
Complicated - Made of multiple simple systems, outcome is predictable and measurable.
Complex - Non-linear connections, can be put together in multiple ways. Feedback loops occur which contribute to the outcome being unproportional and unpredictable.

Example: A switch is a simple system. A car is an example of a complicated system and a person is a complex system.

Importance to Skill: A team is a complex system made up of multiple individual complex systems. The outcome of the teams performance of movement is unpredictable and so when training and practicing, it needs to be performed in a situated context to enable players to adapt and self organize in a complex game situation.

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Definition: As the problem changes, so does the solution (movement), no 2 problems are  exactly the same, therefore no 2 solutions will ever be the same.

My Explanation: The most efficeint pathway of movement to achieve the desired outcome accordingly to the constraints in the situated context.

Example: Based on the constraints, a player dribbles the ball through the court, a defender blocks his path way so instead of running through he passes the ball to a free player who is close to the goal.

Importance to Skill: Movement solutions afford players to solve problems based on constraints with in a game context.

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Definition: Linear Pedagogy focuses on the fact that there is a one size fits all criteria and sessions/drills will meet the needs and demands of the participants. This type of coaching can be seen as very repetitive, aiming towards the blocked practice approach of motor learning.

My Explanation: A teacher dominated approach to teaching that is repetitive and has little or no variability, and limits the learner to confined knowledge.

Example: Teacher/coach asks the players to pair up and do 100 chest passes.

Importance to Skill: Does not incorporate situated learning and limits the players ability to cope with variability in a situated context.

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Definition: Non-linear pedagogy is a learner centred approach to skill acquisition.

My Explanation: A non sequential way of learner which sees the learner as more active rather than passive in their learning, and incorporates situated learning.

Example: Changing the constraints of the game such as only being able to pass from the chest in half court which means players are still in a game situation but are focusing on a certain aspect of the game.

Importance to Skill: Manipulating constraints of a game so the learner can focus on certain skill sets while experiencing the variability of a situated context.

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Definition: Motor programmes are the way in which our brains control our movements.

My Explanation: A way of thinking about a movement in parts. Referrs to the body as a machine and uses schemas to create movement.

Example: Decisions are made in the brain before performing the skill, then all information for one movement is sent in a single message. The message is received by the muscles which perform the movement and then feedback may or may not be available.

Importance to Skill: Not every movement is the same and so motor programmes and schema limit the variation of movement and degrees of freedom of a player that would be present in a game context.

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Definition: Connectivism is a learning theory promoted by Stephen Downes and George Siemens. Called a learning theory for a digital age, it seeks to explain complex learning in a rapidly changing social digital world. In our technological and networked world, educators should consider the work of thinkers like Siemens and Downes.

My Explanation: The digital aged learning theory constructing new knowledge through the use of social media, the internet and other digital resources.

Example: Using the internet to google the definition of a word that a learner is not familiar with.

Importance to Skill: Players have multiple connections that provide them with different sources of informatio and knowledge surrounding skill learning. Digital sources such as youtube can be used to view previous games to aid visual learning for a player/leanrer.

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Definition: Constructivism is based on the premise that we all construct our own perspective of the world, based on individual experiences and internal knowledge.

My Explanation: Social constructivism states learning is social, and we learn and construct new learning from social interaction.

Example: Tuakana Teina is a relationship between a novice and experienced learner where the novice learns off of the experienced learner but the role can be reversed. Individual constructivism looks at the learner constructing new ideas based on prior knowledge.

Importance to Skill: This is important to skill and links to relational dynamics where skill learning is seen as an emergent process of the local interactions occurring and how learners acquire skill and learn off of one another. The learner also constructs new plays and movement solutions based on their constructions of knowledge through the exploration of possibilities in a situated context.

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Definition: Cognitive theory defines learning as "a semi-permanent change in mental processes or associations." Cognitivists do not require an outward exibition of learning but focus more on the internal processes and connections that take place during learning.

My Explanation: Information processing learning theory that sees the learner as a computer for processing information.

