# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) works by attacking the human immune system. HIV cannot replicate on its own, so in order to make new copies of itself, it must infect cells of the human immune system, called CD4 cells. CD4 cells are white blood cells that play an essential role in responding to infections in the body. CD4 cells are killed by HIV and the body's ability to recognize and fight some types of infection begins to decline. If HIV is not controlled by treatment, the loss of CD4 cells leads to the development of serious illnesses.

HIV-1 and HIV-2 are the causal agents of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). While similar in many ways, a significant amount of data suggests that HIV-2 is less virulent than HIV-1. In fact, HIV-2 infection is characterized by low and frequently undetectable viral loads and a slower course to AIDS. The majority of HIV-2-infected patients can be classified as long-term non-progressors or elite controllers.

HIV has been the subject of intense investigation for many years. A great deal has been learned about how the retrovirus infects cells, replicates, and causes disease. HIV may be considered as a molecular entity consisting of 15 proteins and one RNA. The retroviral genome is encoded by an ∼9-kb RNA, and two genomic-length RNA molecules are also packaged in the particle.

Fig.1 Organization of the HIV-1 genome and virion. (Frankel, 1998)

Substantial progress has been made toward understanding the function of each protein, and three-dimensional structures of many components. The HIV genome encodes a total of three structural proteins, two envelope proteins, three enzymes, and six accessory proteins. As shown in Figure 1, the HIV-1 genome encodes nine open reading frames. Three of these encode the Gag, Pol, and Env polyproteins, which are subsequently proteolyzed into individual proteins common to all retroviruses. The four Gag proteins include matrix (MA), capsid(CA), nucleocapsid (NC), and p6. The three Pol proteins, reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (PR), and integrase (IN), provide essential enzymatic functions and are also encapsulated within the particle. The two Env proteins, glycoprotein 120 (gp120, SU) and glycoprotein 41 (gp41, TM), are structural components that make up the core of the virion and outer membrane envelope. HIV-1 encodes six accessory proteins, three of which (Vif, Vpr, and Nef) are found in the viral particle. Two other accessory proteins, Tat and Rev, provide essential gene regulatory functions, and the last protein, Vpu, indirectly assists in assembly of the virion.

Creative Biolabs now provides a variety of commercial antibody products against popular HIV targets such as gp120, P24, Nef, Tat, Vif. With integrated antibody development and engineering techniques, Creative Biolabs also offers customized antibody development services for HIV research. Learn more about our ViroAntibody Discovery Services. If you need customized services, please submit your specific antibody inquiry to us. We also provide a full comprehensive suite of primary antibodies, secondary antibodies and isotype controls to meet your needs. Please feel free to contact us for more information.

Reference

Frankel, A. D; Young, J. A. T. HIV-1: fifteen proteins and an RNA. 1998.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) works by attacking the human immune system. HIV cannot replicate on its own, so in order to make new copies of itself, it must infect cells of the human immune system, called CD4 cells. CD4 cells are white blood cells that play an essential role in responding to infections in the body.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
ViroAntibody Services

ViroAntibody Services

ViroAntibody Discovery Services

Creative Biolabs focuses on developing novel antibodies or equivalents with desired specificity and affinity for research, diagnostic, or therapeutic application...

ViroAntibody Engineering Services

Creative Biolabs can endow antibody candidates with preferable properties through our advanced analyzing and engineering strategies...

ViroAntibody Customized Services

Creative Biolabs is executing highly efficient strategies to satisfy your custom demands of a comprehensive suite of virology antibodies...

Creative ViroAntibody

Creative ViroAntibody

ViroAntibody Products

ViroAntibody Products

Creative Biolabs is dedicated to making your success our goal. We are committed to providing virology researchers with the highest quality antibodies so they may focus on their research.

Your satisfaction is our passion. Our mission, is your complete satisfaction with our ViroAntibody products.

Customized ViroAntibody

Superior Quality

High-speed Performance

Friendly Support

Be the first to find out about our promotions

Useful Freebies

Get Promocodes and discounts

By clicking the button you agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms and Conditions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
ViroAntibody Services Creative Biolabs focuses on developing novel antibodies or equivalents with desired specificity and affinity for research, diagnostic, or therapeutic application... Creative Biolabs can endow antibody candidates with preferable properties through our advanced analyzing and engineering strategies... Creative Biolabs is executing highly efficient strategies to satisfy your custom demands of a comprehensive suite of virology antibodies...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Search 'influenza b virus' Result - Creative Biolabs ViroAntibody

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), is a kind of respiratory viral diseases. It was first reported in 2003. Currently, there is no reported SARS transmission in the world. However, another kind of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 caused COVID-19 has become a pandemic since last December, 2019. COVID-19 showed many similarities to the previous SARS outbreak. Now worldwide scientists are dedicated to exploring mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and developing novel therapies to control this pandemic.

Fig.1 Illustration of a SARS-CoV virion.

Fig.2 Transmission electron micrograph of SARS-CoV virions.

Virus Classification of SARS-CoV

SARS-CoV is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, and it's a strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV). Coronaviruses consist of four genus: α, β, γ, and δ. The coronaviruses that infect mammals are mainly α and β genus. Among the viruses capable of infecting humans, HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 belong to the α coronavirus, and HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 belong to the β coronavirus. It has been demonstrated that SARS-CoV can infect epithelial cells within the lungs through binding to the ACE2 receptor.

Virus family

Coronaviridae

Virus genus

Betacoronavirus

Virus species

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus

Virus strain

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Table 1. SARS-CoV classification.

Structure of SARS-CoV

The RNA genome size of SARS-CoV is 27.8 kb, which code for at least 28 proteins (Fig.4). The spike (S) protein is responsible for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor binding and host cell entry. Nucleocapsid (N) protein is an important structural protein, and it encapsulates the genomic RNA, affecting the RNA replication and transcription. Membrane (M) protein and envelope (E) glycoprotein are also structural proteins which complete the SARS-CoV. In addition, SARS-CoV can encode non-structural proteins including papain-like protease(s) (PLpro), chymotrypsin-likeprotease (3CLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and helicase (Hel). As the most important protein, S consists of two subunits: S1 and S2. S1 subunit contains a receptor-binding domain (RBD) which plays a key role in ACE2 binding. S2 subunit is critical for membrane fusion when interacting with host cells. S protein mediates critical activities in immune responses during SARS infection.

Fig.3 Structure of the coronavirus virion. (Holmes, 2003)

Fig.4 Structure of the RNA genome of SARS-CoV. (Hilgenfeld, 2013)

SARS-CoV Antibodies

Creative Biolabs now provides a variety of SARS-CoV antibodies targeting various proteins (such as SARS-CoV spike protein, SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein etc.) to meet our clients' requirements. Please submit your specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody inquiry to us, and we will reply within several hours. For some targets, ready-to-use catalogue is not available. Please reach out to our scientists for antibody discovery services and customized services. For antibody related virology assays, please contact us for a specific assay service. We also provide a full comprehensive suite of secondary antibodies and isotype controls to meet your needs.

The current provided SARS-CoV antibody products are for research use only and are not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis and therapeutics. If you are interested in SARS-CoV-2 antibody discovery and development services for in vitro diagnosis or therapeutic applications, please contact us for more details.

References

1. van Doremalen, Neeltje, et al. "Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1." New England Journal of Medicine (2020).

2. Fehr, Anthony R., and Stanley Perlman. "Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis." Coronaviruses. Humana Press, New York, NY, 2015. 1-23.

3. Ge, Xing-Yi, et al. "Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor." Nature 503.7477 (2013): 535-538.

4. Holmes, Kathryn V. "SARS-associated coronavirus." New England Journal of Medicine 348.20 (2003): 1948-1951.

5. Hilgenfeld, Rolf, and Malik Peiris. "From SARS to MERS: 10 years of research on highly pathogenic human coronaviruses." Antiviral research 100.1 (2013): 286-295.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), is a kind of respiratory viral diseases. It was first reported in 2003. Currently, there is no reported SARS transmission in the world. However, another kind of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 caused COVID-19 has become a pandemic since last December, 2019.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Viruses are infectious particles about 100 times smaller than bacteria, they can only be observed by electron microscopy. Viruses can be classified by phenotypic factors, such as morphology (core content, capsid structure, presence of outer envelope), nucleic acid type (dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA), mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. There are millions of types of viruses in the environment. Even though some virus infectious diseases can be resolved, some can also be deadly.

Established in 2004, Creative Biolabs has grown into a thriving CRO collaborating with hundreds of pharmaceutical and biotech companies as well as research laboratories. As an expert in antibody discovery, engineering and manufacturing, now we extend expertise to the specific virology area. Our scientists and technicians are dedicated to providing superior quality antibodies for research, diagnostic, or therapeutic applications, to advance a wide range of virus types, such as SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HIV, Influenza virus, Dengue virus etc. Please feel free to contact our experts to learn how we can be involved in your project.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Viruses are infectious particles about 100 times smaller than bacteria, they can only be observed by electron microscopy. Viruses can be classified by phenotypic factors, such as morphology (core content, capsid structure, presence of outer envelope), nucleic acid type (dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA), mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
West Nile Virus (WNV) is one of the major leading causes of mosquito-borne disease. WNV is most commonly spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Cases of WNV occur during mosquito season, which starts in the summer and continues through fall. There are no vaccines to prevent or medications to treat WNV in people. Fortunately, most people infected with WNV do not feel sick. About 1 in 5 people who are infected develop a fever and other symptoms. About 1 out of 150 infected people develop a serious, sometimes fatal, illness.

Structure and Genome of WNV

WNV is a member of the Flaviviridae family of single-stranded RNA viruses with linear non-segmented genomes. The WNV genome is a positive single stranded RNA of approximately 11000 nucleotides surrounded by an icosahedral nucleocapsid which is contained in a lipid bi-layered envelope. The genome is transcribed as a single polyprotein that is cleaved by host and viral proteases into three structural and seven non-structural proteins, namely capsid (C), premembrane/membrane (prM/M), envelope (E) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1), non-structural protein 2A (NS2A), non-structural protein 2B (NS2B), non-structural protein 3 (NS3), non-structural protein 4A (NS4A), non-structural protein 4B (NS4B), non-structural protein 5 (NS5).

Fig.1 Structure of WNV. (Valiakos, 2013)

Structural Protein Targets

The viral C protein is approximately 30 nm in diameter and consists of C protein dimers, the basic component of nucleocapsids, with the RNA binding domains located at the C- and N- termini separated by a hydrophobic region. The hydrophobic regions of the C dimers form an apolar surface which binds to the inner side of the viral lipid membrane.

prM is the only viral peptide matured by host furin in the trans-Golgi network probably to avoid catastrophic activation of the viral fusion activity in acidic Golgi compartment prior to virion release. prM-E cleavage is inefficient, and many virions are only partially matured. These uncleaved prM would play a role in immune evasion.

The E proteins are organized in 3 domains connected by flexible hinges, domain I (DI), domain II (DII) and domain III (DIII). DI is positioned at the central portion of the protein, linking together the other two domains. DII is a long domain that forms an internal fusion loop which is necessary for flaviviral fusion. DIII is an immunoglobulin (Ig)-like fold that is thought to participate in interactions between virions and host factors associated with virus entry.

Fig.2 RNA genome of WNV and site sites cleaved by host proteases. (Valiakos, 2013)

Popular Non-structural Protein Targets

1. NS1 functions as a cofactor for viral RNA replication and is the only non-structural protein that is secreted in high levels (up to 50 μg/ml) in the serum of WNV infected patients and has been connected with severe disease.

2. NS2A is a component of the viral RNA replication complex that functions in virion assembly and antagonizes the host alpha/beta interferon antiviral response.

3. NS2B is a cofactor required for NS3 proteolytic activity.

4. NS3 displays three enzymatic activities: serine protease, NTPase and RNA helicase. NS3 serine protease, in association with NS2B, performs its autocleavage and cleaves the polyprotein at dibasic sites in the cytoplasm.

5. NS4A regulates the ATPase activity of the NS3 helicase activity and allows NS3 helicase to conserve energy during unwinding.

6. NS4B colocalizes with viral replication complexes and is proved to dissociate NS3 from single-stranded RNA, thereby enabling it to bind to a new dsRNA duplex, consequently enhancing the helicase activity and modulating viral replication.

7. NS5 is the largest and most conserved of flaviviruses proteins. The N-terminal region of NS5 contains an S-adenosyl methionine methyltransferase (MTase) domain and the C-terminal region of NS5 contains a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which is required for the synthesis of the viral RNA genome.

What Creative Biolabs offers?

In contrast to other RNA viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza, WNV exhibits a high degree of sequence conservation in its natural reservoir. Such sequence conservation makes WNV a promising target with regard to targeting humoral and cellular immune responses to conserved epitopes. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) has many advantages such as targeting to a single epitope, high specificity, stable passage, large-scale manufacturing and extensive applications in basic research, medical diagnosis, and tumor therapy. Armed with advanced technology, Creative Biolabs now provides anti-WNV mAbs as well as polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) products for research use. We can also provide a full comprehensive suite of secondary antibodies and isotype controls to meet your needs. Flexible customized solutions are available according to customer's requirements.

Learn more about our ViroAntibody Discovery Services. Please feel free to contact us for more information.

Reference

Valiakos, G.; et al. West Nile virus: Basic principles, replication mechanism, immune response and important genetic determinants of virulence. Viral replication. 2013: 43-68.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
West Nile Virus (WNV) is one of the major leading causes of mosquito-borne disease. WNV is most commonly spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Cases of WNV occur during mosquito season, which starts in the summer and continues through fall.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Introduction of ZIKV

Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the larger group of arboviruses (arthropod borne viruses). The Aedes genus of mosquitoes is the primary route by which ZIKV is transmitted. Of all the known cases of ZIKV infections, 80% are asymptomatic. The symptoms and signs of patients affected by ZIKV are similar to Dengue virus (DENV) and other viral diseases. The patient may present with fever, body aches, joint pains, fatigue, malaise, and conjunctivitis. Two main lineages have been identified so far from entire genome sequencing namely, the African and the Asian lineages. Further divided into two groups, the African lineage is composed of clusters Uganda and Nigeria. Study demonstrated that single serine to asparagine substitution (S139N) in the viral polyprotein can lead to enhanced infectivity of human and mouse neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by ZIKV. It was also suggested that this functional adaptation can lead to microcephaly in the mouse fetus, and higher mortality in neonatal mice.

Fig.1 A schematic diagram of the ZIKV polyprotein (left panel) and topological arrangement of individual viral proteins (right panel). (Yoon, 2017)

Viral Proteins

ZIKV is a positive-sense RNA that is single-stranded. Only a single polyprotein is encoded by its 10.7 kb genome. It is further cleaved into 10 proteins, three of which are structural and seven of which are non-structural (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5).

