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Germany Invades Poland and Begins World War II

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Germany Invades Poland and Begins World War II

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German tanks roll into Warsaw, Poland, in fall of 1939. "Ostensibly to help oppressed German ethnic groups in Poland and to punish Poland for alleged incursions on German soil, Hitler orders the army to attack the country."

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Image: the agreement between Israel and West Germany

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Image: the agreement between Israel and West Germany

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The agreement states how much money Germany should pay for the state of Israel. Germany should pay Israel 3000 million Deutsche Mark. and Germany should pay to Israel for the benefit of the said Conference the sum of 450 million Deutsche Mark, and even more payments for the destruction of WWII.

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The Dawes Plan was an attempt in 1924 to solve the reparation issue that Germany had to pay. The German economy was in a horrible state that it was not able to pay for all the reparations by itself.

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Germany Invades Poland: September 1, 1939

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Germany Invades Poland: September 1, 1939

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When Hitler was appointed, the relations between Germany and Poland worsened. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Poland was quickly overwhelmed because of the tanks of Germany and the Germany-Soviet Nonaggression Pact applied, so the Soviet military entered Poland from the east. On September 27, Poland ceased to resist and was divided by Germany and the Soviet Union.

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Poland demands WWII reparations from Germany

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Poland demands WWII reparations from Germany

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Poland believes they have the right to demand WWII reparations from Germany. Poland's prime minister said they are ready to start the process of seeking reparations. 6 million Polish citizens were killed during WWII.

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Why is Poland demanding World War II reparations from Germany?

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Why Poland Wants Germany to Pay Billions for World War II

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Why Poland Wants Germany to Pay Billions for World War II

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Warsaw was completely destroyed in 1945 and much of Poland was destroyed by the end of the war. In March 2018, a Polish lawmaker asserted that Germany should pay reparations that can worth as much as $850 billion. “The Nazis murdered 3 million Polish Jews and killed another 3 million Poles, including civilians and military members. In addition, cultural objects were looted by the Nazis, industrial sites were razed, and cities were destroyed.”

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If you'd visited Warsaw in 1945, you might not have recognized it as a city at all. Destroyed by the Nazis in retribution for a 1944 uprising, the city was pocked by craters and reduced to miles and miles of rubble. It wasn't just the capital: Much of Poland was rubble by the end of the war.

In the decades since, Poland has rebuilt and regrown. But the memory of its six-year Nazi occupation still stings-and for years, a spat over whether Germany owes reparations for its actions toward Poland during World War II has threatened diplomatic relations between the two countries. In March 2018 the issue boiled over again when Arkadiusz Mularczyk, a Polish lawmaker, that Germany owed reparations that could be worth as much as $850 billion.

But Poland itself thinks it may have a claim for additional compensation from Germany for World War II. Lately, some right-wing politicians have contended that the land and resources seized as reparations by the USSR, which assisted Poland after the war, and restitution paid by reunified Germany to Polish victims of the Nazis, was hardly sufficient for the country's wartime suffering.

"There's a sense of victimhood," says Anna Grzymala-Busse, a professor at Stanford who studies the country's post-Communist policies and political parties. She says right-wing politicians like Mularczyk use Poland's victimization during World War II as a way to appeal to their political base. By arguing that Poland's sovereignty can be reclaimed through reparations, she says, the country's Law and Justice party can curry favor among Poles who long for their country to be taken more seriously on the European stage.

As of yet, Poland hasn't made an official demand for the reparations from its most important trading partner, Germany. However, the issue hasn't made relations between the two countries, which are already strained, any easier.

As a Communist country, Poland fell under the umbrella of the Iron Curtain countries aligned with the USSR, and in 1953, it waived its right to additional compensation for World War II from the German Democratic Republic, along with the USSR. In 1970, when Communist Poland signed on to the Warsaw Pact, it that it had no claims against West Germany, either. And when Germany reunited in 1990, Poland failed to bring any claims against the newly reunited country. (In 1992 Germany 500 million marks-roughly $320 million at the time-to Polish victims of the Nazis through the Foundation for Polish-German Reconciliation.)