Example: An example could be linking new concepts to old concepts through schemas. This could be learning to pass one way and then mental processing new ways of throwing the ball e.g over arm, one armed, lob pass or bounce pass based on old mental framework of basic passing that the learner is using to process new information.

Importance to Skill: Contemporary ways of learning avoid treating the learner as a computer or machine as no movement is the same, each action is a new movement and so it is important when learning skill for the learner to discover and explore these movements through social interactions in a situated learning environment.

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Definition: A systematic procedure, formula, or routine by which a task is accomplished.

My Explanation: The ability to perform a physical movement.

Example: The technique os throwing over arm is to face side on, step forward, rotate at the core and then follow through extending the arm and releasing the ball when the arm and fingers are fully extended.

Importance to Skill: In terms of non-linear pedagogy, we should be looking at technique not as the starting point of skill learning, but incorporating it in to a situated context where players can explore the possibilities and optimal techniques to achieve the desired outcome using the least amount of effort and energy.

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Definition: Behavior theorists define learning simply as the acquisition of a new behavior or change in behavior.  The theory is that learning begins when a cue or stimulus from the environment is presented and the learner reacts to the stimulus with some type of response.

My Explanation: A learning theory that refers to learning as a behavior, a change in behavior is an indication that learning is occurred. This is achieved through the use of punishment and reward for correct band bad behavior.

Example: The player is told to kick the ball in front of the player. When the player begins kicking the ball into the space in front of the player the coach rewards the player with verbal appraisal which is seen as positive reinforcement for correct behavior.

Importance to Skill: While positive feedback lets the player know when they are doing the right thing, rope learnt movements are not useful in a game as a player is then unable to think for them selves and are use to being given instructions. This makes it hard for them to act under pressure or in situated contexts where there are multiple relational dynamics influencing the player and their decision making.

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Definition: Each of a number of independently variable factors affecting the range of states in which a system may exist, in particular any of the directions in which independent motion can occur.

My Explanation: The extent to which the body allows physical movement, or how knowledge allows players freedom of movement.

Example: A player has the ability to freeze movement and use shorter movements to perform more controlled actions.

Importance to Skill: Skilled players are able to exploit these degrees of freedom in the correct situations to their advantage in order to achieved the desired outcome.

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Definition: Interaction is a kind of action that occur as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect.

My Explanation: The connections between components of the game. These can be independent or interdependent.

Example: A player in a team crosses over so the other player balances the court by dropping back or crossing over.

Importance to Skill: The movement of one player affets the other, the interdependent interactions with in a team contribute to its ability to self organize effeciently.

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Definition: Capacity for the interconnection of platforms, systems, and applications.

My Explanation: Contributing sources of input from multiple sources with in a complex system.

Example: Connections could include family, multiple coaches, video games or even TV shows.

Importance to Skill: Multiple connections offer a variety of knowledge to take from and apply to learnt movement.

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Definition: A function, quantity, or property which remains unchanged when a specified transformation is applied.

My Explanation: Variants that are stable and constant.

Example: Gravity is a variant that remains the same and is unchanged.

Importance to Skill: Adapting to invariants or manipulating them to the players advantage to contribute to achieveing the desired out come.

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Definition: Emergence is a process in which things come into being as a result of their relational dynamics.

My Explanation: A process in which things come in to being as a result of relational dynamics.

Example: A game is the emergent process of continuous local interactions.

Importance to Skill: Emergent behavior is the result of relational dynamics with in a situated context.

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Definition: Complexity is description of a system that is in
between order and chaos. We use the terms to describe things that are hard to understand. Its is controlled by ...

1. Number of interacting elements

2. Number of connections

3. Diversity of interacting elements

4. Degree of adaptation and change

My Explanation:  A description of a system that is between order and chaos.

Example: A game is complex if it is not so structured it stops but not so uncontrollable that its chaotic.

Importance to Skill: A fluid game is complex and is not stilted nor out of control.

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Definition: A game is a system within which adaptive agents are interdependent in affecting each other in the pursuit of some valued resource.

My Explanation: A game is the emergent process of continuous relational dynamics

Example: A football came emerges from players self organizing around the constraints and rules put in place.