1. The capsid (C) protein is a multifunctional protein. It binds to viral RNA in the process of nucleocapsid assembly and plays important roles in virus infection processes by interacting with cellular proteins, modulating cellular metabolism, apoptosis and immune response.

2. Pre-membrane (prM) protein is a 168-residue long structural protein that shares 42% homology between ZIKV and DENV. In ZIKV, a unique feature is present in prM protein. The first 93 residues serve to protect the protein from premature cleavage. When the intracellular pH drops in response to maturation, the protein is cleaved to allow the virus to mature completely. This unique feature of the prM protein in ZIKV may serve as a target for detection as well as treatment.

3. Envelope (Env) glycoprotein is a 504-residue long glycoprotein found as homodimers on the viral surface. Env glycoprotein plays a vital role in adhesion to the host cell and is thus central to the virulence of ZIKV. The protein has three β-sheet domains including a centralized amino domain (domain I), a dimerization domain with a fusion sequence (domain II), and a transmembrane immunoglobulin-like domain (domain III).

4. The structure of NS1 is well conserved across flaviviruses, and IgM serology of NS1 is often used in the diagnosis of flavivirus infection. NS1 may exist as an intracellular monomer, a membrane bound dimer, or a secreted hexamer. Several sites in ZIKV NS1 are unique from other flaviviruses, and it is postulated that these modifications to NS1 are positively selected.

5. NS2B serves as a cofactor for the activation of NS3.

6. NS3 contains viral protease and helicase function, both of which are vital for viral replication. The role of the NS3 protease is so important that it is believed the virus will be incapable of replicating if protease inhibitors against NS3 are administered. For this reason, NS3 is a major target being studied for the treatment of ZIKV.

7. NS4B is a transmembrane protein with two perimembrane domains, one cytosolic domain, and three transmembrane domains. It is responsible for anchoring of the replication complex, evasion of immune response, and various specialized interactions with host cell factors.

8. NS5 is a 903-residue protein with a methyltransferase on the N-terminal as well as a RNA dependent RNA polymerase domain. It is responsible for the modification of RNA and is essential for viral replication and evolution.

What Creative Biolabs offers?

Creative Biolabs has become a leader of recombinant antibody (rAb) discovery, engineering and manufacturing, providing high quality services to customers in academic and industry fields all over the world. Now we focus on antibody discovery services for ZIKV research. Learn more about our ViroAntibody Discovery Services. Creative Biolabs now provides a variety of ZIKV antibodies targeting the above proteins to meet our clients' requirements. Customized antibody development services and antibody related virology assays are also available for you. Please submit your specific antibody inquiry to us. We also provide a full comprehensive suite of secondary antibodies and isotype controls to meet your needs. For any questions, please feel free to contact us for more information.

Reference

Yoon, K. J.; et al. Zika-virus-encoded NS2A disrupts mammalian cortical neurogenesis by degrading adherens junction proteins. Cell Stem Cell. 2017, 21(3): 349-358. e6.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Introduction of ZIKV Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the larger group of arboviruses (arthropod borne viruses). The Aedes genus of mosquitoes is the primary route by which ZIKV is transmitted. Of all the known cases of ZIKV infections, 80% are asymptomatic.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What is Secondary Antibodies?

Secondary antibodies, shown in Fig.1, can bind to the primary antibody in order for using in detection, sorting, and purification of target antigens. To enable detection, the secondary antibody must have specificity for the antibody species and isotype of the primary antibody being used and is commonly conjugated.

Figure.1 Secondary antibodies.

Similarity and Difference of Primary and Secondary Antibodies

They are similar in structure and similar classes/subclasses. About nomenclature, secondary antibodies are named according to their host, format, reactivity, target antigen, specificity, label and purification grade. Moreover, these should be similar to their primary antibodies. Compared to the primary antibody, secondary antibodies sometime need an extra purification process, known as pre-adsorption, to improve specificity and minimize non-specific. Through this process, non-specific antibodies among the solution will be removed and highly specific secondary antibodies are left. Primary antibodies can bind to the antigen directly, whereas secondary antibodies usually bind to primary antibodies by their Fc domain.

Secondary Antibody Classes and Subclasses

Table.1 Antibody classes and subclasses.

Applications of Secondary Antibodies

Applications of secondary antibodies mainly depend upon research objectives. Western Blot (WB), ELISA, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry (FC) are commonly required secondary antibodies. For immunofluorescence and FC, a conjugated secondary antibody is required.

Conjugations of Secondary Antibodies

A secondary antibody can be conjugated to enzymes, biotin, and fluorescent dyes/proteins. The conjugate choice depends on the experimental application and requirement.

Table.2 Conjugations of secondary antibodies.

How to Choose a Secondary Antibodies?

Questions to Ask:

Table.3 Summary of immunoglobulin (Ig) classes and subclasses.

Choosing an affinity purified antibody or an IgG fraction?

Most researchers select affinity isolated secondary antibodies because of the lowest amount of non-specific binding. When the antigen of interest is rare or present in low abundance, IgG fractions is recommended.

What kind of label/conjugations do I choose?

This part is described above and see Conjugations of Secondary Antibodies.

Do I need a pre-adsorbed secondary antibody?

If using human tissues, secondary antibodies need to be pre-adsorbed.

Using a F(ab) or F(ab')2 fragment antibody?

If working with tissues or cells that contain Fc receptors, select a F(ab) or F(ab')2 fragment when possible to eliminate non-specific binding.

Creative Biolabs provides secondary antibodies with different conjugates to give our customers full flexibility in their experimental design. Besides produced antibodies, we also offer viroantibody discovery, engineering and customized services to help our customers achieve their research goals. If you are interested in these services and antibodies, please get in touch with us for more information.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Secondary antibodies, shown in Fig.1, can bind to the primary antibody in order for using in detection, sorting, and purification of target antigens. To enable detection, the secondary antibody must have specificity for the antibody species and isotype of the primary antibody being used and is commonly conjugated. Figure.1 Secondary antibodies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) virus is a new type of coronavirus, and most MERS virus infections occur in Saudi Arabia. MERS-CoV was first discovered in Saudi Arabia in September 2012. It is similar to the SARS virus in its clinical symptoms. It was also named SARS-like virus in the early days. It is the sixth known human coronavirus. MERS-CoV is often confused with SARS, but in fact both viruses belong to the coronavirus, but they are genetically distinct and they use different receptors when infecting humans.

For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) virus is a new type of coronavirus, and most MERS virus infections occur in Saudi Arabia. MERS-CoV was first discovered in Saudi Arabia in September 2012. It is similar to the SARS virus in its clinical symptoms. It was also named SARS-like virus in the early days.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The SARS coronavirus, sometimes shortened to SARS-CoV, is the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. Samples of the virus are being held in laboratories in New York, San Francisco, Manila, Hong Kong, and Toronto. protein E is a kinesin-like motor protein that accumulates in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Unlike other centromere-associated proteins, it is not present during interphase and first appears at the centromere region of chromosomes during prometaphase. CENPE is proposed to be one of the motors responsible for mammalian chromosome movement and/or spindle elongation.

VAb-Wyb040
SARS Monoclonal Antibody (Clone: B2398M)
SARS-CoV, Mouse Monoclonal Antibody, specific for SARS-CoV surface antigen (peplomer), Isotype: IgG1, 4.0 mg/mL, ˃ 95% pure.

SARS-CoV spike

Inquiry

VAb-Wyb041
SARS Spike-C-terminal Polyclonal Antibody (Rabbit)
SARS-CoV, Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody, specific for SARS-CoV C-terminal of the spike protein, 1 mg/mL.

SARS-CoV spike

Inquiry

VAb-Wyb042
SARS Spike-N-terminal Polyclonal Antibody (Rabbit)
SARS-CoV, Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody, specific for SARS-CoV N-terminal of the spike protein, 1 mg/mL.

SARS-CoV spike

Inquiry

For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The SARS coronavirus, sometimes shortened to SARS-CoV, is the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The 2019 novel coronavirus, or "SARS-CoV-2", was discovered because of Wuhan virus pneumonia cases in 2019, and was named by the World Health Organization on January 12, 2020. It belongs to the beta genera of the Coronaviridae family, together with SARS coronavirus in 2003 and MERS coronavirus in 2012. The alignment between SARS-CoV-2 and 2003 SARS CoV has about 70% sequence similarity and 40% sequence similarity with MERS CoV. The coronavirus genome encodes a spike protein, an envelope protein, a membrane protein, and a nucleoprotein. Among them, spike protein is the most important surface membrane protein of coronavirus.

For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The 2019 novel coronavirus, or "SARS-CoV-2", was discovered because of Wuhan virus pneumonia cases in 2019, and was named by the World Health Organization on January 12, 2020. It belongs to the beta genera of the Coronaviridae family, together with SARS coronavirus in 2003 and MERS coronavirus in 2012.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Creative Biolabs is a leading service provider that focuses on acyclovir fleximer nucleoside analogues development services for the treatment of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Creative Biolabs offers advanced drug discovery solutions in an efficient and cost-effective way for global customers. Based on our top technology platform, our experienced scientists will work with you at each step of your programs and get the results you need to make critical decisions and advance your projects.

Introdiction of SARS-CoV-2

SARS-CoV-2, a new strain of coronavirus identified in 2019, has not been found in humans previously. SARS-CoV-2 is different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and it is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans. Until now, there are no approved treatments or vaccines for human coronaviruses (HCoVs) or potentially lethal zoonotic CoVs, including Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV was first identified in 2002 and it is a new coronavirus pathogen causing severe lung disease, and before the end of the outbreak, over 8,000 cases were confirmed in a variety of countries, leading to about 812 fatalities. MERS-CoV was identified in 2012, it is a second zoonotic coronavirus that can result in lethal respiratory infections in humans and caused many people died. Hence, there is a great need for novel and more effective antiviral therapeutics, especially those targeting emerging and reemerging infectious diseases and pathogens.

Acyclovir Fleximer

Fleximers are different series of flexible, or "split" purine base analogues designed to learn how nucleobase flexibility affects the recognition, binding, and activity of nucleoside(tide) analogues. There is a purine base scaffold in the fleximers. With this purine base scaffold, the imidazole and pyrimidine moieties are combined by a single carbon-carbon bond, rather than being "fused" as is typical for the purines.

In previous reports, a number of novel fleximers have been screened, and these fleximers can combine the flex-base motif with the flexible acyclic sugar scaffold of the FDA-approved drug acyclovir (serves as a polymerase inhibitor). Studies demonstrated that these fleximers can inhibit HCoV-NL63 and MERS-CoV replication in cell culture. However, it is still unknown how these novel analogues disrupt viral replication. In summary, acyclovir fleximers are a group of promising drug candidates for the new drug discovery of SARS-CoV-2.

Fig.1 Acyclovir (ACV) and target fleximer analogues (1-3).

Drug Discovery Services at Creative Biolabs

As a forward-looking drug discovery service provider, Creative Biolabs has built a one-stop drug discovery platform. With our advanced techniques, we can provide design, screening, synthesis and validation services of acyclovir fleximer to support our clients' drug discovery project for SARS-CoV-2.

Our drug discovery services include but not limited to:

Target identification and validation

Hit identification

Hit to lead

Lead optimization

IND-Enabling

Creative Biolabs will continue to advance technologies and techniques in parallel to ensure the success for customers worldwide. Please directly contact us with your project request for more details.

Reference

Hannah, L.P.; et al. Design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of acyclic fleximer nucleoside analogues with anti-coronavirus activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2015, 25(15): 2923-2926
For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Acyclovir Fleximer for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 - Creative BioLabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs is a leading service provider that focuses on acyclovir fleximer nucleoside analogues development services for the treatment of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Creative Biolabs offers advanced drug discovery solutions in an efficient and cost-effective way for global customers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) originally detected in Wuhan, China, has caused an outbreak of viral pneumonia spreading to all provinces of China and lots of countries. Unprecedented efforts and dedication have been devoted to developing effective antiviral drugs to defeat this deadly infectious disease. Creative Biolabs is also driven to provide comprehensive services and scientific support to help global customers develop a portfolio of novel and potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2.

What Is Known About SARS-CoV-2?

High throughput sequencing and metagenomic analysis data (phylogenetic tree) revealed that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily, Coronaviridae family. After severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 is the third zoonotic human CoV. SARS-CoV-2 shares 79.5% sequence identity to SARS-CoV, 96% identity to a bat coronavirus at the whole genome level.

Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection often exhibit symptoms of viral pneumonia, including fever, cough, runny nose, shortness of breath, bilateral lung infiltration and respiratory failure in the most severe cases. Currently, there is no specific treatment or available vaccine that protects against SARS-CoV-2. Spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein, and the envelope (E) protein are four major structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Amongst, S-protein supports strong interaction with human cell receptors, indicating the great potential as an effective target for the development of neutralizing antibodies and antiviral drugs.

Global map of confirmed 2019-nCoV cases (up to date February 4, 2020).

What We Can Do?

Creative Biolabs has rapidly integrated all-round resources and existing research results on SARS-CoV-2. Now, we can provide comprehensive antiviral drug discovery services to help our clients identify antiviral products that potently inhibit the replication of viruses in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Our services include but are not limited to: high-throughput screening of novel drug candidates, inhibitors discovery, neutralizing antibody development, antiviral peptide discovery and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs discovery, etc.

HTS is an effective and robust tool used for early-stage drug and therapeutic discovery. For antiviral candidates, HTS has shown great potential in broad-spectrum anti-CoV agents discovery. By screening large and entire libraries of approved drugs and pharmacologically active compounds, inhibitors, proteins and peptides, we are able to get effective antiviral agents against CoV infection. There are several types of HTS methods available, including targeted screening, diversity and high-content screening, and RNA interference (RNAi).

Antiviral Agents - Inhibitors

Antiviral Agents - Antibodies and Peptides

Antiviral Agents - Broad-spectrum Antiviral Drugs

Why Us?

Creative Biolabs offers a multi-CoV panel assay to screen drug candidates, assess the specificity of antivirals and mAbs, and to help identify and evaluate items with broad-spectrum antivirals activities. We guarantee:

Top-rated customer experience

High flexibility and cost-effectiveness

Reliability and information security

Deadline driven account management

Tailored research & services

If you are interested in the development of new candidate drugs for SARS-CoV-2, please feel free to contact us for more professional technical support.

For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antiviral Drug Discovery for SARS-CoV-2 - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) originally detected in Wuhan, China, has caused an outbreak of viral pneumonia spreading to all provinces of China and lots of countries. Unprecedented efforts and dedication have been devoted to developing effective antiviral drugs to defeat this deadly infectious disease.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The mysterious coronavirus outbreak in the Chinese city Wuhan, and its fast spread to many other countries, endanger thousands of lives. The pandemic has catalyzed the drug development for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. With years of experience in the research of nucleoside analogue inhibitors for the treatment of coronavirus, Creative Biolabs is confident in tailoring BCX4430 (galidesivir) validation service for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in a reliable and cost-effective manner.