Indeed, Kaczynski's calls for reparations were accompanied by very real actions within the Polish government. That month, a group of parliamentary experts that Poland had the right to demand reparations. Meanwhile, a group of German parliamentary experts that Poland had no right to demand them.

"Everybody knows it's not going to happen," Grzymala-Busse says of reparations. " This is very much a move by this government to further build up the idea that Poland is being made great again. "

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Why Poland Wants Germany to Pay Billions for World War II

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If you'd visited Warsaw in 1945, you might not have recognized it as a city at all. Destroyed by the Nazis in retribution for a 1944 uprising, the city was pocked by craters and reduced to miles and miles of rubble. It wasn't just the capital: Much of Poland was rubble by the end of the war.

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 Upping the ante; Reparations for Poland:

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 Upping the ante; Reparations for Poland:

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The ruling right-wing Law and Justice party(PiS) has been trying to demand reparations after unsuccessful attempt in 2004. Two-thirds of poles support reparations. Poland lost a fifth of its population in the second world war, and the damage to the capital along amounted to $45bn. But Poland got nothing in compensation. “In 1953, under pressure from the Soviet Union, its communist government renounced any claim to reparations from the then East Germany, ruled by a fellow-communist regime.”

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Germany rejects Polish call for more WWII reparations

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Germany rejects Polish call for more WWII reparations

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Germany states that the issue of reparation has been settled in 1953, rejecting any further war reparations from Poland. Poland has estimated the potential reparations to be as high as $1 trillion.

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Germany rejects Polish call for more WWII reparations

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Agreement made in 1953 remains binding, German official says.

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Poland has no right to WWII reparations, German lawyers say

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Poland has no right to WWII reparations, German lawyers say

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German parliamentary legal team believes that a treaty signed around the time of Germany’s reunification already settled all issues of reparations. “Germany has previously declared that the 1990 treaty - also known as the Two Plus Four Agreement - made clear that no further reparations were due to any other claimant stemming from World War II.”

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A German parliamentary legal team said it believes a 27-year-old treaty, signed around the time of Germany's reunification, settled all remaining issues related to Nazi-era crimes, according to a report published by a German newspaper on Friday,

The legal experts, who provide independent advice to the Bundestag, Germany's lower house of parliament, said Poland "had, during the treaty negotiations, at least implicitly waived their right to assert them (claims for reparations)."

Read more: For Berlin, the question of Polish reparations was settled long ago

The legal team stressed that the treaty "blocks any reparation demands against Germany to the present day," the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) reported.
'Claims statute-barred'
The experts cited the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany, signed in September 1990, which saw the four powers - France, the Soviet Union, Britain and the United States - that occupied the country at the end of the Second World War formally renounce all rights, facilitating the full return of German sovereignty.

The accord also confirmed the now internationally recognized border with Poland, and prohibited Germany for any further claims on Polish territory. It was signed during the last days of the Soviet Union as eastern European countries were transitioning to democracy. Both East Germany and West Germany, as well as the reunified Germany, were signatories.

The longstanding issue of World War II reparations has come to the fore again in recent weeks, with Polish leaders again stepping up calls for some type of compensation, although no new claim has been formally lodged.

Read more: Opinion: Reparations for Poland are Kaczynski's latest diversion

German officials have noted that since the election of the nationalist-leaning Law and Justice party (PiS) last year, its leader Jaroslaw Kaczynski has stepped up the reparations rhetoric, insisting that there are outstanding accounts to be settled.
'Billions still owed'
According to one Polish report, Warsaw is due some $45 billion (38 billion euros) in compensation. Other estimates have put the figure much higher.

Speaking hours before the latest German legal assertion, Polish Prime Minister Beata Szydlo said the country was simply seeking justice, insisting that the Polish people are "victims of World War Two."