Importance to Skill: Games are situated and the outcome is unpredictable, to play skillfully we need to train in situated contexts that mirror the complexity of a game.

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Definition: Relational dynamics is the study of the process of interaction between elements and the things that emerge from such interaction

My Explanation: The study of interacting parts with in a specific context used to identify the emergence occurring from these interactions.

Example:  The seven dimensions of relational dynamics are

1. Interactions
2. Connections
3. Systems
4. Degrees of Freedom
5. Self-organisation
6. Complexity
7. Emergence

Importance to Skill: Players movement solutions are an emergent result of relational dynamics of a game context.

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Definition: Self-organisation is a process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between its
component parts.

My Explanation: Is the organization and reorganization of components within a complex system to adapt and form an efficient pattern of movement.

Example: When the pace of a game is slow or stopped our pace is a walk and so our body self organizes and coordinates body parts by organizing each one to walk. When the game gets faster and the player runs the body reorganizes to coordinate body parts to enable a running movement.

Importance to Skill: Individuals and teams self organize to achieve the most efficient movement pattern.

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Definition: A feedback loop in the context of systems theory is the feedback the organization's environment provides it. A feedback loop can be positive or negative.

My Explanation: Effect of having non-linear connections in a complex system where information is relayed between connections. This can change and alter information which then affects the outcome.

Example: If a player has a saw shoulder and lifts his arm, pain occurs, so he tries to move it in another way. The loop continues to feedback whether the movement is painful or performable which enables the player to know his degrees of freedom and what he is capable of doing.

Importance to Skill: Feedback loops relay important information which allows players and teams to self organize and reorganize accordingly based on feedback.

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Definition: Operant Conditioning- Increasing or decreasing the strength or frequency of behaviour through a process of reinforcement"

My Explanation: Operant conditioning is an aspect of the behaviorist theory approach to skill learning based around observable and change able behviour.

Example: Rewarding good behavior with positive reinforcement.

Importance to Skill: A behaviorist approach to teaching skill, rewarding good behavior means it will be repeated therefore rewarding skillful behavior encourages repetitive skillful play.

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Sheldon Shaping Penny in Big Bang Theory

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Definition: A direct and continuous sensitivity of movement has evolved in two distinct but highly mobile forms of life – an internally- mediated corporeal consciousness and an external-mediated corporeal consciousness.

My Explanation: Our body is conscious of where we are in space. A kinesthetic consciousness via our proprioceptors. Constantly refined, full body awareness and more than just muscle memory. Our corporeal consciousness tells us what we can and can not do.

Example: When skateboarding, through proprioceptors and kinesthetic awareness the child is consciously aware of their constraints and what they are capable of doing. Their corporeal consciousness tells them whether can perform a kick flip and successfully land it.

Importance to Skill: It is important to be aware of constraints and what the body is able to do, skill is about successfully achieving goals. The player must be aware of what they can and can not do to know how to successfully execute and action to achieve the goal or objective.

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Definition: Having or showing skill.

My Explanation: Being skillful is being able to execute a set of actions successfully to meet an objective or goal in the shortest amount of time using the least amount of energy.

Example: The aim of a penalty shoot out in football is to get the ball in the goal. If the player kicks the ball really hard or does a trick to get it in the goal but misses, the player is not skillful. They are only skillful if the ball makes it into the goal using the least amount of time and energy.

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Definition: Sports habitus, that is, an embodiment of the game.

My Explanation:  The subconscious culture and dispositions dependent on the situated context. Acknowledging the rules of the game but also internalized rules influence the way an action is performed.

Example: In netball, if the floor is wet you dont play bounce passes. This is not a set rule, but is internalized and becomes a subconscious habit.

Importance to Skill: To be skillful habitus is important, it means we do not waist tie being discursively conscious of rules or technique, and can focus on achieving the goal in the best possible way.

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Definition: The origins of thought are social. People think in conjunction with others in culturally significant contexts (using available tools and resources). - Vygotsky

My Explanation: Social constructivism is learning through social interaction with both others and the environment. This relates to learning in situated context or game situations where environmental factors and individuals  in the game have an affect on the learner.