The Mechanism of BCX4430

Nucleoside analog drugs have been highly successful in the treatment of a range of serious or life-threatening viral infections. Nucleoside analogs target fundamental reproductive mechanisms of the viral genome. BCX4430 is an adenosine analog, with substitution of carbon for nitrogen at position 7 on the base and nitrogen for oxygen at position 1 on the ribose ring. Steric and electrostatic interactions and substitutions on the ribose ring can alter the conformation of the sugar, which in turn affect nucleotide incorporation and chain extension by polymerases. A structural change from a furanose in adenosine to an azasugar ring in BCX4430 alters the electrostatic interaction of the ring, and the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is unable to add more than one or two further nucleotides.

BCX4430 Has the Potential to Fight SARS-CoV-2

BCX4430 is a direct-acting antiviral drug under development for the treatment of serious infections from highly pathogenic viruses. This compound targets viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, an enzyme critical for the replication of numerous RNA viruses, and causes RNA chain termination after its conversion to the active triphosphate nucleotide form. BCX4430 is active in vitro against many RNA viral pathogens. It has demonstrated that BCX4430 has broad-spectrum activity in vitro against more than 20 RNA viruses in nine different families, such as Ebola, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV,Marburg, Yellow Fever and Zika viruses. In vivo, BCX4430 is active after intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and oral administration in a variety of experimental infections. As a broad-spectrum RNA virus inhibitor, BCX4430 has the potential to fight SARS-CoV-2.

BCX4430 for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in Creative Biolabs

BCX4430 has entered the phase of clinical research and pharmacokinetics study, and is under clinical development for the treatment of Ebola virus infection. As a broad-spectrum inhibitor, BCX4430 has the potential for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Creative Biolabs has established a cutting-edge platform for antiviral drug discovery for SARS-CoV-2. Experienced in antiviral drug discovery, Creative Biolabs has perfected our technical pipelines in the validation of BCX4430 for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. We would like to share our knowledge and passion to promote the advances of science and for a better tomorrow.

Creative Biolabs is fully competent and dedicated to serving as your one-stop BCX4430 validation service provider for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. We offer high-quality custom services to meet even the most specific requirements. For more detailed information, please feel free to contact us or directly send us an inquiry.

Reference

Taylor, R.; et al. BCX4430-a broad-spectrum antiviral adenosine nucleoside analog under development for the treatment of Ebola virus disease. Journal of infection and public health. 2016, 9(3):220-6.
For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
BCX4430 for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The mysterious coronavirus outbreak in the Chinese city Wuhan, and its fast spread to many other countries, endanger thousands of lives. The pandemic has catalyzed the drug development for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Viruses, as a kind of non-cellular structure microorganisms, need to be parasitic in living cells to survive. The first step in its life cycle is adsorption to specific receptors on host cells. In many cases, the specificity of the receptor determines the host range and viral tropism of the virus. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a membrane receptor expressed on the surface of airway epithelial cells. ACE2 is a host cell receptor for several human coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63, and SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV), and can interact with the Spike protein of coronavirus. The findings suggest that blocking the interaction between S protein and ACE2 is an effective method for treating coronavirus infection. Creative Biolabs can provide a high-quality ACE2 receptor product to help the development of anti- coronavirus infection drugs.

Browse Receptors based on alphabetical listing:
A

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Viruses, as a kind of non-cellular structure microorganisms, need to be parasitic in living cells to survive. The first step in its life cycle is adsorption to specific receptors on host cells. In many cases, the specificity of the receptor determines the host range and viral tropism of the virus.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Recombinant Proteins

Creative Biolabs can provide customers with first-class recombinant protein products related to coronavirus. High-quality recombinant proteins are essential for the successful development of antibodies, vaccines, and related therapies. For coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, Creative Biolabs can provide a variety of related highly sensitive and specific recombinant protein products, which can be used as immunogens for vaccines, antibody development, and serological based diagnostic tests and other basic research. All of our recombinant protein products are adequately stocked and of high quality to ensure fast delivery worldwide and we offer volume discounts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Recombinant Proteins Creative Biolabs can provide customers with first-class recombinant protein products related to coronavirus. High-quality recombinant proteins are essential for the successful development of antibodies, vaccines, and related therapies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'FOLH1' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Anti-FOLH1 Recombinant Antibody (CBL-rAb-0564CQ), Human IgG (CAT#: CBL-rAb-0564CQ)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'FN1' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'FMDV-C-S8c1 VP1' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'FMDV' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'FMDV VP3' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'FMDV VP2' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'FMDV VP1' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Anti-FMDV VP1 Recombinant Antibody (CBL-rAb-1855YC), Mouse IgG2b Kappa (CAT#: CBL-rAb-1855YC)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'FMDV VP' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides GNB2 engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides GLG1 engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides GGA2 engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides GFPT1 engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides GCGR engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides GAS1 engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides GAG engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides GAD2 engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs can provide Anti-CD3 & THY1 bispecific antibodies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs can provide Anti-CD3 & TFRC bispecific antibodies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs can provide Anti-CD3 & SCLC1 bispecific antibodies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs can provide Anti-CEA & DR5 bispecific antibodies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs can provide Anti-CD3 & PSCA bispecific antibodies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs can provide Anti-CD3 & PSA bispecific antibodies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs can provide Anti-CD3 & PLAP bispecific antibodies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs can provide Anti-CD3 & p97 bispecific antibodies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation

PLProximity Ligation Assay

LFLateral Flow Immunoassay

CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections

PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections

ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry

MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This gene belongs to the chemokine-like factor gene superfamily, a novel family that is similar to the chemokine and transmembrane 4 superfamilies. This gene is one of several chemokine-like factor genes located in a cluster on chromosome 3.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This gene belongs to the chemokine-like factor gene superfamily, a novel family that is similar to the chemokine and transmembrane 4 superfamilies. This gene is one of several chemokine-like factor genes located in a cluster on chromosome 3. This gene acts as a tumor suppressor that regulates G1/S transition in the cell cycle, and epidermal growth factor receptor/protein kinase B signaling during tumor pathogenesis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2016]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This gene belongs to the chemokine-like factor gene superfamily, a novel family that is similar to the chemokine and transmembrane 4 superfamilies. This gene is one of several chemokine-like factor genes located in a cluster on chromosome 3.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation

PLProximity Ligation Assay

LFLateral Flow Immunoassay

CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections

PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections

ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry

MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This gene encodes a member of the chemokine-like factor superfamily. This family of genes encodes multi-pass membrane proteins that are similar to both the chemokine and the transmembrane 4 superfamilies of signaling molecules. The encoded protein may exhibit tumor suppressor activity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation

PLProximity Ligation Assay

LFLateral Flow Immunoassay

CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections

PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections

ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry

MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This gene belongs to the chemokine-like factor gene superfamily, a novel family that is similar to the chemokine and the transmembrane 4 superfamilies of signaling molecules. This gene is one of several chemokine-like factor genes located in a cluster on chromosome 16. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This gene encodes one of the enzymes required for cellular nucleic acid biosynthesis. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to CMP, UMP, or dCMP, to form the corresponding diphosphate nucleotide. Alternate splicing results in both coding and non-coding transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This gene encodes one of the enzymes required for cellular nucleic acid biosynthesis. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to CMP, UMP, or dCMP, to form the corresponding diphosphate nucleotide. Alternate splicing results in both coding and non-coding transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Uridine monophosphate (UMP)/cytidine monophosphate (CMP) kinase (EC 2.7.4.4) catalyzes the phosphoryl transfer from ATP to UMP, CMP, and deoxy-CMP (dCMP), resulting in the formation of ADP and the corresponding nucleoside diphosphate. These nucleoside diphosphates are required for cellular nucleic acid synthesis (Liou et al., 2002 [PubMed 11912132]).[supplied by OMIM

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Uridine monophosphate (UMP)/cytidine monophosphate (CMP) kinase (EC 2.7.4.4) catalyzes the phosphoryl transfer from ATP to UMP, CMP, and deoxy-CMP (dCMP), resulting in the formation of ADP and the corresponding nucleoside diphosphate. These nucleoside diphosphates are required for cellular nucleic acid synthesis (Liou et al., 2002 [PubMed 11912132]).[supplied by OMIM

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation

PLProximity Ligation Assay

LFLateral Flow Immunoassay

CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections

PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections

ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry

MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
CMKLR1 (Chemerin Chemokine-Like Receptor 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with CMKLR1 include Gerstmann Syndrome and Cataract 18. Among its related pathways are Peptide ligand-binding receptors. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include G-protein coupled receptor activity and chemokine receptor activity. An important paralog of this gene is GPR1.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
c-Met, also called tyrosine-protein kinase Met or hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), is aprotein that in humans is encoded by the MET gene. The protein possesses tyrosine kinase activity. The primary single chain precursor protein is post-translationally cleaved to produce the alpha and beta subunits, which are disulfide linked to form the mature receptor.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
c-Met, also called tyrosine-protein kinase Met or hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), is aprotein that in humans is encoded by the MET gene. The protein possesses tyrosine kinase activity. The primary single chain precursor protein is post-translationally cleaved to produce the alpha and beta subunits, which are disulfide linked to form the mature receptor.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
West Nile Virus (WNV) is one of the major leading causes of mosquito-borne disease. WNV is most commonly spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Cases of WNV occur during mosquito season, which starts in the summer and continues through fall. There are no vaccines to prevent or medications to treat WNV in people. Fortunately, most people infected with WNV do not feel sick. About 1 in 5 people who are infected develop a fever and other symptoms. About 1 out of 150 infected people develop a serious, sometimes fatal, illness.

Structure and Genome of WNV

WNV is a member of the Flaviviridae family of single-stranded RNA viruses with linear non-segmented genomes. The WNV genome is a positive single stranded RNA of approximately 11000 nucleotides surrounded by an icosahedral nucleocapsid which is contained in a lipid bi-layered envelope. The genome is transcribed as a single polyprotein that is cleaved by host and viral proteases into three structural and seven non-structural proteins, namely capsid (C), premembrane/membrane (prM/M), envelope (E) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1), non-structural protein 2A (NS2A), non-structural protein 2B (NS2B), non-structural protein 3 (NS3), non-structural protein 4A (NS4A), non-structural protein 4B (NS4B), non-structural protein 5 (NS5).

Fig.1 Structure of WNV. (Valiakos, 2013)

Structural Protein Targets

The viral C protein is approximately 30 nm in diameter and consists of C protein dimers, the basic component of nucleocapsids, with the RNA binding domains located at the C- and N- termini separated by a hydrophobic region. The hydrophobic regions of the C dimers form an apolar surface which binds to the inner side of the viral lipid membrane.

prM is the only viral peptide matured by host furin in the trans-Golgi network probably to avoid catastrophic activation of the viral fusion activity in acidic Golgi compartment prior to virion release. prM-E cleavage is inefficient, and many virions are only partially matured. These uncleaved prM would play a role in immune evasion.

The E proteins are organized in 3 domains connected by flexible hinges, domain I (DI), domain II (DII) and domain III (DIII). DI is positioned at the central portion of the protein, linking together the other two domains. DII is a long domain that forms an internal fusion loop which is necessary for flaviviral fusion. DIII is an immunoglobulin (Ig)-like fold that is thought to participate in interactions between virions and host factors associated with virus entry.

Fig.2 RNA genome of WNV and site sites cleaved by host proteases. (Valiakos, 2013)

Popular Non-structural Protein Targets

1. NS1 functions as a cofactor for viral RNA replication and is the only non-structural protein that is secreted in high levels (up to 50 μg/ml) in the serum of WNV infected patients and has been connected with severe disease.

2. NS2A is a component of the viral RNA replication complex that functions in virion assembly and antagonizes the host alpha/beta interferon antiviral response.

3. NS2B is a cofactor required for NS3 proteolytic activity.

4. NS3 displays three enzymatic activities: serine protease, NTPase and RNA helicase. NS3 serine protease, in association with NS2B, performs its autocleavage and cleaves the polyprotein at dibasic sites in the cytoplasm.

5. NS4A regulates the ATPase activity of the NS3 helicase activity and allows NS3 helicase to conserve energy during unwinding.

6. NS4B colocalizes with viral replication complexes and is proved to dissociate NS3 from single-stranded RNA, thereby enabling it to bind to a new dsRNA duplex, consequently enhancing the helicase activity and modulating viral replication.

7. NS5 is the largest and most conserved of flaviviruses proteins. The N-terminal region of NS5 contains an S-adenosyl methionine methyltransferase (MTase) domain and the C-terminal region of NS5 contains a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which is required for the synthesis of the viral RNA genome.

What Creative Biolabs offers?

In contrast to other RNA viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza, WNV exhibits a high degree of sequence conservation in its natural reservoir. Such sequence conservation makes WNV a promising target with regard to targeting humoral and cellular immune responses to conserved epitopes. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) has many advantages such as targeting to a single epitope, high specificity, stable passage, large-scale manufacturing and extensive applications in basic research, medical diagnosis, and tumor therapy. Armed with advanced technology, Creative Biolabs now provides anti-WNV mAbs as well as polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) products for research use. We can also provide a full comprehensive suite of secondary antibodies and isotype controls to meet your needs. Flexible customized solutions are available according to customer's requirements.

Learn more about our ViroAntibody Discovery Services. Please feel free to contact us for more information.

Reference

Valiakos, G.; et al. West Nile virus: Basic principles, replication mechanism, immune response and important genetic determinants of virulence. Viral replication. 2013: 43-68.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
West Nile Virus (WNV) is one of the major leading causes of mosquito-borne disease. WNV is most commonly spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Cases of WNV occur during mosquito season, which starts in the summer and continues through fall.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), caused by the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), has taken something of a back seat to Ebola among emerging diseases. MERS-CoV is one of six known human coronaviruses that cause respiratory disease in humans with a mortality rate >35%. It is the first highly pathogenic human coronavirus to emerge since the global scare caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003.

Genome Structure

MERS-CoV, a lineage C Betacoronavirus (βCoVs), has a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome about 30-kb in size. The MERS-CoV genomes share more than 99% sequence identity, indicating a low mutation rate and low variance among the genomes. MERS-CoV genomes are roughly divided into two clades: clade A, which contains only a few strains, and clade B, to which most strains belong. As with other CoV genomes, the first 5' two-thirds of the MERS-CoV genome consist of the replicase complex (ORF1a and ORF1b). The remaining 3' one-third encodes the structural proteins spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N), and five accessory proteins (ORF3, ORF4a, ORF4b, ORF5 and ORF8b) that are not required for genome replication but are likely involved in pathogenesis. The flanking regions of the genome contain the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR).