Previously, Berlin has contended that Warsaw relinquished its right to compensation in 1953 - but only to the then East Germany, which Polish officials say was made under duress from the Soviet Union.

Germany has previously declared that the 1990 treaty - also known as the Two Plus Four Agreement - made clear that no further reparations were due to any other claimant stemming from World War II.

Read more: WWII missing still sought, refugees focus of Red Cross tracing

In the latest Bundestag report, German lawyers argued that not only are claims by the Polish government statute-barred, but that individual claims would be unlikely to succeed under current international law.

The latest German report was commissioned by Bundestag Vice President Johannes Singhammer

The legal advice was commissioned by Johannes Singhammer, the Bundestag's vice-president and a member of the Christian Social Union (CSU) - the Bavarian sister party to Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU).

In response to its findings, Singhammer told the FAZ, "The Polish demand for reparations, which does not stand a chance from a legal point of view, is contrary to the joint future project between Germany and Poland and could instead have dangerous effects."

mm/sms (dpa, KNA, Reuters)

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Poland has no right to WWII reparations, German lawyers say | DW | 31.08.2017

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A German parliamentary legal team said it believes a 27-year-old treaty, signed around the time of Germany's reunification, settled all remaining issues related to Nazi-era crimes, according to a report published by a German newspaper on Friday, The legal experts, who provide independent advice to the Bundestag, Germany's lower house of parliament, said Poland "had, during the treaty negotiations, at least implicitly waived their right to assert them (claims for reparations)."

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The Dawes Plan was an idea of the international commission of experts. The chair of the commission of experts was Charles Gates Dawes. They came up with the Dawes Plan so that Germany would be able to pay for reparations while maintaining the economy of Germany.

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Dawes, leader of the commission, scaled down the reparation so Germany could afford to pay it. The Plan was agreed in London by the leader of Germany. French first disliked the plan, because it let go of the chance to humiliate Germany.

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The Dawes Plan changed the rate at which Germany would pay for the reparations. “Germany was scheduled to pay a series of graduated annuities beginning at 1 billion gold marks per year in 1924–1925 (approximately one-half of the London schedule) and increasing to 2.5 billion in 1928–1929 (the standard Dawes annuity).”

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The outline clearly states the requirements for not only the Germany, but other allied European nations, what they need to do for reparations. There are also clear outlines of how much the Germany should pay for reparations each year.

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The Dawes Plan is explained in a simple as the relations between three nations: America, Germany, and France. Germany borrows money from America to pay reparations and Germany would be able to build and maintain its economy while paying for the reparations.

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Germany: Dawes and Young Plan Bonds Paid Off

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Germany: Dawes and Young Plan Bonds Paid Off

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In 2010, Germany paid off all payments left for world war reparations that were privatized by the Dawes Plan. “The Dawes Plan reduced the reparation obligations and privatized them through the issuance of German bonds that were sold on the international capital markets.”

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Germany: Dawes and Young Plan Bonds Paid Off | Global Legal Monitor

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This Global Legal Monitor article by Edith Palmer covering Economics and public finance was published on October 28, 2010 for Germany

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Property stolen from the Jews of Germany should be paid or returned. Israel submitted to the four occupying powers a note on the restitution of Jewish property. Israel also based its claim on the resettlement of the displaced persons who were in camps in Germany. In 1951, the second note from Israel to the allied powers initiated the discussion of reparations. Israel absorbed Jews that were victims of Nazi persecution, so the costs of absorption should be paid. Negotiations began in 1952 and eventually, Germany agreed to pay Israel, over a period of 12 years.

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Terms and Conditions: "On 10 September 1952 the government of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) agreed to pay 3.45 billion German marks ($845 million) in the form of goods to Israel, in installments between 1953 and 1966. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany was to allocate 450 million marks ($110 million). Thirty percent of the funds were allocated for the purchase of oil in the United Kingdom and 70 percent for goods bought directly by the Israeli government. These funds played an important role in the development of Israel's economy in the 1950s."