Example: Putting a football player in a game situation allows them to practice skill while experiencing real life game situations and learning from these interactions.

Importance to Skill: Skill is social, they are deployed with in socially determined contexts.

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Definition: Perception action coupling relates to the fact we cannot escape the
information coming to us from the environment. How we perceive the information surrounding us will always have an effect on our movements.

My Explanation: Link an action to a situation or a context depending on the affordances you have. Perception = sensors which are linked to an outcome when affordances are used.

Example: Running down the rugby field and seeing a gap, recognizing where other players are which reveals affordances and then acting in response to the affordances available.

Importance to Skill: We are constantly interacting with affordances within a game context, as we move we perceive things differently which allows us to act appropriately and to the best of our ability and as skillfully as possible.

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Definition: Ecological environment refers to all living and non living thing around us within which we live and work. People have a two way relationship with the ecological environment.

My Explanation: Refers to a holistic environment involving social, cultural and physical surroundings. Moving from individual skill practice to skill games, taking into account the whole environment. Ecology is the study of relationships between living organisms such as players, and their physical environment. It is with in a this environment that a corporeal consciousness is formed of what can be done and affordances are created.

Example: Playing football, the ecological environment is not only the physical field the game is played on, it involves the parents on the side line, the coaches, team moral, and the none physical attributes such as culture including the physicality and competitive nature, and the culture of others.

Importance to Skill: It is within these environments that a corporeal conscious is formed which allows the player to understand what they can and cant do, and then adapt to the environment.

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Definition: Perception of the environment inevitably leads to some course of action. Affordances, or clues in the environment that indicate possibilities for action, are perceived in a direct, immediate way with no sensory processing.

My Explanation: Perceived cues of possible actions that can be taken towards the movement goal.

Example: An affordance is what the environment allows us to do, like in a game situation, our imagination allows us to perceive gaps or opens in a line of defense and whether it is possible

Importance to Skill: Affordances create possibilities of behaviors and outcomes which is drawn on in a game situation to perform skillfully.

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Definition: Able to know or understand something because of feelings rather than facts or proof.

My Explanation: Like second nature, not consciously aware we are doing it. Skill can be developed and become intuitive.

Example: Becoming bipedal walkers is intuitive, in a game we run bipedal to counter balance the body.

Importance to Skill: Being intuitive means being able to understand what feels right or not, this means being able to make the best decisions or correct technique intuitively which makes the player skillful.

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Definition:The activity of forming ideas in the mind.

My Explanation: The idea of being skillful. What is thought to be idealistic in a skillful manner.

Example: When learning to surf one has the image or idea of what a skillful surfer would look like and tries to recreate this. (Hands and arms out, bent knees, body side on and wide stance.)

Importance to Skill: Ideation means skillful actions are imitated through imagination.

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Definition: Imagination is the internalisation of children's play’ - Vygotsky

My Explanation: Internalisation of children's play with in an environment, it is through experience we build imagination of possibilities. This then contributes to the ability of creating affordances.

Example: Playing may encourage children to use the imagination which in later stages and in game situations be used to imagine plays or specific situations which also leads to the development of the childs ability to create or identify affordances.

Importance to Skill: Imagination of possibilities provides us with multiple affordances in game situations and contributes to perception-action coupling in terms of perceiving, imagining the out comes or possibles courses of actions to then act.

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Definition: The ability to bring about some end result with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of energy or of time and energy - Guthrie (1954)

The five elements of skill :

1. Technical competence

2. Performance outcome

3. Effectiveness of action

4. Applications of tactics and strategy

5. Perceptiveness of the environment

6. Adaptability and Creativity

My Explanation: A concept learnt and used for successfully executing an action or task. It has the unlimited potential to be developed, refined and improved.

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Definition: An innate quality or ability is one that you were born with, not one you have learned.

My Explanation: Born with, something that is innate to us as humans. Skill is not innate, but ability is.

Example: Breathing is something we a born with, so is blinking.

Importance to Skill: All though we are not born with skill, we build on our innate abilities to develop skill or become skillful.