Fig.1 Schematic organization of human coronavirus genomes. (Chafekar, 2018)

Detection Methods

With no specific, reliable antiviral drug or vaccine approved for clinical use in MERS-CoV infections, rapid diagnostic tests are required to manage outbreaks of MERS-CoV. Laboratory detection and confirmation of MERS-CoV infections mainly include molecular diagnostics and serological assays. Though serology is not widely performed for diagnosing acute MERS-CoV infection, it has been a useful tool to determine the extent of infection around clusters and in seroepidemiological studies in animals and humans. Seroconversion typically occurs during the second and third week after symptom onset; data suggest that low antibody titer in the second week or delayed seroconversion is more closely associated with mortality than high viral load. Serological methods for the detection of antibodies against MERS-CoV include ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) and neutralization tests. MERS-CoV serological assays can employ commercial reagents or proprietary monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as capture agents. Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) can also be used for detection in various ELISA model.

Creative Biolabs now provides a variety of MERS antibodies targeting various viral proteins (such as MERS-CoV spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, membrane protein etc.) to meet our clients' requirements. Please submit your specific MERS-CoV mAb or pAb inquiry to us, and we will reply soon. Creative Biolabs also provides a full comprehensive suite of secondary antibodies and isotype controls to meet your needs. For some targets, ready-to-use catalogue is not available. Please contact us for antibody discovery services and customized services. Learn more ViroAntibodies.

Reference

Chafekar, A.; Fielding, B. C. MERS-CoV: understanding the latest human coronavirus threat. Viruses. 2018, 10(2): 93.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), caused by the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), has taken something of a back seat to Ebola among emerging diseases. MERS-CoV is one of six known human coronaviruses that cause respiratory disease in humans with a mortality rate >35%.

# data[].attributes.headline
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) antibody

# data[].attributes.subject
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) antibody

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) works by attacking the human immune system. HIV cannot replicate on its own, so in order to make new copies of itself, it must infect cells of the human immune system, called CD4 cells. CD4 cells are white blood cells that play an essential role in responding to infections in the body. CD4 cells are killed by HIV and the body's ability to recognize and fight some types of infection begins to decline. If HIV is not controlled by treatment, the loss of CD4 cells leads to the development of serious illnesses.

HIV-1 and HIV-2 are the causal agents of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). While similar in many ways, a significant amount of data suggests that HIV-2 is less virulent than HIV-1. In fact, HIV-2 infection is characterized by low and frequently undetectable viral loads and a slower course to AIDS. The majority of HIV-2-infected patients can be classified as long-term non-progressors or elite controllers.

HIV has been the subject of intense investigation for many years. A great deal has been learned about how the retrovirus infects cells, replicates, and causes disease. HIV may be considered as a molecular entity consisting of 15 proteins and one RNA. The retroviral genome is encoded by an ∼9-kb RNA, and two genomic-length RNA molecules are also packaged in the particle.

Fig.1 Organization of the HIV-1 genome and virion. (Frankel, 1998)

Substantial progress has been made toward understanding the function of each protein, and three-dimensional structures of many components. The HIV genome encodes a total of three structural proteins, two envelope proteins, three enzymes, and six accessory proteins. As shown in Figure 1, the HIV-1 genome encodes nine open reading frames. Three of these encode the Gag, Pol, and Env polyproteins, which are subsequently proteolyzed into individual proteins common to all retroviruses. The four Gag proteins include matrix (MA), capsid(CA), nucleocapsid (NC), and p6. The three Pol proteins, reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (PR), and integrase (IN), provide essential enzymatic functions and are also encapsulated within the particle. The two Env proteins, glycoprotein 120 (gp120, SU) and glycoprotein 41 (gp41, TM), are structural components that make up the core of the virion and outer membrane envelope. HIV-1 encodes six accessory proteins, three of which (Vif, Vpr, and Nef) are found in the viral particle. Two other accessory proteins, Tat and Rev, provide essential gene regulatory functions, and the last protein, Vpu, indirectly assists in assembly of the virion.

Creative Biolabs now provides a variety of commercial antibody products against popular HIV targets such as gp120, P24, Nef, Tat, Vif. With integrated antibody development and engineering techniques, Creative Biolabs also offers customized antibody development services for HIV research. Learn more about our ViroAntibody Discovery Services. If you need customized services, please submit your specific antibody inquiry to us. We also provide a full comprehensive suite of primary antibodies, secondary antibodies and isotype controls to meet your needs. Please feel free to contact us for more information.

Reference

Frankel, A. D; Young, J. A. T. HIV-1: fifteen proteins and an RNA. 1998.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) works by attacking the human immune system. HIV cannot replicate on its own, so in order to make new copies of itself, it must infect cells of the human immune system, called CD4 cells. CD4 cells are white blood cells that play an essential role in responding to infections in the body.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), officially known as human gamma herpesvirus 4, is a DNA virus classified on Herpesviridae family, Gamma herpesvirinae subfamily, Lymphocrytovirus genus. It is the first human virus directly related to lymphoid and epithelial tumorigenesis. Most people become infected with EBV during their lives. Primary infection usually leads to infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever), but the virus can also lurk in B lymphocytes and once reactivated, it will be associated with more serious diseases such as Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin's disease.

Fig.1 Illustration of EBV.

Virus Classification of EBV

Many attempts have been made to classify EBV according to clinical or epidemiological information. Initially, EBV was divided into two types according to EBNA2 and EBNA-3A, -3B and -3C genes: EBV type 1 (EBV-1) and EBV type 2 (EBV-2) (type A and type B). One of the clinical differences between them is that EBV-1 can transform B cells into lymphoblastic cell lines (LCL) more effectively than EBV-2. The geographical distribution of EBV type shows that EBV-1 is the most popular type in the world, mainly distributed in Europe, Asia, North and South America. In contrast, the EBV-2 is more common in Alaska, Papua New Guinea and Central Africa, and in countries such as Kenya. This classification method is the most widely accepted at present.

Structure of EBV

The genome of EBV is composed of linear double-stranded DNA of about 170 kb in length, including about 80 possible coding regions (CDS), a series of repeat regions. In some cancers, large insertion and deletion regions were found in biopsies and cancer cell line cultures. Like other herpesviruses, EBV is a virus with a toroid-shaped protein core, wrapped in DNA, with a 162 capsid nucleocapsid, a protein tegument between the nucleocapsid and the envelope, and with an outer envelope with external virus-encoded glycoprotein (gp) spike. During EBV infection, different envelope gps induce virus entry.

Fig.2 EBV structure and partial map of the genome. (James, 2006)

When the virus enters the B cells, gp350 binds to the type 2 complement receptor (CD21) on the B cell. Through the complex of gp42, gH and gL, the fusion of cell membrane and virus envelope is induced by MHC (major histocompatibility complex) II on the B cell. In the process of virus entry into epithelial cells, BMRF2 binds to β1-integrin on epithelial cells, and the complex of gH and gL promotes membrane fusion. Gp110 improves the efficiency of EBV infection on B cells and epithelial cells.

Anti-EBV antibodies can be used for infectious disease research. Creative Biolabs' EBV antibody products are available in multiple formats and can be used for a variety of research applications. At the same time, we also provide personalized solutions, including ViroAntibody discovery, ViroAntibody engineering, ViroAntibody customized and ViroAntibody neutralization assays services to help you produce specific antibodies and maximize the success of the project. For any questions about EBV antibodies, you can contact us without hesitation, and we will reply as soon as possible.

Reference

James, J. A., et al. "Epstein-Barr virus and systemic lupus erythematosus." Current Opinion in Rheumatology 18, 5 (2006): 462-467.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), officially known as human gamma herpesvirus 4, is a DNA virus classified on Herpesviridae family, Gamma herpesvirinae subfamily, Lymphocrytovirus genus. It is the first human virus directly related to lymphoid and epithelial tumorigenesis. Most people become infected with EBV during their lives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Since last December, 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19; previously known as 2019-nCoV) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported. COVID-19 has subsequently affected various global regions including Americas, Europe, Africa, Western Pacific etc. Even though COVID-19 is an acute resolved disease, it can also be deadly, with a 2% case fatality rate. As of Apr 14, about 1,844,863 cases has been confirmed globally, with 117,021 death cases. Now COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation, and has become a pandemic.

Fig.1 Illustration of a SARS-CoV-2 virion.

Fig.2 Transmission electron micrograph of SARS-CoV-2 virions.

Virus Classification of SARS-CoV-2

SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, and it's a strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARSr-CoV). Coronaviruses consist of four genus: α, β, γ, and δ. The coronaviruses that infect mammals are mainly α and β genus. Among the viruses capable of infecting humans, HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 belong to the α coronavirus, and HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 belong to the β coronavirus.

Virus family

Coronaviridae

Virus genus

Betacoronavirus

Virus subgenus

Sarbecovirus

Virus species

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus

Virus strain

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Table 1. SARS-CoV-2 classification.

Structure of SARS-CoV-2

SARS-CoV-2 was first sequenced by Fan Wu team, and the sequence was published in MN908947. SARS-CoV-2 consists of four structural proteins, including S (spike), E (envelope), M (membrane), and N (nucleocapsid) proteins. S, M and E proteins create the viral envelope together, and N protein holds the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome. As an important envelope protein, S protein is identified as the protein responsible for virus entry into human cells. In addition, the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been demonstrated to be the receptor, and spike/ACE2 interaction might be the mechanism of cell entry.

Fig.3 Genomic organisation of the earliest sequenced SARS-CoV-2 sample. (Wu, 2020)

SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies

Creative Biolabs now provides a variety of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies targeting various proteins (such as SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein etc.) to meet our clients' requirements. Please submit your specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody inquiry to us, and we will reply within several hours. For some targets, ready-to-use catalogue is not available. Please reach out to our scientists for antibody discovery services and customized services. For antibody related virology assays, please contact us for a specific assay service. We also provide a full comprehensive suite of secondary antibodies and isotype controls to meet your needs.

ORF 1a

Encoded nonstructural proteins (nsp1 to nsp11), essential for viral replication, viral assembly, immune response modulation, etc.

Learn more ViroAntibodies

The current provided SARS-CoV-2 antibody products are for research use only and are not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis and therapeutics. If you are interested in SARS-CoV-2 antibody discovery and development services for in vitro diagnosis or therapeutic applications, please contact us for more details.

References

1. Wu, Fan, et al. "A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China." Nature 579.7798 (2020): 265-269.

2. Hoffmann, Markus, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor." Cell (2020).

3. Lu, Roujian, et al. "Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding." The Lancet 395.10224 (2020): 565-574.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Since last December, 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19; previously known as 2019-nCoV) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported. COVID-19 has subsequently affected various global regions including Americas, Europe, Africa, Western Pacific etc.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As a leading supplier of recombinant antibody (rAb) discovery and manufacturing, Creative Biolabs not only provides a wide range of specific neutralizing antibody products, but also provides neutralization antibody development services and various assays for neutralizing antibody discovery.

Background of Neutralizing antibodies (NeutAb)

NeutAbs are part of the humoral response of the adaptive immune system to viruses, intracellular bacteria, and microbial toxins. They can not only bind to viruses, but also bind in a way that blocks infection. NeutAbs can protect cells from pathogens or infectious particles by neutralizing any of their biological effects. By specifically binding to surface structures on infectious particles, NeutAbs can prevent them from interacting with their host cells, making them likely to be infected and destroyed. Therefore, NeutAbs are sufficient and necessary to prevent viral infections.

Fig.1 The mechanism of neutralization. (Klasse, 2014)

Currently, the function of NeutAbs is studied from two broad perspectives: binding and neutralization. In Creative Biolabs, antibody binding is usually studied by methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry (FC). Neutralization is usually assessed by pseudovirus reporter gene analysis in immortal cells.

ELISA-Based Receptor-Binding Inhibition Assay

ELISA is a common method for analyzing biomolecular interactions. As a highly sensitive, specific and easily available technology, it is routinely used in almost every laboratory and can be carried out and adapted in various fashions. Inhibition ELISA is a single-point binding analysis method. Compared with the more commonly used sandwich ELISA, it can monitor protein-protein interactions in solution. Inhibition ELISA is used to probe one binding site at a time to detect binding partners with unlimited conformation in solution. The serial dilutions of the analyte in the solution can be used in a quantitative manner to assess the solution antigenicity or binding activity.

FC-Based Receptor-Binding Inhibition Assay

Most biological products work by combining with some form of another part. FC was used to observe and analyze the interaction between fluorescent labeled ligands and their receptors. It is usually used to characterize the activity of the product by binding to its specific receptor. FC can measure the phenotype and functional parameters of cells, which has been used to diagnose and monitor the progress of diseases, and has proved the biological activity of drugs.

When the mechanism of monoclonal antibody (mAb) is to block the binding of ligands to cell surface receptors, in vitro binding assay can be used as an alternative potency test for therapeutic mAb.

Pseudovirus Neutralization Assay

Pseudoviruses have become useful virological tools due to their security and versatility, especially for emerging and re-emerging viruses, such as the outbreak of the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Due to its high pathogenicity and infectivity and the lack of effective vaccines and therapeutic agents, live SARS-CoV-2 must be treated under biosafety level 3 conditions, which hinders the development of vaccines and therapeutic agents. Based on the VSV pseudovirus production system, we have developed a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. The serum titer determination during the pseudovirus neutralization test is based on the endpoint measurement and is used to assess SARS-CoV-2 in biosafety level 2 facilities and other virus neutralizing antibodies.

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of neutralization detection of pseudovirus.

In summary, our exhaustive service of ViroAntibody neutralization assays can guarantee to provide customers with the most compelling reproducible results, thus providing absolute confidence for your virological follow-up research. In addition, we also provide ViroAntibody discovery, ViroAntibody customized and ViroAntibody engineering services. If you are interested in our virology antibody services, please feel free to contact us or directly sent us an inquiry.

Reference

Klasse, P. J. "Neutralization of virus infectivity by antibodies: old problems in new perspectives." Advances in biology 2014 (2014).

All products and services are intended for research purposes only. They're not intended to be used for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes in animals or humans.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As a leading supplier of recombinant antibody (rAb) discovery and manufacturing, Creative Biolabs not only provides a wide range of specific neutralizing antibody products, but also provides neutralization antibody development services and various assays for neutralizing antibody discovery. NeutAbs are part of the humoral response of the adaptive immune system to viruses, intracellular bacteria, and microbial toxins.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Human astrovirus (HAstV), together with rotavirus and calicivirus, is considered to be a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants, which is a relatively mild rotavirus enteritis with symptoms of diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain that usually lasts for several days. HAstV infection is usually self-limited and seems to be mainly confined to epithelial enteric cells, but it can also spread systematically in immunocompromised patients and lead to severe infections.