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Israel and Federal Republic of Germany Agreement that was signed at Luxembourg in 1952. It clearly states the conditions and the terms and how Germany should pay for the reparation to Israel.

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Photo by Bundesbildstelle
The agreement was signed by Moshe Sharett, as the Israeli Foreign Minister, Nahum Goldmann, representing the Jewish Agency, and Konrad Adenauer, as presiding Foreign Minister.

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German Reparations to Israel: The 1952 Treaty and Its Effects(Public Opinion)

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German Reparations to Israel: The 1952 Treaty and Its Effects(Public Opinion)

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Over discussions and submitting several notes to the four powers in Europe, Israel got their reparations. The vast mass of Germany felt shameful and guilty. There were outbursts of disapproval in Israel when the treaty was signed; however, over time, the opposition died out and there was no outbursts of joy either.

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German Reparations to Israel: The 1952 Treaty and Its Effects on JSTOR

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P. G., German Reparations to Israel: The 1952 Treaty and Its Effects, The World Today, Vol. 10, No. 6 (Jun., 1954), pp. 258-274

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The Reparations Agreement of 1952 and the response in Israel

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The Reparations Agreement of 1952 and the response in Israel

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Israel was interested in receiving reparations from Germany; however, it was not prepared to enter direct discussion with Germany. The allied powers in Europe refused to help Israel requesting for reparations. Thus, Germany and Israel had to sit down and directly negotiate the issue. The Germans was against the large amount sum that Chancellor Adenauer was prepared to accept.

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The discussions between the two delegations were not easy. This was not surprising in light of the difficult topic and the fact that only seven years had passed since the liberation of the concentration camps and the end of WWII. Most of the population in West Germany opposed the reparations. The German public mainly was against the large sum that Chancellor Adenauer was prepared to accept as a starting point of the negotiations, some four billion German marks. However, Adenauer understood well that there was no alternative to reaching a compromise with the Israeli side, in order to restore West Germany to its proper standing among the nations of the world. In contrast, every claim against the East German government remained unanswered since the Communist regime, which obeyed instructions from Moscow, never recognized the responsibility of the entire German people for the Holocaust and the atrocities committed in its name until 1945.

A German guide: rules and directives in order to make a claim before the Luxembourg Agreement, 1949

Even before the negotiation between representatives of both countries (Felix Shinnar from the Israeli side and Franz Böhm from the German side) claims were submitted against formal entities in Germany. The claims were submitted at the level of various states within Germany that later comprised the Federal Republic but there was no overarching German arrangement with clear objectives and sums.

The negotiations between the countries were long and difficult. Many discussions were held, some of which conducted under a veil of secrecy out of fear that the representatives would be physically harmed. In May 1952, a serious crisis occurred, and the sides left the discussions following a heated debate regarding the amount to be paid as reparation. Ultimately, towards the end of 1952, the representatives among them, the President of the World Jewish Congress, Nahum Goldmann reached an agreement. According to the agreement, West Germany committed to supply the State of Israel with goods and services valuing 3.5 billion marks over a period of 12 years. Part of the agreement was the German assurance to enable personal reparations too, as well as the return of property to its legal owners. In order to follow through on this agenda, an additional sum of 450 million marks was promised.

Not only did many German citizens have reservations about the agreement-in-process. Considerable portions of the Israeli public were also unprepared to accept neither the very concept of negotiations with Germany nor the funds from the "land of the murderers," which was defined by opponents as "blood money." Menachem Begin led the struggle against the agreement and against David Ben Gurion's basic policy, which for years promoted rapprochement between Israel and West Germany. In the spring of 1952, when the negotiations between the two parties was already underway, Begin gave speeches at mass demonstrations organized against the reparations. Demonstrators included many Holocaust victims who had not come to terms with the contact between the Jewish State and the Germans, who only seven years earlier had been part of the Third Reich, the embodiment of evil in modern Jewish history.

