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The use of pronouns to refer back to something already mentioned in the sentence or text.
->The revision lectures were excellent. Everybody got something out of them

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The use of pronouns to refer forward to something that has not yet been mentioned.
->They were great. Everybody got something out of the revision lectures.

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Sentences that make a statement/declare something.
->I went to the shops today.

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Sentences that give a request, command or direction.
->Go to your room

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Sentences that express a strong emotion. They often start with 'what' or 'how'.
->I'm super excited!

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Sentences that pose a question.
->How do you feel?

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Words are left out of a sentence.
->"Coming?" rather than "Are you coming?"

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A sentence made up of one main clause.
->Sami likes wearing her hat.

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A sentence made up of two or more main clauses linked by a co-ordinating conjunction or a comma.
->We could eat some halloumi or we could go out to eat.

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Sentences made up of one main clause and at least one subordinate clause.
->I decided that the essay was not hard after all.

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Sentences made up of at least two main clauses and at least one subordinate clause.
->I decided that the essay was not hard after all and the exam was pretty good.

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Placing items one after another separated by commas.
->We need to go to the bank, the post office, the library and the supermarke

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Sentences/phrases that have a balanced structure.
->It was the best of times, it was the worst of times

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The use of words/phrases that are opposite in meaning to each other and placed in a particular syntactic pattern. Similar to parallelism but it makes use of opposing ideas to create contrast.
->It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.

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When a word that is usually a verb is converted into a noun.
->There was a sharp increase in the amount of students missing class once the sac was over.

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Used to help structure the syntax of a text and mark expression.

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When more that one possible meaning is created through the use of syntax, usually punctuation and sentence structure.
->"Let's eat grandma" (Ambiguity is created through the lack of comma therefore it is syntactical ambiguity and not lexical ambiguity

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When two or more words, phrases or clauses are evenly balanced on either side of a co-ordinating conjunction.
->The girls' and the boys'
->Ran and jumped
->The day was wet and the trip was ruined

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A combination of clauses that are not in balance with one another. Subordinate clauses joined to a main clause by a subordinating conjunction.
->I go to cafes where I can get halloumi.

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The 'new' or surprising/interesting information comes first in the sentence, giving it more attention. 'New' before 'old' information.
->That morning the train arrived on time.

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The 'new' or surprising/interesting information comes last in the sentence. 'old' before 'new'.
->I gave John a brand new pen.

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When the subject of the sentence is not directly responsible for the action or the person creating the action is unknown. (Passive if you can add 'by zombies' at the end of the sentence).
->The bank's money was counted at the end of the day.

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When the subject of the sentence is directly responsible for the action of the sentence.
->The bank tellers counted all the money at the end of the day.

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A conjunction that joins words/phrases/clauses of equal value. (and, or, but, yet, so, nor, neither
->The girls and the boys.

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A conjunction that joins phrases/clauses of unequal value. (While, as, before, where, so, that, because, as, if, unless).
->I go to a cafe Where I can get a good meal.

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A clause that can stand alone and function as a sentence successfully. A clause must contain a verb.
->I went to the park.

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A clause that cannot stand on it's own as a sentence. It requires a main clause to be present. It must also contain a verb.
->I went to the park to walk my dog.

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Small groups of words that makes up neither a main nor a subordinate clause. Does not necessarily have to contain a verb.

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Lexemes that are particular to certain regions/countries
->Bloody, mate, hard yakka, sheila

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The official dictionary meaning of a word. What a word literally means.
->"Cool" of or at a fairly low temperature

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The association/additional meaning a word carries. Sometimes called loaded words.
->"Cool" holds the meaning of something good or desirable

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Words within a phrase that are predictably associated with one another. They often overlap with idioms and clichés.
->Safe and sound

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When a mild of indirect term is given in place of a harsh, offensive or confronting one.
->"Passed on" rather than "died"

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When a direct, offensive or confronting word is given in place of a milder/indirect one.
->"kick the bucket" rather than "died"

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When an inanimate object is given human characteristic.
->The sun's rays shone happily forth

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Creates an idea of something by saying that something is something else. Uses symbolism to represent what something is like.Often relies on connotations.
->You are my sunshine (relies on the positive connotation that sunshine is good)

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Comparing one thing with another by saying something is 'like' something else.
->Build like a rock

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Informal, distinctively non-standard language that is often associated with a particular age/social/ gender group. Slang is transitory and often overlaps into colloquial language.
->You're a dickhead mate

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Ideas that we are not usually comfortable talking about openly. Euphemisms are often used to help us talk about topics like sex, drugs, death etc.
->"Going to the little girls room"

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Not saying what you really mean. Talking around the topic so that you are not actually lying but you aren't being very clear.
->We are moving forward- Julia Gillard

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A play on words. Usually makes a use of a double meaning or ambiguity.
->In equations involving square numbers, I can never find the root of the problem.