Virus Classification of HAstV

HAstVs belong to the genus Mammastrovirus of the family Astroviridae. Based on the reactivity of capsid proteins with polyclonal sera and monoclonal antibodies, astroviruses are classified into serotypes. The number of viral structural proteins seems to vary with serotypes, with 1-3 of human viruses reported. Astroviruses can also be divided into genotypes based on the nucleotide sequence of the 348 bp region of the genome. It has a good correlation with serotype. There are eight defined genotypes called human astroviruses 1-8 (HAstV1-HAstV8), and several newly described astroviruses. Among them, HAstV1 is the main strain worldwide.

Fig.1 Illustration of HAstV.

Structure of HAstV

HAstV is an icosahedral, non-enveloped virus with a diameter of 28-35 nm that have a characteristic five- or six-pointed star-like surface structure. Its genome is composed of plus-sense, single-stranded RNA. This RNA genome has three open reading frames (ORF1a, -1b, and -2), encoding three polyproteins. After synthesis of polyadenylated subgenomic RNA (sgRNA), a structural polyprotein with approximately 780 amino acid residues is produced by ORF2, and this gene is 3' collinear with genomic RNA.

The polyprotein is 90 kDa (VP90), which is cleaved at the intracellular residue Asp-657, producing a smaller 70 kDa protein (VP70), which is present in the extracellular particles. The particles composed of VP70 are immature and require trypsin cleavage. Trypsin occurs outside the cell through a rather complicated pathway, producing highly infectious particles. In this process, three final polypeptides were produced: VP34 derived from the N-terminal domain, and VP27 and VP25 partially overlapping and derived from the hypervariable region. Neutralizing antigenic determinants are located in this region, but have not been precisely located.

Fig.2 Structure and genome organization of HAstV.

There is no vaccine or anti-viral treatment against the Astrovirus infection and has a very high mutation rate. Despite the medical importance of HAstVs, the study of these pathogens has been ignored. In order to better understand the antigen structure of astrovirus and the basis of protective immunity, Creative Biolabs provides a large number of Anti-HAstV antibodies for hot targets to meet the needs of customers. For special HAstV antibodies, our expert team has the ability to provide comprehensive services for specific project needs, including ViroAntibody discovery, ViroAntibody engineering, ViroAntibody customized and ViroAntibody neutralization assays services. If you are interested in our anti-HAstV antibody products or services, please feel free to contact us for more details.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Human astrovirus (HAstV), together with rotavirus and calicivirus, is considered to be a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants, which is a relatively mild rotavirus enteritis with symptoms of diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain that usually lasts for several days.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Hantaan virus (HTNV) infection is an important cause of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas. About 200,000 clinical cases of hantavirus disease are reported every year. Usually, HFRS occurs in 5 consecutive stages: febrile, hypotensive, oliguric, diuretic, and convalescent. Clinical symptoms also include thrombocytopenia and, in severe cases, bleeding due to capillary leak syndrome. HTNV is transmitted to humans by inhalation of aerosols extracted from rodent excreta. Its natural hosts are various small mammals, including rodents, shrews, moles, and bats.

Structure of HTNV

HTNVs have been classified as category A pathogens by CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). It is the prototypic member of the genus Hantavirus within the family Bunyaviridae, which includes five genera: Bunyavirus, Hantavirus, Nairovirus, Phlebovirus, and Tospovirus. HTNV is a kind of enveloped negative-sense RNA virus, which contains three-part segmented genomes. The three genomic RNA segments, S, M, and L, encode a nucleocapsid protein (N), a precursor glycoprotein, which is processed into two envelope glycoproteins (Gn and Gc), and virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). N protein is the main structural component of the virus. Its main function is to protect and envelop the three genomic RNAs that form the ribonucleocapsid of three viruses.

Fig.1 Structure of HTNV. (Hussein, 2011)

Replication cycle of HTNV

HTNV infects many cell lines, including endothelial cells, epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and lymphocytes. The replication cycle begins when the virus particles attach to integrin receptors on the surface of host cells. After attachment, the cells enter into the pore mediated by clatherin-coated pits, and the virus body is finally delivered to the lysosome. In the lysosomal compartment, the virus is not enveloped, and three viral capsids are released into the cytoplasm. RdRp starts transcription and produces three mRNA, which are translated by host cell translation mechanism to generate virus protein. The virus genome is synthesized by RdRp through the cRNA intermediate, then packaged into new virus particles, and germinated from the host cells.

Fig.2 HTNV replication cycle. (Hussein, 2011)

Currently, there is no antiviral therapy or vaccine available for HTNV related diseases. Understanding the molecular details of HTNV life cycle will help to determine the target of antiviral therapy and design potential antiviral drugs for the treatment of HFRS.

As an expert in antibody field, Creative Biolabs not only grasps the relevant knowledge of HTNV, but also provides anti-HTNV antibodies for antiviral treatment research. Our expert team has the ability to provide comprehensive services for specific project needs, including ViroAntibody discovery, ViroAntibody engineering, ViroAntibody customized and ViroAntibody neutralization assays services. If you are interested in our anti-HTNV antibody products or services, please feel free to contact us for more details.

Reference

Hussein, I. T., et al. "Recent Advances in Hantavirus Molecular Biology and Disease." Advances in Applied Microbiology (2011): 35-75.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Hantaan virus (HTNV) infection is an important cause of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas. About 200,000 clinical cases of hantavirus disease are reported every year. Usually, HFRS occurs in 5 consecutive stages: febrile, hypotensive, oliguric, diuretic, and convalescent.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
With our extensive experience and advanced platform, Creative Biolabs are therefore confident in offering the best vaccine development services for different types of diseases caused by viruses from coronaviridae family, including the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). In response to the currently raging SARS-CoV-2, we are actively conducting research and have proposed strategies for the development of mRNA vaccines, hoping to contribute a little bit to this epidemic.

Introduction of mRNA Vaccine

mRNA is the messenger of gene expression: DNA carrying human genetic information is transcribed in the nucleus and produces mRNA, which is then translated in the cytoplasm and produces proteins that perform various physiological functions. Compared with traditional vaccines, mRNA vaccines have subversive advantages in terms of immunogenicity, safety and industrial production. This is because the mRNA vaccine synthesizes antigen mRNA in vitro and then delivers it to the body, which is translated into antigen protein by the cells in vivo. This artificially designed nucleic acid material does not induce the immune response in the human body. More importantly, unlike the stable DNA, the functional mRNA will be degraded without causing other toxicities or side effects to the human body. Therefore, mRNA vaccines have the potential to be quick-manufactured and to become powerful tools against infectious disease.

Fig.1 The mechanisms of DNA and mRNA vaccines. (Li, 2019)

mRNA Vaccine Development Services for SARS-CoV-2

The SARS-CoV-2 is a member of β- coronavirus genus and carries a single positive RNA genome of 30 kilobases. Coronavirus transcription involves a discontinuous RNA synthesis (template switch) during the extension of negative copies of subgenomic mRNAs. Based on the understanding of coronaviruses, using our unique vaccine development platform technology, Creative Biolabs has the ability to quickly synthesize mRNAs of multiple different antigen sequences against key targets of SARS-CoV-2, and obtain effective antigens through screening to develop mRNA vaccines. Our mRNA vaccine development advantages are:

Short production cycle - RNA synthesis in vitro without protein synthesis

Safety - does not insert gene mutations and can be degraded by normal cells

Efficient drug loading technology - ensuring the safety and effectiveness of mRNA delivery

Easy to achieve standardized production - once RNA sequences are identified, cells can be turned into small pharmaceutical factories

In recent years, RNA sequence engineering technology has made synthetic mRNAs have better translation function than previous, and highly efficient and low-toxic vectors can significantly improve the expression of antigens in vivo. As a member of the field of viral vaccine development, our mRNA vaccine platform has made great progress in immunogenicity and efficacy. If you are interested in our services, please contact us for more details.

Reference

Li, J., et al. Advances in mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases. Frontiers in Immunology. 2019, 10: 594.
For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
mRNA Vaccine Development Services for SARS-CoV-2 - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
With our extensive experience and advanced platform, Creative Biolabs are therefore confident in offering the best vaccine development services for different types of diseases caused by viruses from coronaviridae family, including the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
With the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in China, pneumonia caused by this new coronavirus has caused hundreds of deaths and even affected many countries around the world. However, there are still no drugs that show significant therapeutic effects. Through research on a variety of marketed small-molecule drugs, Creative Biolabs found that nelfinavir has a relatively ideal binding free energy and similarity to the ligand model. Therefore, we believe that nelfinavir may be a potential drug to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Pharmacodynamic Properties of Nelfinavir

Nelfinavir is a non-peptide competitive HIV protease inhibitor that interferes with the processing of viral gag and gagpol polyprotein products into viral enzymes and structural proteins. This interference will prevent the production of mature infectious virus particles in acute and chronically infected cells and effectively inhibit the development of disease. In the in vitro activity test, the inhibitory constant (Ki) of nelfinavir on HIV-1 protease is 1.7 nmol/L, and the average concentration of nelfinavir (IC95) that can produce 95% inhibition of virus replication is 59 nmol/L.

Fig.1 Molecular structure of Nelfinavir.

Nelfinavir Assessment and Validation Services at Creative Biolabs

The protease (Mpro) or chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) is considered as a potential drug target against virus infection. Besides, these two sequences are relatively conserved among coronaviruses and which in SARS-CoV-2 are showing a similarity of up to 96% to severe acute respiratory tract disease (SARS). Previous studies indicated that Nelfinavir has excellent binding ability and inhibitory effect in the SARS-CoV model, indicating that it may also have good therapeutic performance for SARS-CoV-2. Creative Biolabs has devoted great attention to the pharmacological research and development of antiviral protease inhibitors. By analyzing the crystal structure of existing commercial drugs, we can help clients determine and evaluate whether Nelfinavir has potential as an effective and specific antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2.

Our related drug development services can provide you with more detailed follow-up trial verification services. Our specialists are dedicated to offering the best services to support your drug discovery project. If you have any questions about our SARS-CoV-2 drug discovery services, you can contact us for more details.

For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Nelfinavir (Viracept) as a Candidate for SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Drug - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
With the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in China, pneumonia caused by this new coronavirus has caused hundreds of deaths and even affected many countries around the world. However, there are still no drugs that show significant therapeutic effects.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Currently, no effective drug exists to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has led to the empiric use of broad-spectrum antiviral agents in affected patients in several countries. Creative Biolabs has established excellent platforms for drug development. We provide a variety of antiviral agent development services to meet the diverse needs of our customers.

Neuraminidase Inhibitors (NAIs)

Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), such as oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir, are the current agents of choice against influenza A and B viruses. The NAIs interfere with the release of progeny influenza virus from infected host cells, a process that prevents the infection of new host cells and thereby halts the spread of infection in the respiratory tract. Oseltamivir is developed through modifications to the sialic acid analogue framework that allows the drug to be used orally. Zanamivir is administered by oral inhalation, which delivers the drug directly to the respiratory tract. Peramivir has a cyclopentane ring and features of both zanamivir and oseltamivir, the C4-guanidino substitution and a hydrophobic side chain, respectively. It is only effective if administered intravenously.

SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory illness that has recently been identified in several countries. The primary way that the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs is mainly by close person-to-person contact, or by direct contact with infectious materials, such as respiratory secretions, from a person who has SARS-CoV-2. It is also possible that SARS-CoV-2 can be spread more broadly through the air or by other ways that are currently not known. Threatened by such a severe disease, scientists at Creative Biolabs are facing a significant challenge, i.e., how to provide professional knowledge and technology that will contribute to effective drugs against SARS-CoV-2.

Fig.1 Mechanism of action of neuraminidase inhibitors.

Services

Structure-based drug design (SBDD) methods have played a critical role in the discovery of antiviral agents, and these methods allowed the prediction of binding affinities of a series of molecules that belong to the same chemical class or close analogues. At Creative Biolabs, based on the amount of NAIs synthesized and the progress in computational chemistry, we have derived optimized quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models with the purpose of proposing a presumable model for identifying effective inhibitors and designing new compounds. The SBDD methods provide important information for the exploitation and utilization of compounds as new inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 treatment.

Creative Biolabs has focused on the development of antiviral agents for years, and we whole-heartedly cooperate with you to accomplish our shared goals. Our team provides you with outstanding support and meets your specific needs with a professional technology platform. If you are interested in our services, please contact us for more details.

For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Neuraminidase Inhibitors (NAIs) for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Currently, no effective drug exists to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has led to the empiric use of broad-spectrum antiviral agents in affected patients in several countries. Creative Biolabs has established excellent platforms for drug development.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has raised global concerns. It is identified as the cause of pneumonia with unknown etiology. Since the early outbreak in Wuhan, China, it has subsequently spread to all provinces of China and many other countries. The urgent epidemic situation has spurred the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. As a leading service provider in the field of biological research and drug discovery, Creative Biolabs provides fast & elaborate therapeutic antibody discovery, drug candidates screening and vaccine development services to help combat this outbreak.

Classification of SARS-CoV-2

Using unbiased sequencing and isolation from patients' samples, SARS-CoV-2 was identified as another clade within the Betacoronavirus genus, Coronaviridae family. The two other strains of Betacoronaviruses-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-have caused more than 10,000 cumulative cases in the past two decades, with mortality rates of 10% for SARS-CoV and 37% for MERS-CoV. Similar to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections, patients with SARS-CoV-2 also exhibited symptoms of viral pneumonia including fever, dyspnea, bilateral lung infiltration, respiratory failure, even death.

Fig.1 Illustration and classification of 2019-nCoV.

Genome Characterization of SARS-CoV-2

With the help of high throughput sequencing and metagenomic analysis, scientists have obtained full-length genome sequences from five patients at the early stage of the outbreak. To date, a series of SARS-CoV-2 sequences have been uploaded and are available in GenBank and the Sequence Read Archive (SRA).

Downloaded website: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/SARS-CoV-2-seqs/

All of the sequences are almost identical to each other and share 79.5% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 shows 96% identity at the whole genome level to a bat coronavirus. The pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins shows that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV.

Fig.2 Genome characterization and phylogenetic tree of nCoV-2019. (Zhou, 2020)

Structure of Coronavirus

Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with positive sense, single-stranded RNA genomes. Its genome size ranges from 26 to 32 kilobases (kb) in length and encodes a large polyprotein (ORF1a/b) that is proteolytically cleaved to generate 15 or 16 non-structural proteins. The 3' end of coronaviral genome encodes four major structural proteins: the spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein, and the envelope (E) protein. According to detailed genomic and structure-based analysis, SARS-CoV-2 shares several functionally important components: ORF1a, ORF1b, and major structural proteins S, N, M E.

S protein normally mediates virus entry into host cells. It facilitates the attachment to the host cell surface receptors and subsequent fusion between the viral and host cell membranes. In addition to mediating virus entry, the S protein is a critical determinant of viral host range and tissue tropism and a major inducer of host immune responses.

N protein functions primarily to bind to the RNA genome, making up the nucleocapsid.

M protein defines the shape of the viral envelope. It is also regarded as the central organizer of virus assembly, interacting with E protein for virus production and release.

E protein mainly participates in virus assembly, maturation, and budding.

Fig.3 Structure diagram and virions under the electron microscope. (Zhou, 2020)

Scientists have confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the cell entry receptor, similar to SARS-CoV.

Diagnostic Methods of SARS-CoV-2

Clinical symptoms should be used to guide testing: fever, cough, and shortness of breath.

Imaging diagnosis (CT): a key component in diagnosing SARS-CoV-2, which usually shows ground-glass lesions with "white lung-like" changes.

RT-PCR: primary and secondary RT-PCR assays are still golden standards for the diagnosis and confirmation of SARS-CoV-2.

Services at Creative Biolabs

The severity and emergency of SARS-CoV-2 infection spurs an urgent need for antiviral drug and vaccine discovery. Creative Biolabs has spent considerable efforts to provide scientific support and comprehensive services to promote the success of this combat. Equipped with cutting-edge techniques and vast experience, we are keeping up with current research hotspots and integrating all resources to guarantee high-quality services (including but not limiting to): Antiviral Drug Discovery, Vaccine Discovery, Preclinical Research, In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Immunoassays.

Fig.4 Our specialized services based on 2019-nCoV.

If you are interested in our services, please feel free to contact us for professional technical support.

References

1. Zhou, P.; et al. Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin. bioRxiv. 2020.

2. Gralinski, L. E.; Menachery, V. D. Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses. 2020, 12(2): 135.

3. Li, Q.; et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.

For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 - Creative BioLabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has raised global concerns. It is identified as the cause of pneumonia with unknown etiology. Since the early outbreak in Wuhan, China, it has subsequently spread to all provinces of China and many other countries. The urgent epidemic situation has spurred the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A new coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 was identified causing pneumonia at the end of 2019 in Wuhan City of China. Compared to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 seems to be less pathogenic and more transmissible. Effective vaccines and drugs for the direct treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently needed. Therefore, it is imperative to develop effective vaccines and drugs as soon as possible.

Creative Biolabs provides comprehensive screening and development services of antiviral drug discovery for SARS-CoV-2, including nucleoside analogues, broad-spectrum antiviral agents, protease inhibitors, neutralizing antibodies, etc.

What is Nucleoside Analogue?

As the basic components of RNA and DNA, nucleosides participate in the preservation, replication and transcription of gene information. In terms of anti-microbial infection and cancer treatment, developing nucleoside analogues to mimic natural nucleosides and inhibit the growth of viruses and tumor cells has become an effective clinical therapy. Nucleoside analogues are synthetic nucleosides which contain a nucleic acid analogue and a sugar. Currently, the development and application of nucleoside drugs mainly focus on antiviral and anti-tumor fields.

Antiviral Mechanisms of Nucleoside Analogues

The antiviral mechanisms of nucleoside analogues with different structures vary. Nucleoside analogues could inhibit the activity of the enzyme and blocking the gene replication of virus by working as a competitive inhibitor of DNA/RNA replicase (such as polymerase, transcriptase, reverse transcriptase, etc.). On the other hand, nucleoside analogues are similar enough to natural nucleotides in structures to be incorporated into growing DNA strands. Due to the structural differences, nucleoside analogues block the elongation of the nascent DNA/RNA molecule by serving as chain terminators and thus inhibit virus replication.

Fig.1 Mechanisms of inhibition by nucleoside and nucleotide analogues. (Pruijssers, 2019)

Nucleoside Analogue Discovery for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2

SARS-CoV-2 is a newly identified coronavirus with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. This is the seventh known coronavirus that infects humans after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV causing respiratory infections. The development of anti-CoV drugs is challenging due to the high viral yields, short replication cycle, homologous / nonhomologous recombination, and high error rates of positive-sense RNA virus genomes replication.

Since its high structural conservation of the binding site, nucleoside analogue presents a low probability of resistance. Furthermore, amino acid sequence conservation of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of coronavirus is relative higher than others, which also suggests that nucleoside analogue can be potentially used for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections.

According to the advantages of nucleoside analogue, Creative Biolabs provides comprehensive R&D services of antiviral nucleoside analogues based on multiple action mechanisms. You can directly choose any of the following nucleoside analogues to learn more, or just feel free to contact us and communicate with us about your specific puzzles. Our PhD scientists will offer you professional solutions as soon as possible.

Reference

Pruijssers, A.J.; Denison, M.R. Nucleoside analogues for the treatment of coronavirus infections. Current Opinion in Virology. 2019, 35: 57-62.
For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Nucleoside Analogue Inhibitors for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A new coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 was identified causing pneumonia at the end of 2019 in Wuhan City of China. Compared to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 seems to be less pathogenic and more transmissible. Effective vaccines and drugs for the direct treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently needed.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Antiviral drugs are essential for control of initial influenza outbreaks caused by a new virus. The principal target for these drugs is a virus surface glycoprotein, neuraminidase, which facilitates the release of the nascent virus and thus the spread of infection. Creative Biolabs has established excellent platforms for drug development. We provide a variety of antiviral drugs development services to meet the diverse needs of our customers.

Antiviral Drug: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Oseltamivir has shown efficacy in the treatment and prevention of naturally acquired influenza virus infection. Oseltamivir was developed based on two key findings. Firstly, the transition-state analog 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA) was known to be a weak inhibitor of the neuraminidase. Secondly, the structure of the sialic acid substrate in complex with the enzyme active site revealed an empty negatively charged pocket in the region of the C4 on the sugar ring. This suggested that substitution of the C4-OH with a larger basic residue might lead to higher affinity binding. A single substitution of the C4-OH with a 4-guanidino group enhanced binding more than 10,000-fold over DANA.

Based on DANA, oseltamivir has a cyclohexene ring with two substitutions compared with DANA. It has a C4 amino group and a bulky hydrophobic pentyl ether side chain. It is administered as the prodrug oseltamivir phosphate and converted by hepatic esterases to the active compound oseltamivir carboxylate. Oseltamivir is taken orally twice daily, with a dose of 75 mg for adults. The levels of oseltamivir in plasma are estimated to be in the range from 400 to 1200 nM and in saliva to be <5% of plasma levels. Thus, levels in the upper respiratory tract may be significantly lower than 100 nM.

Fig.1 The relationship between oseltamivir and some of the amino acids in the neuraminidase active site.

Services

Rational drug design utilizing available crystal structures of sialic acid analogues bound to the active site of neuraminidase has led to the discovery of a series of potent neuraminidase inhibitors. At Creative Biolabs, based on the amount of NAIs synthesized and the progress in computational chemistry, we have derived optimized quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models with the purpose of proposing a presumable model for identifying effective inhibitors and designing new compounds. The newly disclosed structural information of the SARS-CoV-2 viruses has established a solid structural basis for structure-based drug design (SBDD) for new-generation drugs. We can provide the SBDD methods as well as other drug development services for the development of new inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 treatment.

Creative Biolabs is one of the world's leading service providers for antiviral drugs development. Our state-of-the-art portfolio of technologies enables us to provide you with outstanding support. If you are interested in our services, please contact us for more details.

For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) as a Candidate for SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Drug - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Antiviral drugs are essential for control of initial influenza outbreaks caused by a new virus. The principal target for these drugs is a virus surface glycoprotein, neuraminidase, which facilitates the release of the nascent virus and thus the spread of infection. Creative Biolabs has established excellent platforms for drug development.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

Product Overview

MERS-CoV (NCoV / Novel coronavirus), Recombinant Protein, Spike S1 Protein [His] (HEK293 Cells).

Applications

Used for WB, SDS-PAGE.

Formulation

20 mM Tris, 500 mM NaCl, pH 7.4, 10% glycerol.

Purity

> 95% pure by SDS-PAGE.

Storage

Store at -20°C to -80°C.

Introduction

The MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) virus is a new type of coronavirus, and most MERS virus infections occur in Saudi Arabia. MERS-CoV was first discovered in Saudi Arabia in September 2012. It is similar to the SARS virus in its clinical symptoms. It was also named SARS-like virus in the early days. It is the sixth known human coronavirus. MERS-CoV is often confused with SARS, but in fact both viruses belong to the coronavirus, but they are genetically distinct and they use different receptors when infecting humans.

Alternative Names

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Virus; MERS-CoV; Nidovirales; Coronaviridae; Coronavirus; MERS coronavirus

Related products

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Recombinant MERS-CoV (NCoV / Novel coronavirus) S1 Protein (aa 1-725) [His] (HEK293 Cells) - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients. Product Overview MERS-CoV (NCoV / Novel coronavirus), Recombinant Protein, Spike S1 Protein [His] (HEK293 Cells). Applications Used for WB, SDS-PAGE. Formulation 20 mM Tris, 500 mM NaCl, pH 7.4, 10% glycerol. Purity > 95% pure by SDS-PAGE.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
PROTACs are small molecule-based novel technology to target proteins for degradation at the post-translational level. There were studies suggest that the length of the linker is critical for the activity of PROTACs. Therefore the distance between the E3 ubiquitin ligase and the target protein is important. Typically, the length varies from 12-carbon to over 20-carbon. In addition, scientists revealed the orientation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase and the target protein also matters. Creative Biolabs offers a variety of linker products including alkyl-chains, PEGs, alkyl/ethers, etc to customers to optimize, helping to obtain the most effective one in ubiquitination of the target protein and its ultimate degradation.

For research only, do not provide service directly to individuals.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
PROTACs are small molecule-based novel technology to target proteins for degradation at the post-translational level. There were studies suggest that the length of the linker is critical for the activity of PROTACs. Therefore the distance between the E3 ubiquitin ligase and the target protein is important.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
With years of research and development, Creative Biolabs has established an advanced one-stop PROTAC service platform. Besides the early stage molecule discovery service and a series of in vitro evaluation assays, we also provide in vivo animal test assays to evaluate the toxicity and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) of PROTACs in experimental animals.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In the early discovery and development phase, drug candidates need to be screened for the cell permeability efficacy to evaluate the absorption potential. With the advanced one-stop PROTAC service platform, Creative Biolabs now provides comprehensive cell permeability assays for PROTAC candidates.

Background

Drug absorption is to measure the movement of the compound into the bloodstream. For oral treatment, the drug is transported into blood via the intestinal pathway. For other treatments, such as intramuscular injection, intravenous therapy, etc., the drug is straightforward to blood. The capacity of cell permeability is a key factor to influence drug absorption and distribution. If a drug wants to enter into the systemic circulation, it needs to cross cell membranes through passive diffusion, active transport, etc. Poor permeability may be caused by the physicochemical properties of candidate drugs and membrane-based efflux mechanisms.

Introduction of Cell Permeability Efficacy Assays

PROTAC application is critically limited by permeability, hence, monitoring cell permeability efficacy of PROTAC candidate is essential prior to subsequent functional assays. Creative Biolabs offers our clients with the following in vitro assays to determine the permeability.

Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA)

PAMPA is an in vitro model of passive, transcellular permeation which can be used to determine the permeability of PROTACs over a large pH range. It has been widely used as a high throughput permeability assay to predict drug absorption in the pharmaceutical industries. A lipid-infused artificial membrane is utilized to act as a supplement to mediate the permeability assay. Creative Biolabs is dedicated to this assay through which PROTACs are added to the donor compartment and permeating an artificial hexadecane membrane to the acceptor compartment. We provide the results quantified by LC-MS/MS.

Fig.1 The schematic diagram of PAMPA model.

Caco-2 Permeability Assay

The Caco-2 permeability assay utilizes Caco-2 cell line derived from human colon carcinoma. This cell line has many characteristics that resemble intestinal epithelial cells including the formation of a polarized monolayer, intercellular tight junctions and well-defined brush border on the apical surface. This assay offers a measure of the permeability of PROTACs across the intestinal barrier. It's a mature method to investigate human intestinal permeability and drug efflux. The rate of transporting of PROTACs across the Caco-2 cell is assessed in both directions. Creative Biolabs delivers a highly automated and efficient Caco-2 permeability assay to determine the permeability and absorption of PROTACs.

Fig.2 The schematic diagram of Caco-2 permeability assay.

Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) Permeability Assay

The MDCK cell is an epithelial cell line which is derived from canine kidney origin. The expression of transporter proteins and metabolic activity are low for MDCK cell. Compared to Caco-2 cell, MDCK cell proliferates and differentiates more quickly. Hence, it becomes an attractive alternative assay compared to Caco-2 permeability assay to assess the human intestine barrier. Creative Biolabs provides reliable MDCK and MDR1-MDCK permeability assays to determine the permeability of PROTACs.

Fig.3 The schematic diagram of MDCK permeability assay.

Highlight Features of Our Services

High stability and reproducibility

Low drug candidates consumption

Timely response

Professional scientists and skillful technicians

With experienced scientists and over a decade of exploration in the field of drug discovery and development, Creative Biolabs has established a one-stop PROTAC service platform to assist our clients to maximize the success of projects. We are committed to tailoring the optimal assay to fulfill your needs. Please contact us for more information and a detailed quote.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In the early discovery and development phase, drug candidates need to be screened for the cell permeability efficacy to evaluate the absorption potential. With the advanced one-stop PROTAC service platform, Creative Biolabs now provides comprehensive cell permeability assays for PROTAC candidates. Drug absorption is to measure the movement of the compound into the bloodstream.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As a novel frontier for drug discovery, PROTACs utilize bifunctional small molecules to remove disease-causing proteins, and it has huge potential to offer therapeutic interventions not achievable with existing approaches. Creative Biolabs now possesses one-stop PROTAC service platform to provide discovery and development services. After PROTAC molecule design is determined, we offer a comprehensive set of in vitro evaluation modules to verify the efficacy of PROTACs.

Background

PROTAC is composed of two functional molecules: one is to bind target protein, and the other is to recruit specific E3 ligase to play the role of ubiquitination-mediated degradation for target protein (see Fig.1). The first PROTAC was described by Crews and Deshaies in 2001. In light of various advantages of this technique, it has been applied by a variety of drug discovery to various E3 ligases including pVHL, MDM2, beta-TrCP1, cereblon, and c-IAP1. PROTACs had stepped into clinical trial stages for ovarian cancer, prostate cancer in ARVINAS. It indicates that PROTAC is becoming a promising and attractive therapeutic strategy in pharmaceutical industry.