The short period of time since the Holocaust, the profound shock experienced by the Jewish public on discovering its extent and results, and the signs of Germany's quick rebound to the community of legitimate nations, aroused strong feelings and caused an uproar among the Jews in Israel and around the world. The thought that those who just yesterday had been the worst murderers of the Jews would today pay monetary compensation for an unforgivable crime was for many an intolerable prospect. A certain opposition arose also to the idea that the young State of Israel was taking on itself to represent the Jews as a whole and was agreeing in their name to accept monetary compensation from the Germans. The matter was so sensitive that the state authorities preferred to speak of "reparations," relying on a little used Hebrew term, shilumim, which stresses payment and avoids describing the nature of the payment. The term replaced the problematic concept of "compensation," in order to avoid creating the impression that the state believed that it was possible to compensate survivors and offspring of the victims for what the Nazis had done to them.

On September 10, 1952, the representatives signed the agreement. The signing took place at a neutral location: at the town hall of Luxembourg. Moshe Sharett, as the Israeli Foreign Minister, Nahum Goldmann, representing the Jewish Agency, and Konrad Adenauer, as presiding Foreign Minister (together with his role as Chancellor of the Federal Republic). Today, most historians agree that it is thanks to Adenauer that the agreement received political support in Germany, support which had not existed during the various stages of contacts made to pave the way to the agreement. His sincere understanding that there was no doubt regarding the responsibility of modern Germany for Nazi crimes shaped one of the basic guidelines of German policy to this day. Indeed, Germany's recognition of its responsibility for Nazi crimes and the special relationship with the State of Israel rooted in it are foundation stones in the relations between two countries, regardless of the makeup of the governments of Germany and Israel.

Official information from the German government regarding reparations, 1960

As part of the reparations, many goods reached Israel which helped the state economy to stabilize over the years. For example, Israel received new-fangled German-manufactured trains, which were operated for a number of years by the Israel Railways. However, it quickly became apparent that the delicate motors could not withstand the climatic conditions of the Middle East, so that the trains were removed from service. Some of the cars enjoyed a surprising second career: one was donated to the medical non-profit "Yad Sarah," and served as the organization's office in Jerusalem. Another car serves today as a home for the "HaKaron" ["the train-car"] puppet theater, located in the Liberty Bell Garden in Jerusalem.

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The Reparations Agreement of 1952 and the response in Israel

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The discussions between the two delegations were not easy. This was not surprising in light of the difficult topic and the fact that only seven years had passed since the liberation of the concentration camps and the end of WWII. Most of the population in West Germany opposed the reparations.

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Sixty years after Luxembourg Agreement, Germany agrees to pay more to Holocaust survivors

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Sixty years after Luxembourg Agreement, Germany agrees to pay more to Holocaust survivors

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“While a person came out of the camps very young and eventually developed a life of their own over the years, the impact of what happened at the beginning is now coming to the fore. Whether it’s mentally or physically, they’re sicker than their peers of the same age.”

Germany also increased payments for home care for Holocaust survivors. The ongoing responsibility of Germany is telling not only Germany but the world that it is not over.

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Sixty years after a landmark accord started German government compensation for victims of Nazi crimes, Claims Conference officials and the German government say payments to Holocaust survivors are needed more than ever as they enter their final years. Most Holocaust survivors experienced extreme trauma as children, suffered serious malnutrition, and lost almost all of their relatives - leaving them today with severe psychological and medical problems, and little or no family support network to help them cope.

In acknowledgement of that, German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble signed off on Thursday on revisions to the original 1952 compensation treaty, increasing pensions for those living in eastern Europe and broadening who is eligible for payments. Contributions to home care for survivors already have been increased.

