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An inflammation of the liver

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State of having excessive stomach or intestinal gas that is usually released from the anus with sound and/or odor

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a medical condition with yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, arising from excess of the pigment bilirubin

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A surgical operation in which a piece of the colon is diverted to an artificial opening in the abdominal wall so as to bypass a damaged part of the colon.

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the gums.

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a surgical procedure in which an opening (stoma) is formed by drawing the healthy end of the large intestine or colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall.

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a ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube, such as the anus or the openings of the stomach.

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A condition in which your skin turns yellow or whitening of the eyes  from excess of the pigment bilirubin is caused by obstruction of the bile duct or liver diease

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surgical procedure in which an opening (stoma) is formed by drawing the healthy end of the large intestine or colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place.

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noun: heartburn

1. a form of indigestion felt as a burning sensation in the chest, caused by acid regurgitation into the esophagus

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Chronic liver damage from a variety of causes leading to scarring and liver failure.

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a condition in which feces are discharged from the bowels frequently and in a liquid form

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hanging from the middle of the soft palate is a cone shaped flap of tissue

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a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function, such as the heart or liver in humans.

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a ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube, such as the anus or the openings of the stomach.

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solid body waste excreted through the anus from the large intestine; also called stool....

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a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine

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condition in which part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm muscle.

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waste material from the digestion system

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an open sore on an external or internal surface of the body, caused by a break in the skin or mucous membrane that fails to heal.

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99.5% water, provides a medium for dissolving foods

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n humans, there are four basic types of tissue: epithelial, connective,muscular, and nervous tissue. There may be various sub-tissues within each of the primary tissues. Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities.

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enzyme that changes fats into fatty acids and glycerol

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inflammation that occurs on the mucosal skin surface.

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serous membrane lining of abdominal cavity.

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inflammation  of the liver

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watery liquid secreted into the mouth by glands, providing lubrication for chewing and swallowing, and aiding digestion

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The term hemorrhoid is usually related to the symptoms caused by hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are present in healthy individuals. In fact, hemorrhoidal columns exist in utero. When these vascular cushions produce symptoms, they are referred to as hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids generally cause symptoms when they become enlarged, inflamed, thrombosed, or prolapsed.

Most symptoms arise from enlarged internal hemorrhoids. Abnormal swelling of the anal cushions causes dilatation and engorgement of the arteriovenous plexuses. This leads to stretching of the suspensory muscles and eventual prolapse of rectal tissue through the anal canal. The engorged anal mucosa is easily traumatized, leading to rectal bleeding that is typically bright red due to high blood oxygen content within the arteriovenous anastomoses. Prolapse leads to soiling and mucus discharge (triggering pruritus) and predisposes to incarceration and strangulation.

Although many patients and clinicians believe that hemorrhoids are caused by chronic constipation, prolonged sitting, and vigorous straining, little evidence to support a causative link exists. Some of these potential etiologies are briefly discussed below.

Decreased venous return

Most authors agree that low-fiber diets cause small-caliber stools, which result in straining during defecation. This increased pressure causes engorgement of the hemorrhoids, possibly by interfering with venous return. Pregnancy and abnormally high tension of the internal sphincter muscle can also cause hemorrhoidal problems, presumably by means of the same mechanism, which is thought to be decreased venous return. Prolonged sitting on a toilet (eg, while reading) is believed to cause a relative venous return problem in the perianal area (a tourniquet effect), resulting in enlarged hemorrhoids. Aging causes weakening of the support structures, which facilitates prolapse. Weakening of support structures can occur as early as the third decade of life.

Straining and constipation

Straining and constipation have long been thought of as culprits in the formation of hemorrhoids. This may or may not be true.Patients who report hemorrhoids have a canal resting tone that is higher than normal. Of interest, the resting tone is lower after hemorrhoidectomy than it is before the procedure. This change in resting tone is the mechanism of action of Lord dilatation, a surgical procedure for anorectal complaints that is most commonly performed in the United Kingdom.

Pregnancy

Pregnancy clearly predisposes women to symptoms from hemorrhoids, although the etiology is unknown. Notably, most patients revert to their previously asymptomatic state after delivery. The relationship between pregnancy and hemorrhoids lends credence to hormonal changes or direct pressure as the culprit.

Portal hypertension and anorectal varices

Portal hypertension has often been mentioned in conjunction with hemorrhoids.However, hemorrhoidal symptoms do not occur more frequently in patients with portal hypertension than in those without it, and massive bleeding from hemorrhoids in these patients is unusual. Bleeding is very often complicated by coagulopathy. If bleeding is found, direct suture ligation of the offending column is suggested.