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Being unclear about what you mean.

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Words or phrases that are put together because they're contradictory.
->Civil war, deafening silence, honest politician

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A common saying
->It's raining cats and dogs

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Specialised language belonging to a particular field/domain.
->BP short for blood pressure - medical shorthand
->FAQ - frequently asked questions -Internet jargon
->Code 11 - Code for the individual at a crime scene - police jargon

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A form of figurative language where the actual meaning is the opposite of the stated meaning. Often used for humorous effect. Can often overlap with sarcasm and oxymoron.
->A fire station burns down

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When there is more than one possible meaning to a sentence/word.
->Local man finds Picasso drawing in shed

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A saying that has become so common and overused that it has ceased to really mean anything at all.
->We'll leave no stone unturned

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Use of a words that are similar in meaning.
->Tranquil, peaceful, quiet

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Use of words/phrases that are opposite in meaning to each other.
->I want to be loud but I also enjoy quiet

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Exaggeration. Making something sound more than it is.
->Those eggs are the best in the whole world

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Communicating in a way that ensures no one is discriminated against. In particular in regards to race, culture, gender, disability, religion and sexual orientation.
->Hearing impaired

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How understandable a discourse is to its intended audience.

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When a statement relies on some kind of prior knowledge for it to make sense.
->

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Language that includes the speaker/writer and audience.
->Don't we all feel that enough is enough

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Language that deliberately excludes and differentiates the audience from the speaker/writer.
->We regret to inform you that we no longer require your services

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Distinctive pronunciations that mark regional or social identity.

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Repeated patterns of consonant sounds within words.
->BeanZ meanZ heinZ

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Repeated pattern of vowel sounds within a word.
->Over the shoulder boulder holder

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When two phonemes that are next to each other are influenced by each other making the sound more alike.
->Want to = wanchu

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Smallest unit of sound there is.
-> a, b, c, d

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International phonetic alphabet.

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When a particular sound pattern is repeated. Often occurs with rhyming.
->There once was a woman who lived in a shoe, she had so many children she didn't know what to do.

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When specific words have mostly the same sound as other words. When they are used together it's called rhyming. Rhyming creates rhythm.
->The cat sat in the hat on the mat

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When phonemes are missing from words.
->Lookin', talkin'

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When words that are grouped together all start with the same letter.
->Slippery skinny snake

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When words sound like what they are.
->hiss, moo, bang, meow, woof

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Stress -Emphasis placed on a certain word to make it stand out
Pitch -The level of a sound. Low, medium, high.
Intonation -Describes a change in pitch

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The 'd' sound often heard in the place of the 't' sound.
->Get the budder out of the fridge

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The smallest unit of meaning.
->Dog, able, word

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A unit of meaning that cannot stand alone as a word. Used to add meaning to free morphemes.
->ness, un, ing, er, ish, dis

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Uses of morphemes to create new words by adding prefixes or suffixes or both. Often changed the word class also.
->UNreal, sadLY, UNacceptable

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Uses morphemes to change the form of a word without changing the word class.
->Pluras, possessives, tense changes

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A morpheme attached to the start of a word. Does not always change the word class.
->Hyper, be, re, pre

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A morpheme attached to the end of a word. Suffixes often, but not always alter the word class.
->ation, ful, ship

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A collective term for both prefixes and suffixes

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Words used to point to something outside of the text that is not otherwise mentioned. Also known as demonstrative pronouns.
->This is nice, That is worth reading

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FUNCTION WORDS
Determiner - Come before nouns in sentences and indicate the amount of something or who possesses it. Includes articles 'a' and 'an'. Numbers can but not always act as determiners. If it doesn't come before a noun then it is not acting as a determiner.
Pronoun -  Words that can be used instead of nouns (I, you, her, he, she, it)
Conjunction - Joining words. (co-ordinating: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) (subordinating: when, while, as, before, until, after, since, if, unless, as, than, like, though)
Preposition - Indicate the relationship between elements of the sentence (under, behind, in front, above, next to)
CONTENT WORDS
Nouns - Naming words for people, places or things
Adjectives - Describe nouns
Verbs - Words that describe actions and states
Adverbs - Describe/add information to verbs (the cow jumped quickly over the moon)
Auxiliary verbs - Used to contrast different time scales, questions and negatives. They sometimes also add emphasis to or give information about the mood or attitude of a speaker. They are words about being, having, doing etc.(I have gone)
Modal verbs -