"Survivors are passing away on a daily basis but the other side is that individual survivors are needing more help than ever," the chairman of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, Julius Berman, told the 'Associated Press'. "While a person came out of the camps very young and eventually developed a life of their own over the years, the impact of what happened at the beginning is now coming to the fore. Whether it's mentally or physically, they're sicker than their peers of the same age."

Germany has paid - primarily to Jewish survivors - some € 70 billion (US$ 89 billion) in compensation overall for Nazi crimes since the agreement was signed in 1952. In one change to the treaty that Germany agreed to earlier this year, the country will provide compensation payments to a new category of Nazi victims - some 80,000 Jews who fled ahead of the advancing German army and mobile killing squads and eventually resettled in the former Soviet Union. They became eligible on 1 November for one-time payments of € 2,556 (US$ 3,253). The amendment also formalizes an increase in pensions for Holocaust survivors living in formerly communist eastern Europe to the same as those living elsewhere - € 300 (US$ 382) per month - from the € 200 to € 260 (US$ 255 to 331) they had been receiving.

Schäuble said on Inforadio ahead of the signing ceremony at the Jewish Museum that once Germany and the Claims Conference had identified the additional victims living in the east, it was only natural to include them in the compensation agreement. "We still do not know the names of all of the victims," Schäuble said. "The crimes of the Holocaust were so inconceivably enormous that you can't know all of the victims or those with claims, so you have to adjust it again and again."

Germany already increased payments this year for home care for Holocaust survivors by 15 percent over 2011, and has pledged to raise that further in 2013 and 2014. Compensation has been ever evolving since the 1952 agreement, with annual negotiations between the Claims Conference and the German government on who should receive funds and how much will be paid.

Still, even 67 years after the end of World War II, there is much to set right, said Stuart Eizenstat, the former US ambassador to the European Union who serves as the Claims Conference's special negotiator. "One of the things that drives me is that with all of that, the best surveys out there are there are probably 500,000 survivors alive today worldwide and half of them are in poverty or very close to the poverty line," he told the AP. "This is an ongoing responsibility - this is not the end of the road."

Eizenstat said it was a tribute to Germany and officials there that the country continues to acknowledge responsibility for Nazi-era crimes - both with the compensation payments and also in its actions. "I was very much taken by the degree to which they had come to terms with World War II and were dealing with its consequences, through mandatory Holocaust education; through seemingly small, but important, things like putting plaques in front of homes of Jews who had been expelled; by building a monumental above-ground Holocaust memorial right in the center of reunified Berlin," he said. "It's a very sharp contrast to what Japan has done in recognizing their responsibilities... it's quite striking."

Conference chairman Berman said the fact that the German government decided to host an event to announce the latest results of negotiations with the Claims Conference at a Berlin event shows it remains committed.

"To me the most significant part of this event ... is that the German government wanted it ... telling again not only the whole world but more importantly telling the German people that it's not over," he said.
Pictures above: Israel's Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett (center) with Nahum Goldmann, president of the World Jewish Congress and founding chairman of the Claims Conference, at the signing of the Luxembourg Agreement with Germany in 1952; West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer signing the agreement

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Sixty years after Luxembourg Agreement, Germany agrees to pay more to Holocaust survivors

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German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble signed off on Thursday on revisions to the original 1952 compensation treaty, increasing pensions for those living in eastern Europe and broadening who is eligible for payments. Contributions to home care for survivors already have been increased.

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Terms and Conditions of reparations that would aid the victims in recovering: 

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Terms and Conditions of reparations that would aid the victims in recovering: 

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I think that the Germany government should pay reparation to Poland, since 6 million people in Poland were killed in WWII. However, I do not agree with the significant amount of money that Germany should pay for Poland. I think Germany is responsible for any destructions in Poland from WWII and should return any valuables taken from Poland during WWII; however, the current Germany population should not pay that much of a price for what their former generation did. Forcefully requiring Germany to pay the huge amount of money to Poland will only further worsen the relations between two nations and increase resentment in both countries, especially Germany.