Anorectal varices are common in patients with portal hypertension.Varices occur in the midrectum, at connections between the portal system and the middle and inferior rectal veins. Varices occur more frequently in patients who are noncirrhotic, and they rarely bleed. Treatment is usually directed at the underlying portal hypertension. Emergent control of bleeding can be obtained with suture ligation. Portosystemic shunts and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) have been used to control hypertension and thus, the bleeding.

Other risk factors

Other risk factors historically associated with the development of hemorrhoids include the following:

Higher socioeconomic status

Elevated anal resting pressure

Loss of rectal muscle tone

Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis, and Crohn disease

Pathophysiology of symptoms of internal hemorrhoids

Internal hemorrhoids cannot cause cutaneous pain, because they are above the dentate line and are not innervated by cutaneous nerves. However, they can bleed, prolapse, and, as a result of the deposition of an irritant onto the sensitive perianal skin, cause perianal itching and irritation. Internal hemorrhoids can produce perianal pain by prolapsing and causing spasm of the sphincter complex around the hemorrhoids. This spasm results in discomfort while the prolapsed hemorrhoids are exposed. This muscle discomfort is relieved with reduction.

Internal hemorrhoids can also cause acute pain when incarcerated and strangulated. Again, the pain is related to the sphincter complex spasm. Strangulation with necrosis may cause more deep discomfort. When these catastrophic events occur, the sphincter spasm often causes concomitant external thrombosis. External thrombosis causes acute cutaneous pain. This constellation of symptoms is referred to as acute hemorrhoidal crisis and usually requires emergent treatment.

Internal hemorrhoids most commonly cause painless bleeding with bowel movements. The covering epithelium is damaged by the hard bowel movement, and the underlying veins bleed. With spasm of the sphincter complex elevating pressure, the internal hemorrhoidal veins can spurt.

Internal hemorrhoids can deposit mucus onto the perianal tissue with prolapse. This mucus with microscopic stool contents can cause a localized dermatitis, which is called pruritus ani. Generally, hemorrhoids are merely the vehicle by which the offending elements reach the perianal tissue. Hemorrhoids are not the primary offenders.

Pathophysiology of symptoms of external hemorrhoids

External hemorrhoids cause symptoms in 2 ways. First, acute thrombosis of the underlying external hemorrhoidal vein can occur. Acute thrombosis is usually related to a specific event, such as physical exertion, straining with constipation, a bout of diarrhea, or a change in diet. These are acute, painful events.

Pain results from rapid distention of innervated skin by the clot and surrounding edema. The pain lasts 7-14 days and resolves with resolution of the thrombosis. With this resolution, the stretched anoderm persists as excess skin or skin tags. External thromboses occasionally erode the overlying skin and cause bleeding. Recurrence occurs approximately 40-50% of the time, at the same site (because the underlying damaged vein remains there). Simply removing the blood clot and leaving the weakened vein in place, rather than excising the offending vein with the clot, will predispose the patient to recurrence.

External hemorrhoids can also cause hygiene difficulties, with the excess, redundant skin left after an acute thrombosis (skin tags) being accountable for these problems. External hemorrhoidal veins found under the perianal skin obviously cannot cause hygiene problems; however, excess skin in the perianal area can mechanically interfere with cleansing.

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The term hemorrhoid is usually related to the symptoms caused by hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are present in healthy individuals. In fact, hemorrhoidal columns exist in utero. When these vascular cushions produce symptoms, they are referred to as hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids generally cause symptoms when they become enlarged, inflamed, thrombosed, or prolapsed.

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yellowish coloring of the skin.

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a medical condition with yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, arising from excess of the pigment bilirubin and typically caused by obstruction of the bile duct, by liver disease, or by excessive breakdown of red blood cells.

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A digestive disease in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.

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enzyme that changes fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

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the opening at the end of the alimentary canal through which solid waste matter leaves the body

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is a valve between the bottom of the esophagus and stomach.

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outlet from rectum.

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Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body.

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artificial opening from the colon onto the surface of the skin

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The process of breaking down food so that it can be absorbed into cells.

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A condition in which part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm muscle.

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specific amount of water, with or without additive, introduced into the colon

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The inability to eliminate stool,

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Air in the intestine that is passed through the rectum: also called gas or flatus

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a form of indigestion felt as a burning sensation in the chest, caused by acid regurgitation into the esophagus

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enzyme that converts starch or glycogen to glucose.

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solid body waste excreted through the anus from the large intestine; also called stool

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a bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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enlarged veins in the rectum that can cause itching, burning, pain, and bleeding

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Frequent Elimination of liquid or semi-liquid feces

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) by: Tyanna Edmonds

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) by: Tyanna Edmonds

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A chronic condition in which the liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus