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PRÓXIMA APERTURA DEL PLAZO DE INSCRIPCIÓN PARA CAMPUS CIENTÍFICOS DE VERANO 2020

Durante el mes de julio de 2020 tendrá lugar la 11ª edición del Programa, organizado por la Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología y el Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional.

Si te apasiona explorar, descubrir e investigar no dejes pasar esta oportunidad.

A lo largo del primer trimestre de 2020 se abrirá el plazo para presentar tu solicitud.

Estudiantes de 4º de ESO y 1º de Bachillerato

48 proyectos de acercamiento científico

4 turnos de participación entre los días 28 de junio y 25 de julio de 2020

¡Contamos contigo!

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PRÓXIMA APERTURA DEL PLAZO DE INSCRIPCIÓN PARA CAMPUS CIENTÍFICOS DE VERANO 2020 Durante el mes de julio de 2020 tendrá lugar la 11ª edición del Programa, organizado por la Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología y el Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional.

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In a different way ...

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Discover more about genetic disorders ✌️ - Personalized

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Isabel Béjar Alonso BIO by biosanagus on Genial.ly

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Isabel Béjar Alonso BIO by biosanagus on Genial.ly

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Siempre que hablamos de las fases de la mitosis, los tronistas acaban discutiendo y si hay alguien que lleva la razón es Oriana Marzli, o al menos eso parece. ¿Cuántas son las fases de la mitosis? ¿Es correcto decir que la profase se divide en dos?

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'Mujeres y hombres... y biología': las fases de la mitosis

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Siempre que hablamos de las fases de la mitosis, los tronistas acaban discutiendo y si hay alguien que lleva la razón es Oriana Marzli, o al menos eso parece. ¿Cuántas son las fases de la mitosis? ¿Es correcto decir que la profase se divide en dos?

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http://www.amoebasisters.com/uploads/2/1/9/0/21902384/video_recap_of_osmosis_by_amoeba_sisters.pdf

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trivial by mariadelgadofernandez9 on Genial.ly

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trivial by mariadelgadofernandez9 on Genial.ly

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trivial by mariadelgadofernandez9 on Genial.ly

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trivial by mariadelgadofernandez9 on Genial.ly

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It was the age of fish. 360 million years ago, there were no large land animals, and the biggest animals were still in the oceans. One of the largest was Dunkleosteus.

This was a sea monster like no other. Dunkleosteus was a powerful fish that grew up to 10m long and was covered with thick armour. It was a predator, and had sharp bones sticking out of its jaw instead of teeth. It literally ate sharks for breakfast.

You might think that this tank-like fish could withstand anything, but time was running out for Dunkleosteus. Throughout the oceans species began dying out, and by the time it was all over between 79% and 87% of all species had gone extinct - including Dunkleosteus.

It was one of the worst mass extinctions in Earth's history. Clearly, something dreadful must have happened, but what? There is no smoking gun, no sign of anything dramatic. Instead it seems the trigger was something utterly innocuous - but which led to a series of knock-on effects that ultimately proved catastrophic.

The "age of fish" is technically called the Devonian period. It lasted from 419 to 359 million years ago. This was a time long before even the dinosaurs walked the Earth.

They're beautiful and weird and there is nothing like that around today

But while there were few land animals, the oceans were staggeringly rich in life. A fossilised reef in Western Australia, the Gogo Formation, captures life in the Devonian seas.

"It's teeming with placoderm fish and they're exquisitely preserved, in three dimensions," says Michael Coates, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Chicago in Illinois. "They're beautiful and weird and there is nothing like that around today."

All this is now gone, wiped out in the extinction that struck at the end of the Devonian.

The corals that built the Devonian reefs, the famous bottom-feeding creatures known as trilobites and ammonites, and the armoured placoderm fish such as Dunkleosteus: all of them took a clobbering. But it's not clear why.

Maybe the Devonian sea life was killed off by marauding plants

When the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago, there was an obvious culprit. A massive asteroid impact is thought to have strewn debris across the planet, blocking out the Sun and playing havoc with the climate. We have even found the crater from the impact, at Chicxulub in Mexico.

There is an impact crater in Western Australia dating from 359 million years ago. However it is rather smaller than the Chicxulub crater, 120km across compared to 180km, so it seems unlikely to have been the whole story.

Thomas Algeo of the University of Cincinnati has put forward a remarkable idea. Maybe the Devonian sea life was killed off by marauding plants.

The Devonian period saw the rise of "vascular" land plants, a group that includes everything from trees to ferns and flowering plants. More primitive "non-vascular" plants, such as moss and lichen, had already evolved before the Devonian began.

That is when things began to go wrong for life in the seas

The vascular plants had a powerful impact on the land. Their roots penetrated the ground deeply, breaking up rocks and helping to create soil.

By breaking down rocks, the plants released nutrients and minerals. These would have benefited the plants, but they also got washed into rivers and then out into the oceans.

That is when things began to go wrong for life in the seas.

These nutrients were food for microscopic algae in the oceans, says Algeo, and those algae began to multiply. The resulting blooms of algae would have stained vast areas of the sea green.

The resulting "dead zones" can span many square kilometres

The algae were then broken down by bacteria, which used up oxygen in the process. "This can entirely deplete the water column of oxygen," says Algeo.

The end result was an "anoxic zone", a region of the ocean where there wasn't enough oxygen dissolved in the water for animals to breathe.

This happens in parts of the ocean today, for example when nutrients from farms run into the sea. The resulting "dead zones" can span many square kilometres.

In the Devonian, the dead zones would have spread over many thousands of years, gradually forcing animals into confined areas. If Algeo is right, the animals in the oceans then began to struggle, and ultimately died out: all thanks to the success of land plants..

Coates thinks Algeo is on to something, but he says it cannot be the whole story because it does not explain which species lived and which died. For instance, many sharks survived, despite needing oxygen just as much as other fish.