Fig.1 Schematic of the PROteolysis TArgeting Chimera (PROTAC) technology. (Neklesa, 2017)

Introduction of PROTAC In Vitro Evaluation Service

Modern drug discovery begins with the identification/design and chemistry optimization of PROTAC. Once a compound is designed and synthesized, it follows a series of in vitro evaluation assays from administration to intracellular target degradation to verify the efficacy of PROTACs in the drug development stage prior to clinical trials. Creative Biolabs is capable of offering a comprehensive set of in vitro evaluation assays to monitor the specific parameters in each stage (see Fig.2). We divide our services into seven modules, a package service or any individual modules are all available in Creative Biolabs.

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of in vitro evaluation assays to assess PROTACs.

Among the chemical properties of small molecules, solubility and stability are crucial to determine if the PROTAC candidate can be a potential drug. Both computational and experimental approaches can be applied to estimate or measure the solubility and stability. Creative Biolabs is dedicated to helping our clients to evaluate the solubility and stability of PROTAC candidate in a wide range of conditions with different pH, buffer type, chemical additives, and excipients.

PROTAC application is critically limited by permeability of PROTAC candidate, hence, monitoring cell permeability efficacy is essential prior to subsequent structural and functional assays. Creative Biolabs offers our clients with specific assays to determine the permeability by PAMPA, Caco-2, and MDCK.

Once chemical properties and permeability are confirmed, PROTAC will undergo binary engagement assays to detect the affinities with either target protein or specific E3 ligase. Creative Biolabs provides a variety of biochemical techniques such as isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), fluorescence polarization (FP), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), etc. to monitor IC ₅₀ and K d values. In addition, Creative Biolabs is also capable of offering structure-based and whole cell ligand binding assays to detect the interaction between PROTAC and target protein or E3 ligase.

Binary target engagement can result in ternary complex formation which is structurally critical to PROTAC efficacy. Creative Biolabs is committed to different assays to detect the ternary complex formation, such as ITC, FRET, NMR, Cell-free proximity assays, BRET, and Co-IP, etc. We aim to tailor the most optimal assay for our clients to fit the specific requirements and project budgets.

Following ternary complex formation, E3 ligase will degrade target proteins via proteasome machinery. After target protein degradation, PROTAC is released and continues the degradation process. This contributes to the low cytotoxicity of PROTAC benefited by low dosage. Creative Biolabs owns a variety of assays to evaluate cell cytotoxicity through enzyme leakage assays, membrane impermeable dyes, amine-reactive dyes, dye combination assays, cell viability assays, apoptosis assays, cell proliferation and cell cycle assays.

After cell cytotoxicity test, we come to the final step of in vitro evaluation - degradation efficacy. The initiation signal of degradation is ubiquitination of target protein. Herein, Creative Biolabs offers target ubiquitination assays through a variety of biochemical approaches, such as MS, gel shift assay, and western blot assay treated with or without proteasome or ubiquitination inhibitors.

Target degradation is the final goal of in vitro evaluations. The dominant feature of PROTAC technique is target degradation rather than blocking. Creative Biolabs provides our clients with different assays to evaluate the degradation efficacy including western blots, reporter gene assay, and downstream effects.

Highlight Features of Our Services

A wide range of assays available

Assay design and conduct

Ensure timely response

Experienced scientists and advanced one-stop platform

Creative Biolabs is dedicated to covering all assays to help our clients to evaluate the efficacy of PROTAC. We aim to utilize our knowledge and passion to promote the development of drug discovery field and contribute to a healthier world. If you are interested in any individual assay or a package service, please don't hesitate to contact us.

Reference

Neklesa, T.K., et al. Targeted protein degradation by PROTACs. Pharmacol Ther. 2017, 174, 138-144.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As a novel frontier for drug discovery, PROTACs utilize bifunctional small molecules to remove disease-causing proteins, and it has huge potential to offer therapeutic interventions not achievable with existing approaches. Creative Biolabs now possesses one-stop PROTAC service platform to provide discovery and development services.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As a well-recognized leader in the field of drug discovery and development, plus over a decade of experience, Creative Biolabs is dedicated to the development of PROTACs and we offer our clients with comprehensive superior services for small molecule solubility and chemical stability.

Background

At early stage of PROTAC development, liquid formulation is essential to determine the cytotoxicity profile, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, etc. Even though the superior pharmacological properties of PROTAC candidates, they may withdraw from drug development if the aqueous solubility is poor. Hence, aqueous solubility and stability are two of the main physicochemical properties to be optimized for drug discovery. Here are potential troubles arising from poor aqueous solubility:

Precipitation during serial dilutions in buffer, biochemical assays, functional assays

Reduced target specificity

Low bioavailability

Slow tissue distribution and drug-drug interactions

How Much Solubility is Required?

An ideal compound must be able to reach effective concentrations. The lowest solubility is related to its pharmacologic potency and permeability. If a compound is not solubility limited, then the drug development will be more efficient. For in vitro assays, the concentrations of up to 30 μM is needed to produce accurate results.

What Can We Do for You?

Solubility Prediction

Aqueous solubility is one of the key factors that determine the chemical properties of a compound. Creative Biolabs provides several solubility prediction services to promote the drug development process. We provide in silico prediction to calculate the intrinsic solubility which is the concentration in equilibrium with the solid phase that dissolved into the solution. In addition, we can also predict the solubility at a given pH. Both quantitative and qualitative results can be provided, giving the solubility in logS, mol/L, mg/mL units.

Solubility Measurement

Poor soluble compounds can significantly reduce productivity in drug discovery and development. Creative Biolabs provides efficient and reproducible assays to determine the aqueous solubility of small molecules, including shake flask solubility and concentration determination using HPLC-UV, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, and solution calorimetry methods etc. The choice of which assay depends on the nature and applications of the PROTAC candidate. A customized assay can be yielded according to the following four consecutive steps (see Fig.1).

Fig.1 Modular setup of assays for solubility determination.

Enhance Solubility and Stability

The solubility and stability of PROTACs are vital when they are turned into effective drugs. Creative Biolabs offers our clients with traditional approaches to enhance the solubility including chemical modifications, physical modifications, and carrier system utilization. In addition, Creative Biolabs has established an advanced high throughput screening (HTS) platform to help our clients to identify the optimal excipients to enhance the solubility and stability of PROTACs with low costs and reduced timelines. With this HTS platform, we can examine the solubilization capacity of 30 various excipients, and screen the conditions in 96 well-plates.

Customization

The above assays can be customized as per the requirements of our clients, such as buffer choice, prediction method, measurement method, etc. We aim to tailor the best assay to fit your projects.

Why Choose Us?

Low cost but high quality

Reduced timeline

Timely response and troubleshooting

Senior scientists and advanced platform

Creative Biolabs is committed to providing small molecule solubility and chemical stability services to research institutes or pharmaceutical companies to reduce the development timelines. We aim to help our clients to bring candidate drugs to be marketed faster. If you have any requirements, please just feel free to contact us right now!

For research only, do not provide service directly to individuals.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As a well-recognized leader in the field of drug discovery and development, plus over a decade of experience, Creative Biolabs is dedicated to the development of PROTACs and we offer our clients with comprehensive superior services for small molecule solubility and chemical stability.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As a novel frontier for drug discovery, PROTACs utilize bifunctional small molecules to remove disease-causing proteins, and it has huge potential to offer therapeutic interventions not achievable with existing approaches. Creative Biolabs now possesses one-stop PROTAC service platform to provide discovery and development services. After PROTAC molecule design is determined, we offer a comprehensive set of in vitro evaluation modules to verify the efficacy of PROTACs.

Background

PROTAC is composed of two functional molecules: one is to bind target protein, and the other is to recruit specific E3 ligase to play the role of ubiquitination-mediated degradation for target protein (see Fig.1). The first PROTAC was described by Crews and Deshaies in 2001. In light of various advantages of this technique, it has been applied by a variety of drug discovery to various E3 ligases including pVHL, MDM2, beta-TrCP1, cereblon, and c-IAP1. PROTACs had stepped into clinical trial stages for ovarian cancer, prostate cancer in ARVINAS. It indicates that PROTAC is becoming a promising and attractive therapeutic strategy in pharmaceutical industry.

Fig.1 Schematic of the PROteolysis TArgeting Chimera (PROTAC) technology. (Neklesa, 2017)

Introduction of PROTAC In Vitro Evaluation Service

Modern drug discovery begins with the identification/design and chemistry optimization of PROTAC. Once a compound is designed and synthesized, it follows a series of in vitro evaluation assays from administration to intracellular target degradation to verify the efficacy of PROTACs in the drug development stage prior to clinical trials. Creative Biolabs is capable of offering a comprehensive set of in vitro evaluation assays to monitor the specific parameters in each stage (see Fig.2). We divide our services into seven modules, a package service or any individual modules are all available in Creative Biolabs.

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of in vitro evaluation assays to assess PROTACs.

Among the chemical properties of small molecules, solubility and stability are crucial to determine if the PROTAC candidate can be a potential drug. Both computational and experimental approaches can be applied to estimate or measure the solubility and stability. Creative Biolabs is dedicated to helping our clients to evaluate the solubility and stability of PROTAC candidate in a wide range of conditions with different pH, buffer type, chemical additives, and excipients.

PROTAC application is critically limited by permeability of PROTAC candidate, hence, monitoring cell permeability efficacy is essential prior to subsequent structural and functional assays. Creative Biolabs offers our clients with specific assays to determine the permeability by PAMPA, Caco-2, and MDCK.

Once chemical properties and permeability are confirmed, PROTAC will undergo binary engagement assays to detect the affinities with either target protein or specific E3 ligase. Creative Biolabs provides a variety of biochemical techniques such as isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), fluorescence polarization (FP), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), etc. to monitor IC ₅₀ and K d values. In addition, Creative Biolabs is also capable of offering structure-based and whole cell ligand binding assays to detect the interaction between PROTAC and target protein or E3 ligase.

Binary target engagement can result in ternary complex formation which is structurally critical to PROTAC efficacy. Creative Biolabs is committed to different assays to detect the ternary complex formation, such as ITC, FRET, NMR, Cell-free proximity assays, BRET, and Co-IP, etc. We aim to tailor the most optimal assay for our clients to fit the specific requirements and project budgets.

Following ternary complex formation, E3 ligase will degrade target proteins via proteasome machinery. After target protein degradation, PROTAC is released and continues the degradation process. This contributes to the low cytotoxicity of PROTAC benefited by low dosage. Creative Biolabs owns a variety of assays to evaluate cell cytotoxicity through enzyme leakage assays, membrane impermeable dyes, amine-reactive dyes, dye combination assays, cell viability assays, apoptosis assays, cell proliferation and cell cycle assays.

After cell cytotoxicity test, we come to the final step of in vitro evaluation - degradation efficacy. The initiation signal of degradation is ubiquitination of target protein. Herein, Creative Biolabs offers target ubiquitination assays through a variety of biochemical approaches, such as MS, gel shift assay, and western blot assay treated with or without proteasome or ubiquitination inhibitors.

Target degradation is the final goal of in vitro evaluations. The dominant feature of PROTAC technique is target degradation rather than blocking. Creative Biolabs provides our clients with different assays to evaluate the degradation efficacy including western blots, reporter gene assay, and downstream effects.

Highlight Features of Our Services

A wide range of assays available

Assay design and conduct

Ensure timely response

Experienced scientists and advanced one-stop platform

Creative Biolabs is dedicated to covering all assays to help our clients to evaluate the efficacy of PROTAC. We aim to utilize our knowledge and passion to promote the development of drug discovery field and contribute to a healthier world. If you are interested in any individual assay or a package service, please don't hesitate to contact us.

Reference

Neklesa, T.K., et al. Targeted protein degradation by PROTACs. Pharmacol Ther. 2017, 174, 138-144.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As a novel frontier for drug discovery, PROTACs utilize bifunctional small molecules to remove disease-causing proteins, and it has huge potential to offer therapeutic interventions not achievable with existing approaches. Creative Biolabs now possesses one-stop PROTAC service platform to provide discovery and development services.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Once the design and modification of ligands for target protein/E3 ligase and linker are initially proposed by our scientists, Creative Biolabs will be dedicated to peptide/compound synthesis to offer high-quality products. With extensive experience and advanced peptide/compound synthesis platform, Creative Biolabs has provided reliable custom peptides/compounds for numerous worldwide scientists and now is able to deliver products at leading speed to expedite the research for our clients.

Background

As hetero-bifunctional molecules, PROTAC consists of a ligand for E3 ligase, a linker and another ligand for target protein. To date, therapeutic ligands include peptide and small molecules. The first PROTAC was developed by Sakamoto, and the ligand for target protein MetAP-2 is ovalicin peptide, the ligand to recruit E3 ligase is a phosphopeptide. For CRBN-based PROTACs - ARV-825 and dBET1, the ligands for target proteins are derived from small molecules inhibitors - OTX015 and JQ1 (see Fig.1), we call them as small molecule compounds. Thus, custom peptide and small molecule compound synthesis are essential during optimizing the existing PROTACs or novel PROTACs synthesis.

Fig. 1 Chemical structure examples of PROTACs. (Gu, 2018)

Introduction of Custom Peptide/Compound Synthesis

Peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds for which multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds. Through the condensation reaction of the carboxyl group of one amino acid to another, peptides are chemically synthesized. The chemical synthesis normally starts at the C-terminus of the peptide and proceeds toward the N-terminus. Our synthesis service offers a variety of options for synthesis platform, formats, modifications and purity levels to meet various research needs. Creative Biolabs utilizes the current popular FMOC solid-phase technology to synthesis small peptides (see Fig.2), and purify the products by HPLC, in addition, Creative Biolabs offers custom small molecules synthesis service to expand the in-house library of compounds. Empowered by our senior synthetic chemists with unparalleled expertise, we can assist you to develop specific peptide and new chemical compounds in the milligram to gram scale. With the assistance of our microwave and ligation technologies, we are able to increase chemical coupling efficiency and enhance the yield, also we can help you obtain reproducible products and consistent results. Beyond that, the comprehensive suite of analytical services will ensure high purity and structural confirmation.

Fig.2 Solid-phase synthesis of a dipeptide using an amide resin.

Highlight Features of Our Services

Guaranteed quantity with a competitive price

High purity and reliable quality

Fast turnaround time

Ensure reproducibility and consistency

Creative Biolabs is committed to offering high-quality peptide/compound synthesis within the agreed timeline. We aim to share our knowledge and passion in the PROTAC field to promote the advances in science and drug discovery and for a healthier world. For any required custom synthesis project, please contact us and we will respond as soon as possible.

