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- Until 1966, 10- and 50-hwan coins, revalued as 1 and 5 won, were the only coins in circulation. New coins, denominated in won, were introduced by the Bank of Korea on August 16, 1966, in denominations of 1, 5 and 10 won, with the 1 won struck in brass and the 5 and 10 won in bronze. These were the first South Korean coins to display the date in the common era, earlier coins having used the Korean calendar. The 10- and 50-hwan coins were demonetized on March 22, 1975.[6]
- In 1968, as the intrinsic value of the brass 1-won coin far surpassed its face value, new aluminium 1-won coins were issued to replace them. As an attempt to further reduce currency production costs, new 5- and 10-won coins were issued in 1970, struck in brass. Cupronickel 100-won coins were also introduced that year, followed by cupronickel 50 won in 1972.[6]

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- Prior to 1910, the won was the currency.
- During the colonial era under the Japanese (1910-45), the won was replaced by the Korean yen which was at par with the Japanese Yen.
- After World War II ended in 1945, Korea was divided, resulting in two separate currencies, both called won, for the South and the North. Both the Southern won and the Northern won replaced the yen at par. The first South Korean won was subdivided into 100 jeon.
- The South Korean won initially had a fixed exchange rate to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 15 won to 1 dollar. A series of devaluations followed, the later ones, in part, due to the Korean War (1950-53).

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- The won (/wʌn/;[3] Korean: 원, Korean pronunciation: [wʌn]; symbol: ₩; code: KRW) or the Korean Won is the currency of South Korea. A single won is divided into 100 jeon, the monetary subunit. The jeon is no longer used for everyday transactions, and appears only in foreign exchange rates. The won is issued by the Bank of Korea, based in the capital city of Seoul.

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- On this day, a full harvest moon appeared in the sky and families gathered to enjoy time together and give thanks to their ancestors for the plentiful harvest.
- The women of the family also prepared an ancestral memorial ceremony called charye by filling a table with food including newly harvested rice and fruit.
- Koreans celebrate Chuseok by making special foods, particularly a certain kind of rice cake called songpyeon.
- Songpyeon is made with finely ground new rice and the dough is kneaded into small round shapes and filled with sesame seeds, chestnuts, red beans, or other similar ingredients.
- The rice cakes are arranged upon layers of pine needles as they are steamed, filling the home with the delicate and fresh fragrance of autumn.
- On the eve of Chuseok, family members gather to make songpyeon together, illustrating the importance of family in Korean society.

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- Another Chuseok tradition in modern-day Korea is that of gift-giving.
- Koreans will present gifts to not only their relatives, but also to friends and business acquaintances to show their thanks and appreciation.
- Some customary gift ideas are high-quality cuts of beef, fresh fruit such as apples, and gift sets of everything from traditional Korean snacks to useful items like shampoo.
- If you look around supermarkets and department stores before Chuseok, you will no doubt encounter a huge variety of gift sets on sale.
- Spam, which is extremely popular in Korea, is actually one of the most popular gift sets to present to those near and dear to you.

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- Much similar to Western Thanksgiving Day, but Korean style.

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G-idle

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HIGHLIGHT

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Apink

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GFRIEND

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Hongryongpo is the everyday clothes decorated by gold patterns that was worn by the king. Hongryongpo is red, because back then the King was not allowed to wear gold due to the Chinese’s influence. It was worn with a hat known as ikseongwan and gakdae.

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Dangui is another type of upper garment worn by queens, queen mothers, princesses, and court ladies during ceremonial occasions. The only difference between the dangui of royalty and court ladies is the gold pattern on royalty’s dangui (and on the chima) known as geumbak (which could only be worn by royalty).  Dangui is usually worn on top of the jeogori.