Lack of oxygen isn't enough to explain the extinction

That could be partly because not all of the ocean became anoxic. For instance, there would still have been oxygen in the upper layers, as the wind would mix it in from the air.

Levels of anoxia may also have varied from place to place, says Kelly Hillburn of the University of Washington in Seattle. That's because some continents released more nutrients than others.

"There weren't any mountain-building events in Western Australia," says Hillburn. "You're still putting in some continental run-off, but nowhere near the amount you're putting in say in Europe or North America."

Still, it seems that lack of oxygen isn't enough to explain the extinction. And it does look like life had other problems to contend with besides asphyxiation.

For one thing it seems the oceans may have been toxic as well. In 2012 Kliti Grice of Curtin University in Perth, Australia and her colleagues studied the fossil of a crab-like creature and found evidence of toxic sulphur chemicals.

Exposure to hydrogen sulphide would have killed many organisms

This was the result of other microorganisms feeding on the algal blooms. These species didn't use oxygen, so they didn't contribute to the anoxia. Instead they produced hydrogen sulphide as waste.

That's the chemical that gives rotting eggs their distinctive smell. It's highly toxic, so exposure to hydrogen sulphide would have killed many organisms, and could even have affected animals on land.

That's not all. Those pesky land plants also contributed to an ice age.

The more the land plants grew, the more carbon dioxide they removed from the air. Famously, CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps the Sun's heat, so taking it out of the air would have cooled the planet.

Life on Earth must have quickly become intolerable

As the chill deepened, glaciers would have formed. By trapping water on land, the glaciers would have lowered sea levels, causing even more disruption to life in the ocean.

With all of these changes occurring at once, life on Earth must have quickly become intolerable for many species, says Algeo.

These events did not happen all at once - but then neither did the extinctions. In fact they came in two waves, one at 359 million years ago and one at 372 million years ago.

Some species would have succumbed quickly. Other creatures that depended on those species for food would also have experienced a knock-on effect, dragging them down to extinction. It was a long, slow chain reaction.

During such chaotic times, any harmful events would be more disruptive than they would be in "normal" periods, says Algeo. "There might have been volcanic eruptions," he says. "Under stress conditions even relatively small external disturbances of this kind could potentially trigger elevated extinction rates."

This may all seem a little far-fetched. Is it really possible that one group of organisms, the land plants, could have caused so many problems for so many animals?

The funny thing is, life causes a lot of its own problems, according to Peter Ward at the University of Washington in Seattle. "Life appears to be its own worst enemy," he says.

The Late Devonian extinction fits well with Ward's "Medea Hypothesis", which says that life is ultimately self-destructive.

The land plants are a classic example, says Ward. "To begin with these trees are winning the whole battle, it's great for them," he says. "But then there is the unforeseen consequence." The plants' deep roots set off a series of chain reactions. "All of a sudden they've screwed the entire biosphere."

Ward says similar things happened during other key crises in Earth's history. For instance, 715 million years ago the world froze over, becoming a planet-sized snowball, and life may have contributed by removing carbon dioxide from the air.

Two other mass extinctions seem to have involved nutrients running into the sea and causing havoc, says Grice: the "Great Dying" 250 million years ago and the End-Triassic mass extinction 201 million years ago. "It's not just the Devonian," she says.

Ward's idea is a scary one. But life's self-destructive nature does have an upside. If you're willing to take the long view, the Devonian extinction was a good thing.

Immediately after the end of the Devonian, a host of new species appeared, says Coates. "By, say, 340 million years ago, suddenly you've got angelfish - these body forms which we've never had before," he says.

The first large animals also appeared.

From the seeds of destruction come these brand-new evolutionary innovations

They evolved from fish, some of which had been gradually changing their fins into limbs to allow them to venture onto land. But it was only in the aftermath of the extinction that some of them committed to the landlubber lifestyle.

They eventually gave rise to all modern amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals - including humans.

Such big evolutionary leaps, such as major changes in body form, don't tend to happen when the earth's climate is stable and hospitable. Rather, these important steps in evolutionary history are characteristically tied to big upheavals like mass extinctions.

"From the seeds of destruction come these brand-new evolutionary innovations," says Ward.

Algeo has a different perspective on the Devonian extinction. He says it is a warning from history, an illustration of just how badly things can go wrong if you mess up the biosphere too much.

Over the last few thousand years, and particularly over the last 200, humans have massively expanded their dominance on the planet - just like the first land plants did 375 million years ago.

I think there's an important message to us about what might happen to the biosphere

At the same time, our activities have been blamed for a rise in extinction rates. One recent study estimates that, over the last century, species have been going extinct 100 times faster than the natural rate.

If this goes on, we could cause the sixth great mass extinction in Earth's history. It will be the first one since the loss of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

Of all the mass extinctions known to science, "the Late Devonian event is closest to what's going on in the modern world," says Algeo. "I think there's an important message to us about what might happen to the biosphere."

Because we are so successful, humans are putting a lot of pressure on other species, and that means the slightest nudge could tip them over the edge. The Devonian extinction suggests it has happened before, and could happen again.

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The Devonian extinction saw the oceans choke to death

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It was the age of fish. 360 million years ago, there were no large land animals, and the biggest animals were still in the oceans. One of the largest was Dunkleosteus. This was a sea monster like no other. Dunkleosteus was a powerful fish that grew up to 10m long and was covered with thick armour.

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Here are the The 11 Periods of Geologic Time.

01. Cambrian (540 - 489 Million Years Ago)

After Earth had its fireball of death and destruction phase (with some ice on the side sometimes) during the Proterozoic, Archean, and Hadean Eons, water gradually started to pool up on the planet's surface. The spark of life happened, and after millions of years of life as single cells, multicellular life evolved. However there is little to no evidence of jaws or backbones on any animal within this Period. The ruling classes were arthropod like creatures, such as Anomalocaris, and most numerous of them all were the trilobites. However, primitive fish have started to appear at this point.