Reference

Gu, S., et al. PROTACs: An Emerging Targeting Technique for Protein Degradation in Drug Discovery. Bioessays. 2018, 40(4), e1700247.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Once the design and modification of ligands for target protein/E3 ligase and linker are initially proposed by our scientists, Creative Biolabs will be dedicated to peptide/compound synthesis to offer high-quality products. With extensive experience and advanced peptide/compound synthesis platform, Creative Biolabs has provided reliable custom peptides/compounds for numerous worldwide scientists and now is able to deliver products at leading speed to expedite the research for our clients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
With unparalleled expertise in the field of small molecule drug discovery, Creative Biolabs is fully competent and dedicated to offering one-stop PROTAC service which holds significant promise for exploring previously "undruggable" proteome in the area of drug discovery. To develop an efficient PROTAC, we offer our clients with molecule design service including ligand design for target protein, ligand screening for E3 ligase, as well as chemical linker design and optimization.

Background

To overcome the limitations of traditional therapeutic approaches for disordered proteins, PROteolysis TArgeting Chimera (PROTAC) was developed with selective manipulation of spatial and temporal disease-causing proteins. PROTAC degrades the target proteins at the post-translational level. Even though PROTAC owns promising therapeutic potential, it hasn't been broadly pushed into clinical trial stages. One of the key challenges is molecule discovery. For three components of PROTAC: a target-protein-binding moiety, a ligand for recruiting the degradation machinery, and a chemical linker, they are all critical for the efficiency of PROTAC. We already know that PROTACs with different chemical linker types, locations and lengths exhibit obviously different efficiencies for target degradation (see Fig.1). Herein, linker design and optimization may expand the PROTAC toolbox, and explore new possibilities for the broad application of PROTAC in various diseases.

Fig.1 Various linker types, lengths, and positions. (Zorba, 2018; Cyrus, 2010)

Introduction of Linker Design and Optimization

The PROTAC linker connects two functional heads: a ligand for E3 ligase recognition and a ligand for target protein recognition. It plays a vital role in efficient ubiquitination of the target protein and its ultimate degradation. To date, several kinds of linkers have been reported and applied in PROTAC ternary complexes formation, such as PEG linker, Alkyl linker, and "click chemistry" linker. In addition, linker length can be optimized by fine-tuning the distance between two participating partner proteins - target protein and E3 ligase to achieve maximal interaction. The length can be varied from 12-carbon to over 20-carbon. Furthermore, linker position can be optimized to determine various derivatizations to ensure a maximal binding affinity. Empowered by our advanced chemical molecule design and synthesis platform, Creative Biolabs offers our clients with linker design and optimization services based on different linker types, lengths, and positions.

Highlight Features of Our Services

From molecule design to evaluation

Experienced scientists and technicians

Maximum the success of every project

High efficiency and time-saving for you

To expand the broad application of PROTAC in a wide range of diseases, Creative Biolabs has explored a variety of methodologies in PROTAC design to investigate and develop an ideal PROTAC for our worldwide numerous clients. Both customized design/optimization and spot products are achievable in Creative Biolabs. To achieve the best efficacy, we do recommend our one-stop PROTAC design service. For more detailed information, please feel free to contact us and our team will get back to you as soon as possible.

Reference

1. Zorba, A., et al. Delineating the role of cooperativity in the design of potent PROTACs for BTK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018, 115(31), E7285-E7292.

2. Cyrus, K.; et al. Jostling for position: optimizing linker location in the design of estrogen receptor-targeting PROTACs. ChemMedChem. 2010, 5(7), 979-85.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
With unparalleled expertise in the field of small molecule drug discovery, Creative Biolabs is fully competent and dedicated to offering one-stop PROTAC service which holds significant promise for exploring previously "undruggable" proteome in the area of drug discovery.

# data[].attributes.headline
D. farinae Der f2 neutralizing antibodies

# data[].attributes.subject
D. farinae Der f2 neutralizing antibodies

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'D. farinae Der f2' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.headline
D. farinae Der f 1 neutralizing antibodies

# data[].attributes.subject
D. farinae Der f 1 neutralizing antibodies

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'D. farinae Der f 1' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'D dimer' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'CεmX' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'Cyt c' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'Cystatin' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'CysLT' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Results found for 'CyRPA' - Creative Biolabs NeutraAB

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides D. melanogaster engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides CYP51A1 engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides CYP2D6 engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides CYP2C18 engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides CYCS engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides CTSS engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides CTSA engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Creative Biolabs provides CTNNB1 engineered antibodies such as therapeutic antibodies, nanobodies, bispecific antibodies and intrabodies. We also provide antibody / peptide libraries, Biosimilar cell lines, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) products, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation

PLProximity Ligation Assay

LFLateral Flow Immunoassay

CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections

PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections

ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry

MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This gene encodes a phosphoprotein that binds to the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1. This protein serves as an essential cofactor which supports the physiological activity of NHE family members and may play a role in the mitogenic regulation of NHE1. The protein shares similarity with calcineurin B and calmodulin and it is also known to be an endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin activity.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation

PLProximity Ligation Assay

LFLateral Flow Immunoassay

CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections

PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections

ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry

MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chorionic Gonadotropin, Human - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation PLProximity Ligation Assay LFLateral Flow Immunoassay CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.headline
Chorionic Gonadotropin Human beta antibody

# data[].attributes.subject
Chorionic Gonadotropin Human beta antibody

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation

PLProximity Ligation Assay

LFLateral Flow Immunoassay

CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections

PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections

ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry

MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chorionic Gonadotropin, Human, beta - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation PLProximity Ligation Assay LFLateral Flow Immunoassay CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.headline
Chorionic Gonadotropin Human alpha antibody

# data[].attributes.subject
Chorionic Gonadotropin Human alpha antibody

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation

PLProximity Ligation Assay

LFLateral Flow Immunoassay

CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections

PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections

ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry

MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chorionic Gonadotropin, Human, alpha - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation PLProximity Ligation Assay LFLateral Flow Immunoassay CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation

PLProximity Ligation Assay

LFLateral Flow Immunoassay

CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections

PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections

ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry

MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation PLProximity Ligation Assay LFLateral Flow Immunoassay CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation

PLProximity Ligation Assay

LFLateral Flow Immunoassay

CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections

PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections

ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry

MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta 4 - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation PLProximity Ligation Assay LFLateral Flow Immunoassay CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation

PLProximity Ligation Assay

LFLateral Flow Immunoassay

CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections

PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections

ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry

MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chorionic Gonadotropin, alpha - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Component C2 is a serum glycoprotein that functions as part of the classical pathway of the complement system. Activated C1 cleaves C2 into C2a and C2b. The serine proteinase C2a then combines with complement factor 4b to create the C3 or C5 convertase.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation

PLProximity Ligation Assay

LFLateral Flow Immunoassay

CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections

PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections

ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry

MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Chorionic Gonadotropin, alpha 6 - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
CIChromatin Immunoprecipitation PLProximity Ligation Assay LFLateral Flow Immunoassay CImmunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections PImmunohistologyp-Paraffin Sections ISIntracellular Staining for Flow Cytometry MSElectrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay RIRNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation (RIP)

# data[].attributes.body
| The outbreak of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is driving China’s urgent public health actions, as well as an international concern. Infection prevention and control through diagnostic testing and quarantine has become critical. Creative Biolabs offers an in vitro diagnostic (IVD) reagent development platform for improved detection and control of SARS-CoV-2.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The outbreak of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is driving China's urgent public health actions, as well as an international concern. Infection prevention and control through diagnostic testing and quarantine has become critical. Creative Biolabs offers an in vitro diagnostic (IVD) reagent development platform for improved detection and control of SARS-CoV-2.

Introduction to Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, which are characterized by club-like spikes projecting from its surface. They are important pathogens capable of infecting respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and central nervous system of human, livestock, avian, and many wild animals. The possibility of CoVs transmission from animals to human has been proved since the outbreaks of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and more recently in December 2019-January 2020 of a novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).

SARS-CoV-2 is a new member of the genus Betacoronavirus. Its origins have traced back to the seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. Resulting from the human-to-human transmission, the number of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in China is rising dramatically and also worldwide. At present, SARS-CoV-2-specific therapies and vaccines are under development and the main treatments are supportive.

Increasing Need for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostics

Early diagnosis is quite important for control of SARS-CoV-2 infection and life-saving. However, because SARS-CoV-2 is a newly discovered virus, the spectrum of the available diagnostic tools is tight. At present, the confirmation of SARS-CoV-2-infected pneumonia is based on both (fever or respiratory) symptoms, traveling and contact history, and laboratory testing. In the laboratory, SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in human clinical specimens by next-generation sequencing, real-time RT-PCR, cell culture, and electron microscopy. The current situation necessitates the development of diagnostic assays with good sensitivity and specificity for SARS-CoV-2.

SARS-CoV-2 IVD Reagent Development Platform

Reliable diagnostic kits on a large scale are increasingly needed. Creative Biolabs has established a SARS-CoV-2 IVD reagent development platform to aid companies and research institutes in the development of coronavirus reagents and assays. We offer support in:

1) SARS-CoV-2 IVD Antibody & Immunoassay Development Services

Production of antibodies/antigens that can be used for serological testing for SARS-CoV-2

Immunoassay design, development, validation, and manufacturing

2) Molecular Diagnostic Kit Development Services for Detection of SARS-CoV-2

Molecular diagnostic assay development using different technology platforms

Support in feasibility analysis, assay design, assay protocol establishment, validation, and kit production

Features of our Services

Years of experience in antibody/immunoassay development

Expertise in multiple molecular diagnostic technology platforms

Prompt response, ongoing communication, and regular updates

Services tailored to meet the exact needs of our valued clients

Please feel free to contact us to learn more about our services and platforms.

References

1. Li, Q.; et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020.

2. Phan, T. Novel coronavirus: From discovery to clinical diagnostics. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2020: 104211.

For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Reagent Development Platform - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The outbreak of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is driving China's urgent public health actions, as well as an international concern. Infection prevention and control through diagnostic testing and quarantine has become critical. Creative Biolabs offers an in vitro diagnostic (IVD) reagent development platform for improved detection and control of SARS-CoV-2.

# data[].attributes.body
| The SARS coronavirus, sometimes shortened to SARS-CoV, is the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. Samples of the virus are being held in laboratories in New York, San Francisco, Manila, Hong Kong, and Toronto.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

Product Overview

SARS-CoV, Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody, specific for SARS-CoV Nucleocapsid protein.

Immunogen

SARS-CoV Nucleoprotein (Met1-Ala422)

Specificity

SARS-CoV Nucleocapsid, cross-reactivity in ELISA and WB with SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein.

Applications

Used for WB, ELISA, IHC-P, FCM, ICC/IF, IP.

Storage

Store at 2 °C to 8 °C short term, -20 °C long term.

Introduction

The SARS coronavirus, sometimes shortened to SARS-CoV, is the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. Samples of the virus are being held in laboratories in New York, San Francisco, Manila, Hong Kong, and Toronto. protein E is a kinesin-like motor protein that accumulates in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Unlike other centromere-associated proteins, it is not present during interphase and first appears at the centromere region of chromosomes during prometaphase. CENPE is proposed to be one of the motors responsible for mammalian chromosome movement and/or spindle elongation.

Alternative Names

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) Virus; Nidovirales; Coronaviridae; Coronavirus; SARS coronavirus; SARS; Severe acute respiratory syn

Related products

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
SARS-CoV Nucleoprotein Monoclonal Antibody (Rabbit) - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients. Product Overview SARS-CoV, Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody, specific for SARS-CoV Nucleocapsid protein. Immunogen SARS-CoV Nucleoprotein (Met1-Ala422) Specificity SARS-CoV Nucleocapsid, cross-reactivity in ELISA and WB with SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein. Applications Used for WB, ELISA, IHC-P, FCM, ICC/IF, IP.

# data[].attributes.body
| Development of therapeutic agents for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) viral infection using short interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibitors exemplifies a powerful new means to combat the recently emerging SARS-CoV-2. Integrated processes within Creative Biolabs’ siRNA drug development platform provide a total solution for siRNA therapeutics discovery and development, from siRNA design, synthesis to preclinical tests. With our advanced siRNA core technologies and manufacturing infrastructure, Creative Biolabs is the ideal partner for different industries currently working on the development of siRNA therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Development of therapeutic agents for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) viral infection using short interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibitors exemplifies a powerful new means to combat the recently emerging SARS-CoV-2. Integrated processes within Creative Biolabs ' siRNA drug development platform provide a total solution for siRNA therapeutics discovery and development, from siRNA design, synthesis to preclinical tests. With our advanced siRNA core technologies and manufacturing infrastructure, Creative Biolabs is the ideal partner for different industries currently working on the development of siRNA therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2.

siRNA and Coronaviruses

RNA interference in animals is mediated by small double-stranded RNA molecules, siRNA. siRNAs can be used as tools to study single gene function both in vivo and in vitro and are an attractive new class of therapeutics. The siRNA delivery systems are categorized as viral delivery systems and non-viral delivery systems such as peptide, polymers and lipids. Numerous studies with synthetic or plasmid-encoded endogenously expressed siRNA provide evidence that siRNA has an antiviral effect against various viruses, including SARS-CoV. The reported siRNA agents are potent both for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of SARS infection, and they lack toxicity in Rhesus macaque model.

Fig.1 Overview of different siRNA strategies. (Reynolds, 2017)

Why Creative Biolabs?

In addition to nucleoside analogues, guanosine analogue, adenosine analogue, siRNA molecules may also provide a new approach to therapy for SARS-CoV-2. Creative Biolabs has designed a series of siRNAs targeting different sites of the SARS-CoV-2 to inhibit coronaviruses-induced cell death. We focused on several regions of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, the leader sequence, transcription-regulating sequence (TRS), 3'-UTR, the coding sequence for the spike protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to design specific siRNAs. Based on previous research and the successful experience of siRNA aimed at SARS-CoV, we designed a series of siRNAs that were appropriate in length and had a G/C content of 30-50%. Creative Biolabs also provides deeper characterization of the siRNA about its effect, biophysical characters and cellular activities.

At Creative Biolabs, our featured discovery solutions eliminate challenges and generate better drug candidates faster. Our team will work with you to design experiments and get the results you need to make critical decisions and advance your projects. No one else offers the same collaborative approach or generates high-quality data faster. If you are interested in our siRNA inhibitors development services for SARS-CoV-2, please feel free to contact us for more information.

Reference

Reynolds, N.; et al. Polymers in the Delivery of siRNA for the Treatment of Virus Infections. Polymeric Gene Delivery Systems. Springer, Cham, 2017: 287-328.
For Research Use Only. We do not provide services or products directly for patients.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
siRNA for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 - Creative Biolabs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Development of therapeutic agents for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) viral infection using short interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibitors exemplifies a powerful new means to combat the recently emerging SARS-CoV-2. Integrated processes within Creative Biolabs ' siRNA drug development platform provide a total solution for siRNA therapeutics discovery and development, from siRNA design, synthesis to preclinical tests.