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Princess and the wives of yangban

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Princess consort / Concubine

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Wonsam is another type of bridal topcoat made by silk worn by royalty, noble women, and high ranking court ladies. during ceremonies. Commoners were allowed to wear Wonsam. The color of the Wonsam, however, depicted the wearer’s rank. For example, the color gold/yellow was worn by empresses, red by queens, magenta by princess consorts and concubines, and green by princesses and the wives of yangban. Commoners also wore green, but they were only allowed to wear green for their wedding ceremonies.

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Queens, kings’ wives, and queen mothers wore a hairstyle known as eoyeo-meori. The hairstyle mainly consists of wigs such as darae, which is made into a thick braid and secured on the top of the head.

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Married women sometimes wore eonjeun-meori. Instead of the bun being on the back of the head like the jjokjin-meori hairstyle, the bun “rests” on the top of the head. Women used to use real hair to make the bun fuller and more impressive, but using real hair was heavy on the head, expensive, and even caused neck injury and death. A wig known as gache was later used to make the bun. Gache was expensive so many women could not afford to wear this hairstyle, but eonjeun-meori was still more popular among the gisaeng, female entertainers

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Jjokjin-meori

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Daengi-meori

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Unlike men, women had plenty of ways to wear their hair. The most common hairstyle is known as daengi-meori, which is a style worn only by unmarried women. The hair is made into a braid and a large ribbon is attached to the end of the braid.

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Loose hairstyle

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Sangtu hairstyle

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Men only had two types of hairstyles to choose from while wearing traditional hanboks. The first is known as sangtu (topknot), which is when one brings the hair to the top of the head and ties it into a knot. A pin known as donggot holds the sangtu together. The second is to wear the hair loose.

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The other components of the Korean hanbok include the hairstyles, headgear, accessories, overcoats and vests,(dongjeong)/white collar, (git)/the fabric that trims the collar, 끝동 (ggeutdong)/cuffs, (goreum)/coat strings,(ot-goreum)/the bow formed from the coat strings,(sogot)/undergarments,(beoseon/white socks that were worn by everyone regardless of social status and gender, and shoes.

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Dragons, phoenixes, cranes, and tigers symbolized royalty and high-ranking officials.

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Patterns were primarily used to enhance the beauty of Korean hanboks.Plant, animal, and other nature patterns were often added to the rim of the 치마/chima and the areas around the shoulder.

Patterns were also used to represent the wearer’s wishes:

Peonies embroidered on a bridal gown represented a wish for honor and wealth.

Lotus flowers represented a wish for nobility.

Bats and pomegranates represented a wish for children.

An axe-shaped pendant represented a pregnant woman’s wish for a son.

Chinese characters embroidered on hanboks such as 복,회, and 수 were used to represent a wish for (복) good fortune, (회) happiness, and (수) a long life.

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Young unmarried women wore yellow 저고리/jeogori and red 치마/chima prior to marriage to show their maidenhood, and married women wore green 저고리/jeogori and red 치마/chima after their weddings and when paying their respects to the in-laws.

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The color indigo symbolizes constancy, which was often used for the skirts of court ladies and coats of court officials.

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The color gold symbolizes the emperor, so back then the general public was not allowed to wear gold colored hanboks.

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The color yellow represents the center of the universe, which was often worn by royalty.

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- Lunar New Year
- Apparently similar to Chinese New Year, which is based on the Lunar calendar, but the traditions are a bit different.
- Koreans wear their hanboks during this celebration, and the younger generation will bow to their elders.
- There will also Tteokguk or rice cake soup to be served during the celebration. When one eat the rice cake soup, the person will be considered as two years older (based on the Lunar calendar).
E.G - A man who was born in 1992 considered to be 26 years old in 2018 worldwide, but in Seollal, he is considered 27 years old. Followed by his birthday, on December 4th, he will turn 28 years old. In a nutshell, Seollal is considered as a birthday celebration.

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It's about the curve. Japanese architecture has no curve, and is mostly flat and slanted roofs. Korean emphasizes how the curvature of roofs harmonize with environment. Sometimes, the roof "connects" 2 mountains of a valley if you view it from the front.