There is a hypothesis which claims the Cambrian explosion (development of complex organisms, bone, shell) can be explained by the adaptation of organisms to the increase of calcium and iron that was leaking into the oceans from eroding rock layers. - Source

02. Ordovician (489 - 444 Million Years Ago)

After the Cambrian Explosion, life was suddenly evolving into many different shapes and forms. Fish developed into stronger, more powerful shapes, albeit they do still stick to the shadows. The real masters are still the arthropods, now having evolved into massive all terrain scorpions. Brontoscorpio (the smaller one) was about the size of your arm with a stinger the size of a lightbulb, and Jaekelopterus (the larger one) grew to the size of a crocodile with an appetite to match.

03. Silurian (444 - 416 Million Years Ago)

The fish during this stage have started to evolve once more. Their fins become more powerful, and they become better at swimming. They have also evolved jaws, which is nice for eating each other. The first true plants take root out in the harsh, rocky terrain of Earth. There were no plants beforehand because the atmosphere was thin and oxygen levels were low. However, there are fossils showing the giant sea scorpions walking onto land.

The major Ordovician-Silurian extinction event that happened 450 million years ago may have been caused by a Gamma-ray burst. The late Ordovician species of trilobite that spent some of its life in the plankton layer near the ocean surface was much harder hit than deep-water dwellers, which tended to stay put within quite restricted areas. Usually it is the more widely spread species that fare better in extinction, and hence this unusual pattern could be explained by a GRB, which would probably devastate creatures living on land and near the ocean surface, but leave deep-sea creatures relatively unharmed.

04. Devonian (416 - 360 Million Years Ago)

The Devonian period saw the highest point of the family of fish known as the Placeoderms, armoured monstrosities that had the ability to grow into massive sizes. Dunkleosteus (pictured) grew to about 9 meters long (30 ft), weighed 4 tons, and had a bite force of 80,000 pounds per square inch, enough to rival even Tyrannosaurus Rex.

Also appearing during this time were the first forests, primitive sharks, primitive shark eating fish, some fish that gradually evolved into amphibians and amphibian eating primitive fish. These times also saw the fall of the once mighty Arthropod Empire.

In the late Devonian period (during the evolution of terrestrial plants), there was a 'wood crisis'. Trees became abundant, took CO2 out of the air, and caused an ice age, simply because the fungi that eventually would decompose dead wood and return the CO2 to the air hadn't evolved yet.

During the Devonian period, there were 400 days in a year, each 22 hours long. - Source

05. Carboniferous (360 - 300 Million Years Ago)

With the increase of oxygen being pumped out by the forests, the world's fauna grows exponentially. Trees cover every corner of the land, including Antarctica, the Arctic. Reptiles had evolved from some amphibians, getting scales to help them live outside of water, instead of being dependant of it. However, because of the amount of oxygen in the air, there is a side effect. Every thing grew enormous.

Insects grew to whopping sizes, with the largest being a 2.6 meter long millipede. The Carboniferous period is so named because it took place between the advent of lignin-containing plants and the evolution of microbes that could break the lignin down, during which time tens of millions of years worth of forests piled up, which would later become a thick layer of coal. - Source

06. Permian (300 - 250 Million Years Ago)

As the oxygen levels started to fade, so did the trees and forests (and car sized millipedes, cat sized spiders, and crocodile sized sea scorpions) of the world. They are gradually replaced with deserts and rocks. The entirety of Russia was once a massive sandbox. However, life still managed to adapt. On land, amphibians were pushed to stay within what fresh water they can find. Reptiles now dominated the landscape. However, these were not the dinosaurs that were yet to come. Some of these reptiles had developed mammalian like features, with teeth.

By the end of the Permian, however, life was dying out. Massive volcanic activity nearly wiped out 95% of life on earth. However, the 5% that survived continued on to create the biggest dynasty in history.

07. Triassic (250 - 201.6 Million Years Ago)

The first 2/3rds of this Period without dinosaurs. They were ruled by a family known as the Archosaurs, reptiles that would eventually evolve intothe Dinosaurs. Euparkeria, a foot long archosaur, can get all the credit for creating giants like Tyrannosaurus and Diplodocus in the future.

However, during the Late Triassic, the Dinosaurs come in full swing. They take the earth by force, driving many of its Archosaur residents into extinction, forcing the mammal to lay low, and thus became the dominant species for the next 140.5 million years.

08. Jurassic (201.6 - 145.5 Million Years Ago)

The Jurassic Period saw the staples for many dinosaur species to come. Giant predatory theropods. Long necked sauropods. Armoured stegosaurs (that unfortunately would die out). Everything during this Period was big. As prey became bigger and bigger, so did the predators. With every defense, came a new offence. It was Mother Nature at her best.

09. Cretaceous (145.5 - 65.5 Million Years Ago)

The longest Period during the Age of Dinosaurs, the Cretaceous was the time when the Dinosaurs were having their last attempts at adaptation and survival. New, bigger, badder forms of dinosaur arrived. Titanosaurs, having branched out from other sauropods, grew to sizes of over 100 feet. Specialized predators like Spinosaurus evolved flashy sails to help warm up and cool off like a personal heater. Trees had evolved to bear flowers. Mammals had become their own species. Birds had taken to the air.

The Dinosaurs, however, were dying out. By the end of the Cretaceous, only a handful of many dinosaur species were left standing. By the time Tyrannosaurus arrived in the last 2 million years of the Period, it was already seeing different dinosaurs than its predecessors.

During the Cretaceous period, Earth's climate was so warm that there were no polar ice caps, and forests probably extended all the way to the South Pole. Local plants and dinosaurs evolved to live in continuous sunlight in the summer and darkness in the winter. - Source

The Tyrannosaurus Rex, Velociraptor, Gallimimus, Triceratops, and all other dinosaurs in the film Jurassic Park other than the Brachiosaurus, did not actually live during the Jurassic Period, but in the late Cretaceous Period.

65.5 Million years ago, an asteroid struck the Gulf of Mexico. It finally wiped out the reptilian dinosaurs. The birds, having evolved from dinosaurs, would continue on their ancestor's legacy.

10. Tertiary (65.5 - 2.6 Million Years Ago)

Having five separate Epochs within it (Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pilocene), this massive swathe of mammalian evolution time can be cut down to one Period: The Tertiary.

At the start of the Tertiary, the reptiles and birds still had somewhat of a control over things. Crocodiles and giant Tyrannosaurus sized snakes had the waters. Giant flesh eating birds stalked the land like the dinosaurs used to do. It seemed like Mother Nature was nostalgic. But she immediately went for something else. She decided to make whales out of small mouse like creatures, and cats out of bear-dogs. I may sound high, but this actually happened.

Soon, however, towards the end of the Tertiary, there was a game changer. Within the plains down in Africa, a creature stirred. It was a primate. It manages to survive massive elephants, sabre toothed tigers, giant birds and terrestrial crocodiles...

11. Quaternary (2.6 Million Years Ago - Present)

The primate grows and evolves, turning into the ancestors of man. They battle the elements and nature, learning and growing. They learn to make fire. They make tools. They create groups, clans, societies. They tame the animals that once hunted them. They domesticate those that they used to hunt. They grow crops. Through millions of years up to today, the roots of humanity withstood.

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The 11 Periods of Geologic Time | KickassFacts.com

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Here are the The 11 Periods of Geologic Time. 01. Cambrian (540 - 489 Million Years Ago) After Earth had its fireball of death and destruction phase (with some ice on the side sometimes) during the Proterozoic, Archean, and Hadean Eons, water gradually started to pool up on the planet's surface.

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Earth's Timeline and History

4,567,000,000 years ago, Earth was covered in molten lava. Earth was completely unrecognizable. In its earliest stage of formation, it was uninhabitable as it clumped from a cloud of dust.

About 1,000,000,000 years ago, Earth had its first signs of life. Single-celled organisms consumed the sun's energy. As a waste product, these cyanobacteria eventually filled the oceans and atmosphere with oxygen.

Next, an oxygenated atmosphere paved the way for more complex life forms to exist. At about 100,000,000 years ago, dinosaurs roamed the Earth until their abrupt extinction.

Finally, 10,000,000 years ago was the age of mammals. And these mammals are our direct ancestors. It was only 100,000 years ago when homo sapiens truly evolved.

In this Earth timeline, we lay out all the pieces on the floor. What sequence of events has unfolded for Earth to support life and for it to evolve?

The Sculpting of Earth (4.6 - 4.0 billion years ago )

The Big Bang created all matter in the universe. This includes the sun, planets, and our solar system. At the center, the sun swept in smaller elements like hydrogen and helium. Farther away, heavier elements formed planets. Based on the core accretion model, gravity was the driver coalescing Earth from a cloud of dust.

In this early stage of Earth's creation, the heaviest material like iron sank to the core. Lighter material remained on top to form a crust. Because the solid inner core heats the outer liquid layer, it produces convection currents. This geodynamo is Earth's magnetic field. Without it, Earth would be blasted by harmful rays from the sun.

In the late Hadean Eon, the Earth was still in its late heavy bombardment stage. Earth was hit by asteroids, comets, and foreign objects left, right, and center. We know it wasn't only Earth because we can see these impacts on other places in our solar system. Some scientists believe that water originated from the bombardment of comets at this time. In addition, there's reason to believe that these collisions could have sparked the chemical building blocks for life - DNA.

One of the most important events for Earth was the formation of our moon. The giant impact hypothesis describes it as an object the size of Mars heading towards Earth at tremendous speed. After delivering a glancing blow to Earth, gravity pulls this object into orbit. Ever since this grande event in the Hadean Eon, it has remained in orbit ever since.

Earth Cooling and Primitive Life (4.0 - 2.5 billion years ago )

The collision of the moon into Earth significantly impacted climate, oceans, and life on Earth. Because the moon's orbit drags Earth, it slowed Earth's rotation significantly from 6-hour days to 24 hours. Having the moon in orbit also stabilized the Earth from wobbling. But most importantly, the collision of the moon tilted Earth on its axis. And because the Earth is tilted on its axis, Earth now had seasons.

Eventually, the climate on Earth became more stable in the Archean Eon. Instead of a molten state, the Earth started to cool down. Water vapor condensed to form oceans. And the Earth cooled down enough to create continents. Though opinions vary, "Vaalbara" became Earth's first supercontinent.

As the Earth cooled down, a new form of life began to prosper. When oxygen was absent in the atmosphere, cyanobacteria could convert sunlight to energy. In shallow water, they metabolized their own food. As a waste product, cyanobacteria released oxygen into the oceans.

When oxygen mixed with iron in the oceans, rusted iron collected on the seafloor. The banded iron formation continued until there was no more iron in the oceans to rust. Oxygen had nowhere to go but into the atmosphere. That's why this event is the Great Oxygenation Event.

An Oxygenated Atmosphere (2500 - 541 million years ago)

Earth now had an oxygenated atmosphere for new life to flourish on Earth. But it wasn't cyanobacteria flourishing. Because oxygen was toxic for cyanobacteria, they poisoned all anaerobic life on Earth including themselves. Imagine a dominant species polluting the planet until extinction. The oxygen byproduct from cyanobacteria created an oxygen crisis on Earth.