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The color black symbolizes infinity and the fountainhead of all creation. Black was often used for men’s hats.

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The color red symbolizes good fortune and wealth, thus it was often used for women’s wedding garments.

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Differences between Korean and Japanese Architecture 

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Differences between Korean and Japanese Architecture 

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Japanese buildings continued to follow the Chinese style of horizontal buildings with heavy tile roofs supported by timber frames, but developed unique characteristics reflecting Buddhist values.

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According to our group's observation, Koreans celebrate based on their religious beliefs, and traditional. Now, let's see what are the top festivals that are celebrated annually.

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Koreans often wore white regardless of status, because of its symbolism for purity and modesty. The color white also accentuates the black hair of the Korean people.

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The aesthetic elements of the hanbok embody the Korean sense of beauty. The aesthetic framework is based on the Korean preference for naturalness, desire for supernatural protection and blessings, and the Confucian-style dress code. Traditional hanboks boasted the vivid colors based on the basic hues that correspond with the five elements of the yin and yang theory: metal, fire, wood, water, and earth.Therefore, the main colors worn were commonly white (metal), red (fire), blue (wood), black (water), and yellow (earth).

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VIXX

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Male Hanbok

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GOT7

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SHINee

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BIGBANG

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Super Junior

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- Bright colored hanbok

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Girls' Generation (SNSD)

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- Light earth colored hanbok

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TWICE

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Korean hanboks are colored by using natural dyes. The colors of nature are imbued in the cloth. For example: to obtain a red color, one would ground red flower petals in a mortar, then put the grounded petals in a jar, and later rinse them with hot caustic soda.

The colors used to make the 저고리/jeogori and 치마/chima depended on the wearer’s social status.  Royalty, court officials, and the upper class wore bright colored hanboks, while commoners wore light earth colored hanboks such as white, pale pink, light green, and charcoal.

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There are two main components of the Korean hanbok. For men, the hanbok is composed of the upper jacket known as 저고리/jeogori and pants known as 바지/baji.

For women, the hanbok is composed of the 저고리/jeogori and the skirt known as 치마/chima.

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BLACKPINK

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- Hanbok

A Hanbok (South Korean) or Joseon-ot (North Korean) is a traditional Korean dress for semi-formal or formal attire during traditional occasions such as festivals, celebrations, and ceremonies. It is characterized by vibrant colors and simple lines without pockets. Although the term literally means "Korean clothing", hanbok usually refers specifically to clothing of the Joseon period. Korea had a dual clothing tradition in which rulers and aristocrats adopted different kinds of mixed foreign-influenced indigenous styles while commoners preserved a distinct style of indigenous clothing, today known as hanbok.

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EXO

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- Ginseng chicken soup
- A common dish particularly during the summer, samgyetang is a traditional soup made of chicken, garlic, rice, scallion, Korean jujube, Korean ginseng, and spices. It is known to have a high nutritional value. Not only is it known for its healthy contents but it also is popular simply for its creamy and meaty flavor.

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- Pork strips
- One of the most popular Korean dishes in South Korea, samgyeopsal consists of grilled slices of pork belly meat that are not marinated or seasoned. They are commonly dipped in seasoning made of salt and pepper mixed in sesame seed oil, and then wrapped in lettuce along with grilled slices of garlic, grilled slices of onion, shredded green onions, and kimchi. It is one of the most common dishes found in any Korean restaurant throughout the world.

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BTS

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Noodles (mostly refer to instant branded one), similar to Ramen in Japan

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- Korean spicy soft tofu stew
- Served in a large stone bowl, sundubu-jjigae is a common spicy Korean stew generally made of dubu (tofu), vegetables, mushrooms, seafood, beef or pork, and gochujang (chili paste). Depending on the chef and region, some ingredients are removed, substituted or added to the mix. Though different variations exist, traditionally, a raw egg is placed on top of the stew and mixed with the soup before serving to add additional flavor to the dish.

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Korean-style Mochi/rice cake

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Rice cake soup

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- Black bean paste noodles

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- Spicy rice cake
-  Ddukbokki, also spelled tteokbokki, is a common spicy Korean food made of cylindrical rice cakes, triangular fish cake, vegetables, and sweet red chili sauce. It is often sold by pojangmacha (street vendors). People enjoy ddeukbokki for the combination of spicy and sweet flavors.

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- Also known as korean glass noodles
- Stir - fried noodles
-  Often served as a side dish during lunch or dinner, japchae is a traditional Korean noodle dish made up of stir-fried sweet potato, thinly shredded vegetables, beef, and a hint of soy sauce and sugar. Depending on the chef, additional ingredients like mushrooms are added to the mix. Japchae is known for its sweet and flavorful taste and its soft yet slightly chewy texture.

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- Marinated beef barbecue
- A juicy, savory dish of grilled marinated beef, bulgogi is one of the most popular Korean meat dishes throughout the world, and was ranked as the 23rd most delicious food in the world according to CNN Travel’s reader’s poll in 2011. It is often grilled with garlic and sliced onions to add flavor to the meat. The meat is usually wrapped in lettuce and it is also traditionally eaten with ssamjang (a thick, red spicy paste).

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- Mixed rice
- A bowl of mixed ingredients including, but not limited to, rice, namul (seasoned and sautéed vegetables), mushrooms, beef, soy sauce, gochujang(chili pepper paste), and a fried egg. The ingredients found in bibimbap vary by region, and the most famous versions of the dish are found in Jeonju, Tongyeong, and Jinju.

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Green onion kimchi

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- Fermented vegetables
One of the oldest and probably the most essential dishes in Korean cuisine, kimchi is a spicy and sour dish made up of fermented vegetables. It is prepared with various kinds of ingredients, but the most common main ingredient is cabbage. Kimchi is popular among foreigners for its unique flavor, as well as its high nutritional value, fiber content and low calorie content. However, for Koreans, it is most popular due to its significant cultural value. Without kimchi, dinner is considered incomplete.

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In this section, we will represent what kind of food that are mostly served inn South Korea. Check it below!

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Example of Andong Jjimdak

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Traditional dining set

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Korean traditional food setting in folk culture

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Traditional wedding hanbok during Joseon era

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Accessories that used together with hanbok ~

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Hanbok style changes from years to years

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Notice the roof structure to be more curvy than that of Chinese Architecture

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Notice the proportion different to that of the Forbidden City

and compare the colors used

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Bright Colours & Compare the Roof curviness with the Korean Roof

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The Differences between Chinese and Korean Architecture

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The Differences between Chinese and Korean Architecture

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Korean Architecture and Chinese Architecture are similar in their use of the bracket system as well as the pitch roof. The slight difference in roof structure is that the Korean roof seems to curve upwards whilst the Chinese roof is less curved.

The proportion is also different. The Forbidden City was smaller and more in proportion whilst the Gyeongbokgung Palace roof was more dramatic and bigger. The Forbidden City proportions are very obvious and they emphasize on the horizontality and verticality whereas the Gyeongbokgung Palace had less severe proportions.

Another interesting thing was, the roof color is very different. Typical of Chinese Architecture, the Forbidden City used bright colored – orange/gold, whereas the Korean Palace had grey (dull) colored roof tiles. It’s also interesting to note that no Korean house/palace/building uses brightly coloured roof tiles.

An interesting fact I picked up from the internet was that brick was used to construct the Forbidden City, whilst it the Gyeongbokgung Palace was constructed out of wood. Wood was used because at the time Seoul was a large forest.

Forbidden city in China -  Notice the horizontality, verticality, proportion, and bright colours

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You might want to see how is our progress for the model of our chosen country of the project, South Korea. Don't miss out and stay tuned!