At this time, methane was more abundant in the atmosphere. One thing that methane did very well was trap heat in the atmosphere. It's one of the most efficient greenhouse gases there are. So when oxygen combined with methane, it produced carbon dioxide. All of a sudden, the greenhouse effect wasn't as strong. As a result, the whole planet froze. It was "Snowball Earth" as the Earth went into an ice age for the next 300,000,000 years.

Another important consequence of an oxygen-filled atmosphere was the emergence of aerobic eukaryotes. Before the oxygenation, life was anaerobic. Eventually, aerobic respiration organisms emerged because of the enriched atmosphere. This increased the complexity of life. For example, multi-cellular organisms became apparent in this eon. But the abundance of CO ₂ held eukaryotes from diversifying.

As oxygen filled the atmosphere, Earth's ozone layer thickened. Before the presence of an ozone layer, life was restricted to shallow water. Because water shielded harmful radiation, that's where life existed. Eventually, a thicker ozone layer (O ₃) enabled life to diversify on land in the Proterozoic Eon.

The Cambrian Explosion and Fossil Records (541 - 245 million years ago)

The Cambrian explosion was the largest diversification of life in Earth's history. Everything before this era was Precambrian. We couldn't identify life because we didn't have fossilized shells or animals. This is when hard-shelled invertebrates originated in the oceans. The Cambrian explosion started with the Age of Invertebrates. And life got more diverse from there.

Next came the Age of Fish when thousands of fish species arose. Then, the first vertebrate land animal made its leap ashore. Amphibians took a breath of fresh air and colonized the empty continent of Gondwana. This was the start of the Age of Amphibians. We share similar characteristics to our vertebrate ancestors. For example, humans have spines, jaws, and mouths originating from fish.

In the Paleozoic Era, lush rainforests flourished on land. But due to an abrupt shift in global warming, a major marine and terrestrial extinction event began. This event was the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse. Plants and swamps were buried, compacted, and cooked into underground coal deposits. It left behind vast deserts for reptiles to eventually dominate the continental interior.

The Paleozoic Era ended with the largest extinction in Earth's history. The Permian-Triassic Extinction vanquished 96% of all marine species. About 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species were wiped out. Opinions vary about the Permian-Triassic Extinction cause. But the consensus is that it was from a major asteroid impact event.

The Age of Reptiles and Dinosaurs (245 - 66 million years ago)

When Earth's climate became hotter and drier, rainforests collapsed triggering the Age of Reptiles. Reptiles are different from amphibians because they lay their hard-shelled eggs on land. They essentially adapted to the land by cutting all ties with the ocean. Because reptiles evolved to dryland conditions, they gained a unique ecological advantage.

As conditions changed, dinosaurs (also known as terrible lizards) began to evolve. These reptile-like mammals had scaly skin and hatched eggs like reptiles. Some dinosaurs adapted as herbivores and some as carnivores. For the next 160 million years, dinosaurs were the dominant land vertebrates on Earth.

The Age of Conifers in the Mesozoic Era provided the spread of seeded plants. Conifers store vast amounts of carbon. As a result, oxygen content in the atmosphere jumped to 35% compared to 21% today. In addition, they provided habitat, shelter, and a source of food for specific animal species to survive.

Also notable is that Pangea existed as one supercontinent in this era. Dinosaurs lived on one supercontinent. Plate tectonics was the mechanism that eventually tore continents apart. Don't forget that dinosaurs existed for 160 million years. So continental drift gradually rifted dinosaurs apart. We know this because we can find the same fossils on separate continents.

The Age of Mammals and Homo Sapiens (66 million years ago - now)

Ultimately, the start of the Cenozoic Era was the demise of dinosaurs. After a 6-mile wide asteroid hit Earth, a dust cloud blocked the sun. This caused temperatures to plummet which was the heart of the damage from the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. Because of the worldwide climate disruption, it was responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs.

Mammals existed long before the Cenozoic Era. But they kept a low profile because dinosaurs dominated the land. The extinction of the dinosaurs marked the Age of Mammals. When dinosaurs roamed the Earth, mammals remained small and furry. And because dinosaurs went extinct, mammals emerged as the largest land animals at this time.

Apes remained in trees for their primary food source. Eventually, grass began to spread in places like the African Savannah and there were fewer trees. This forced apes to walk to new food sources. With their heads above the grass to see predators, apes evolved by walking on two legs. It also helped to have their hands available when they were traveling.

As the timeline to modern human evolution begins, hominids were the early proto-humans. They were known for sharpening objects with silicon rocks. They began to master the use of their hands and fingers. In the stone age, early humans had fire under control. This enabled them to cook their food giving them more calories. Modern humans learned to make more complex sounds and share information in groups. So humans have only existed for about 0.004% of the age of the Earth.

Geologic time is vast

It's almost unimaginable the story of Earth. It spans over 4.5 billion years.

Scientists are still fitting all the pieces to the puzzle.

Since its creation, oceans, continents, and life as we know it has remarkably transformed. Life has evolved and adapted.

This article assembles some of the key events. From evolution to extinction, these are events that have unfolded as part of the Earth timeline. Though opinions vary, we've leaped through 4.5 billion years of Earth's history and provided a general guideline.

A Guide to Earth's Geological History and Events

Earth is a constantly changing planet that has its own unique geological history and events. Earth's geological history will be of interest to students, professionals, and enthusiasts of earth science.

Are you interested in learning more about Earth's geologic history? If you are, then check out these online courses offered by universities around the world.

Now, it's time to let you take the stage. What are some important events we missed? Please let us know with a comment below.

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Earth Timeline: A Guide to Earth's Geological History and Events [Infographic] - Earth How

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4,567,000,000 years ago, Earth was covered in molten lava. Earth was completely unrecognizable. In its earliest stage of formation, it was uninhabitable as it clumped from a cloud of dust. About 1,000,000,000 years ago, Earth had its first signs of life. Single-celled organisms consumed the sun's energy.

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Mesozoic Earth is a eight part series, a follow up to Mesozoic. Fresh Water

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Earth looked very different long ago. Search for addresses across 750 million years of Earth's history.

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DinosaurPictures.org - Awesome Dinosaur Pictures

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High-quality dinosaur images, facts, and fossils for kids and educators. Easy to download or print!

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Cytotoxic T cell (red) attacking cancer cell (blue).

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Post with 2528 votes and 13031 views. Shared by Sciencegeek100. Cytotoxic T cell (red) attacking cancer cell (blue).

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Learning the Terminology student version

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Life Began Origins Nova Neil Degrasse Tyson

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How did the evolution of complex life on Earth begin? - The Gene Code, Episode 1 - BBC Four

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More about this programme: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b010j64w Dr Adam Rutherford discusses the early evolution of complex life on Earth with geneticists Professor Steve Jones and Dr. Nick Lane.

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The 25 biggest turning points in Earth's history

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From leaps forward in evolution to devastating asteroid impacts, these were the turning points that shaped our world.

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The NaturalHistory Societyof Brünn

Challenge: to find out Mendel's article about inheritance discoveries.Mendel is a Natural History Society of Brünn membership. But some jelous colleagues fearing about Mendel's work eventual impact in society have stolen and hidden the article.Learn about your mission:Roles: you are a private investigator from lates XIX centuries, just like Sherlock Holmes. Click on "Roles and Levels" to know more ;-)

Noelia Sánchez Sánchez

EAbocaMuseum. The Phytochemical Laboratory

Click on the door sign

Mission 1Whispers in the dark alleySomeone heard something ...you must follow the clue andfind out who was in the darkalley behind the Society thatnight.Character: snitchPoints:10Badges: Musical Note / AnalyticalDiary:Go to the map of missions and complete tasks:2 and 3Also you have to choose one task between: 5 and 6Once the teacher has checked your assignmentsyou will level up your character and you will start Mission 2.Be careful, there are ears and eyes everywhere, trust no one!

Mission 2The greenhouseThe first clue has led you toan old abandoned greenhouse.The thieves were herebut ... didthey hide the manuscript hereor just use it as headquarters?Character: bobbyPoints:15Badges: Analytical/ People Skills/ NaturalisticDiary:Go to themap of missions and complete tasks:10 and 14Also you have to choose one task between: 11 and 15You could get extra points by taking one of these two tasks: 9 or 16Once the teacher has checked your assignmentsyou will level up your character and you will start Mission 3.Be careful, people you are after are dangerous!

Mission 3A forgotten tinboxThere were no documents therebut you found some pills thatoneof the thieves must haveforgotten in the run.Let's analyze them.Character: Dr. WatsonPoints:20Badges: Analytical/ People Skills/ NaturalisticDiary:Go to themap of missions and complete tasks:17 and 22Also you have to choose one task between: 19 and 20You could get extra points by taking this task: 24Once the teacher has checked your assignmentsyou will level up your character and you will start Mission 4.Be careful, don't follow a false clue!You need to go to MATRIX and complete tasks:17 and 22you can also choose one between: 19 and 24

Mission 4The chemistYou know the chemist whomade those pills is lying to you.Use your natural talent and findthe truth.Character: Sherlock HolmesPoints:30Badges: Elementary/ Observant/ Musical Note/ People SkillsDiary:Go to themap of missions and complete severaltasks:. You have to chose one among activities: 27, 28 and 32.You have to chose another one one among activities: 34, 35, 37 and 38You could get extra points by taking one task between these two: 25 and 29Once the teacher has checked your assignmentsyou will level up your character and you will start the last mission: Mission 5.Be careful, you are in danger!

Mission 5The wily bird has flownYour wit has lead you totheNatural History Museum inLondon and to the manuscript.But Moriarty has escaped again!Character: Irene AdlerPoints:25Badges: Elementary/ Observant/ People Skills/ NaturalisticDiary:Go to themap of missions and completeand choose an activity among:41, 43, 46, 47 and 48Once the teacher has checked your assignments you will have successfully complete all your missions.Be careful, you are so close to solving the case!

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The NaturalHistory Societyof Brünn Challenge: to find out Mendel's article about inheritance discoveries.Mendel is a Natural History Society of Brünn membership. But some jelous colleagues fearing about Mendel's work eventual impact in society have stolen and hidden the article.Learn about your mission:Roles: you are a private investigator from lates XIX centuries, just like Sherlock Holmes.

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6 Rs and Sustainability | Schools | Practical Action

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Links to activities and presentations to support students to understand some of the terms commonly used to define sustainability.

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Introduction to the cell cycle and the phases of interphase.

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Amoeba Sisters

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The history of life on Earth began about 3.8 billion years ago, initially with single-celled prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria. Multicellular life evolved over a billion years later and it's only in the last 570 million years that the kind of life forms we are familiar with began to evolve, starting with arthropods, followed by fish 530 million years ago (Ma), land plants 475Ma and forests 385Ma.

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Saca la lengua - ¿Cómo funciona la secuenciación de las muestras? Entrevista a Núria Andreu

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Nuria Andreu es bióloga, y trabaja en la Unidad de Genómica del CRG. Forman el equipo 7 técnicos más, una bioinformática, una lab manager y un jefe de grupo. La unidad ofrece servicio a los proyectos científicos sobre las tecnologías de microarrays (para el análisis de perfiles de expresión y variaciones estructurales a nivel genómico) [...]

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A learning experience

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Tiverton High School House Learning Experience - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

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TIVERTON HIGH SCHOOL students have pledged to cut down on the amount of waste sent to landfill sites, and to help increase recycling rates. The school's student led Eco-Club joined gifted and talented geographers in arranging an afternoon of learning on Friday 3 May.

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Environmental Chater High School of Lawndale

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Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

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"A Day in the LIfe" teaches how to reduce, reuse & recycle!

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This award winning short film follows a family of four through their day commenting on the choices they make with cool facts and green solutions. Written by students at the Environmental Chater High School of Lawndale, directed by future super-star filmmakers Jordan Howard and Alex Pine.

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BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Humans and their environment activity

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A secondary school revision resource for Edexcel GCSE Science about evolution, humans and their environment

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chrome-extension://oemmndcbldboiebfnladdacbdfmadadm/https://www.louisianabelieves.com/docs/default-source/academic-curriculum/task---social-studies---grade-1---impact-on-the-environment-pdf.pdf?sfvrsn=2

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This versatile Science Making Connections design is an excellent wearable project choice for an authentic assessment of a student's knowledge of a particular cycle. It would be great for illustrating any numbers of cycles including: life cycles, food webs, rock cycle, metamorphosis, water cycle, photosynthesis, carbon cycle, and more.

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Origin of Life - How Life Started on Earth

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How Life Began Origins Nova Neil Degrasse Tyson

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The Fossil Record | Free Lesson Plans | Teachers

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The Lesson Plan Library offers high school lesson plans covering all major school subjects and special interests.

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worksheet

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Confronting Student Misconceptions
in a Large Class - by Dan Udovic

Small group evolution handout

Listed below are several answers to the following question, taken from student answers on a past exam. For each response, indicate whether you think an evolutionary biologist would agree with it, and if not, why not.

QUESTION: Fossil evidence suggests that the ancestor of the modern-day bat resembled a shrew or mouse and could not fly. How can the evolution of bat wings from the paws of shrew-like ancestors be explained?

ANSWERS:

1. Bats would be better adapted if they had wings, so gradually they developed them. Bats in each generation had better wings than their parents did.
PROBLEM: Lamarckian, goal-directed. Sounds like bats developed wings because they "wanted" or "needed" them (Lamarck's internal will (note: this is the instructor's annotation, it would not appear on the students' sheets).

2. Because the environment of the shrew-like ancestors favored gliding or flying, mutant individuals arose that were able to glide. Selection favored these individuals, and eventually all of them could glide. Repeating this process led ultimately to modern day bats.
PROBLEM: Changes are not induced by the environment. Mutations are independent of selection pressures. Does this mean that selection is "random"? NO! Otherwise, this answer is close to satisfactory. It does describe the process of natural selection (differential survival and reproduction), and does describe how cumulative selection could lead to the evolution of a complex trait.

3. The existence of structures as complex as a bat wing can not be explained by traditional evolutionary theory because structures like these are too complex to arise by chance.
PROBLEM: Assumption is that because there is no intelligent designer, that the process is solely "chance". Apply the same logic to motion of the planets. What is the probability that the Earth's motion, by chance, would form such a perfect and consistent ellipse around the sun? Ignores the power of cumulative selection.

4. Because the shrew-like ancestors of bats needed to fly to catch food, nature allowed them to develop the ability to fly better and they turned into bats.
PROBLEM: Need does not direct change. If it did, then wouldn't nature always allow change that prevents extinction. What does it mean to say "Nature allowed"?

5. The bat evolved wings in order to make it easier to catch its prey.
PROBLEM: Evolution is not goal-oriented. Who is "the bat", and is it capable of making conscious decisions about the future of the species? This statement just ignores the whole issue by not defining what "evolve" means. Is it like going to the grocery store to pick up some wings?

6. The shrew-like ancestors of bats kept stretching the skin and arms while jumping from tree branch to tree branch because that would help them glide better and jump farther. Gradually, through continued use of their arms in this way, they developed into wings.
PROBLEM: Lamarckian inheritance of acquired traits, use and disuse of parts. Discussion in class indicates this statement may just be too vague. From one point of view, a Darwinian might agree with it, from a different point of view, a Lamarckian might also.

Tell me more about this activity:

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Confronting Student Misconceptions in a Large Class - by Dan UdovicSmall group evolution handout Listed below are several answers to the following question, taken from student answers on a past exam. For each response, indicate whether you think an evolutionary biologist would agree with it, and if not, why not.

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Molecular Visualizations of DNA (2003) Drew Berry wehi.tv

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for the video

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What is the evidence for evolution?

The theory of Biological Evolution makes two very bold claims about living creatures:

First: All living things on earth are related. They evolved from a common ancestor.

Second: The evolution of living things is powered by natural processes. Things which can be studied and understood.

But is there really any evidence that these two claims are true?

Yes. There are so many observable facts from so many different fields of study that the only way we can even begin to talk about them is to group them into categories or lines of evidence.

To keep things simple, here we'll focus on Evolution's first claim that: All living things on earth are related.

We cannot tackle the entire tree of life at once (after all there's an estimated 8.7 Million species alive today), so instead we'll focus most of our attention on one fairly small but fascinating branch of the evolutionary tree: Cetaceans. This branch includes whales, dolphins and porpoises.

Biologist claim that all these creatures are closely related, and that the entire group evolved from an ancient 4 legged land mammal.

Instead of taking their word for it, let's look at the facts. We'll start with a few from field of comparative anatomy: the study of differences and similarities between living things.

Whales live in water and from a distance, they sort of look like giant fish. A close inspection of their anatomy however, tells us a very different story.

Whales are like land mammals and unlike fish:

have placentas and give live birth

they feed milk to their young

they are warm blooded (which is extremely rare for a fish)

and whales do not have gills, instead - just like us - they breath air with two fully developed lungs.

Whales don't seem to have noses like mammals do. Instead they breathe through blowholes coming out the tops of their heads. Some whales have two blowholes that almost look like nostrils, but dolphins and porpoises only have one. Surprisingly, if you look at their skulls, you find that the blowhole splits into 2 nasal passages inside the head. Could it be that the blowhole is actually a highly modified mammal nose? It looks that way but we'll need more evidence to be sure.

Many whales have hair, just like land mammals. In this photograph, you can actually see the whiskers of this baby gray whale as he rests his chin on mama's back.

Strangely, whales have arm, wrist, hand, and finger bones inside their front flippers. Here's a photo of these bones, the same bones that bats, hippos and people have in their front appendages: One bone, two bones, wrist bones and finger bones.

Modern whales do not have back legs but they do have a pair of strange tiny bones where the hips and hind legs should be. Here's a picture of these bones from a bowhead whale. They almost look like shriveled hip, thigh, and shin bones. This one even has what looks like a deformed ball and socket joint between the hip and thigh bone, just like the ball and socket joint in your own hip. Is this resemblance a mere coincidence or are these real leg bones? Perhaps leftovers from the whales evolutionary history?

Before we draw any bold conclusions, let's see if a completely separate line of evidence will confirm our suspicions.

Embryology is the study of how creatures develop before being born or hatching from an egg.

Here we see a dolphin and a human embryo, side by side, at similar stages of development. Notice that they both have what look like arm buds, and leg buds. In humans, the leg buds grow to become legs. In whales, they grow for a while, but then stop, effectively fading away as the rest of the whale continues to grow.

These are all photographs of a common dolphin at different stages of development. Notice that early on, we see two nostril grooves on the front of the face, just like you'd expect in a puppy or a human.

As the dolphin continues to grow, the nostril groves migrate to the top of the head and fuse together becoming the dolphin's blowhole.

So far we have multiple facts from two independent lines of evidence, comparative anatomy, and embryology, both telling us the exact same story: The ancestors of whales were once 4 legged land creatures! Will the fossil record act as a third witness confirming this idea?

These are two species of extinct basilosaurid whales!

These creatures are known from multiple well preserved skeletons. They appear to have lived side by side roughly 34 to 40 million years ago.

In this photo we are looking down at the top of a basilosaurid skull. This is not a model or a cast, these are the actual bones which were pulled from the ground. Notice that the nasal opening is not on the top of the head like those of modern whales, and not at the end of the snout like those of most land mammals. Instead their nostrils sit right in the middle, this is an intermediate species, exactly what the theory of evolution tells us we should find!

At the back-end of a basilosaurid's body, there are small, yet fully developed hips, legs, ankle, feet and we suspect they had at least 3 toes though we've only found the bones for one.

These legs are far too small for walking on land, but may have been useful for mating or scratching away parasites and itchy skin.

Evolutionary theory tells us that the further we go back in time, the harder it will be to distinguish whales from regular land mammals.

Meet Maiacetus. Scientists have found multiple well preserved skeletons of this species, one of which appears to be a pregnant mother.

The hip bones of Maiacetus do seem sturdy enough to walk on land, but this animal is considered to be a whale for many reasons:
Their skeletons have all been found among fossils of sea-creatures

Their short legs combined with long flat fingers and toes, suggest they were strong swimmers with webbed hands and feet.

Here we see the bottom side of a maiacetus jaw and skull as it looked at the dig site. Her teeth match those of the basilosaurid whales we saw earlier.

And unique structures of her middle ear bones, the bulbs behind her jaw, match those of basilosaurid whales and modern whales.

Maiacetus appears to be, a walking whale!

The fossils of many ancient whale-like mammals have been found, and people continue to find more. Together, these fossils blur the line between 4 legged land mammals and fully aquatic whales, solidifying the idea that whales indeed, evolved from land creatures.

Now lets look at a 4th line of evidence: DNA?

DNA molecules contain chemical codes which act like recipes for living things.

Without ever looking at bones, embryos, or anatomy, researchers can compare the DNA code of different living creatures to find out who is most closely related to who.

Whale DNA has been compared to all kinds of other animals: fish, sea lions, you name it, and so far, the closest genetic match, is to the pudgy, water-loving hippopotamus.

This does not mean that whales evolved from hippos, but if this genetic finding is correct, whales and hippos both evolved from a common ancestor which lived roughly 54 million years ago.

At first the link between whales and hippos surprised researchers. Whales are mainly carnivores - they eat things like fish and small crustaceans, while hippos are mostly vegetarian.

A closer look however, reveals that hippos and whales, actually share many strange features, some of which may have come from their common ancestor.

Ancient walking whales have specially shaped ankle bones, found only in hippos and the close relatives of hippos, hippos, just like whales, often give birth and even nurse their young underwater, they both have multi chambered stomachs (which is common for herbivores but unheard of in fish-eating mammals), they are both missing a coat of fur, and here's a fun fact - whales and hippos are some of the only mammals on earth that have internal testicles.

So there you have it, dozens of facts from 4 independent lines of evidence, all tell us the exact same story, whales evolved from 4 legged land mammals, but the history of whales isn't the only evolutionary history that we've been able to work out.

We know from fossils, DNA, embryology and many other lines of evidence that bird wings are actually modified arms and claws! Birds evolved from dinosaur-like ancestors.

We can also clearly see that bat wings evolved from 5 fingered hands, similar to those of monkeys and shrews.

We've found that humans share a fairly recent common ancestor with chimpanzees, that mammals evolved from reptile-like creatures, those reptile-like creatures evolved from amphibian-like creatures, those amphibian-like creatures evolved from fish-like creatures, and fish if you go back far enough, share a common ancestor with segmented worms.

So to sum things up, thousands of observable facts from completely independent fields of study, are coming together to tell us the exact same story.

All living things on earth are related.

I'm Jon Perry and that's a basic overview of the evidence for evolution, Stated Clearly.

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What Is The Evidence For Evolution? * Stated Clearly

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What is the evidence for evolution? The theory of Biological Evolution makes two very bold claims about living creatures: First: All living things on earth are related. They evolved from a common ancestor. Second: The evolution of living things is powered by natural processes. Things which can be studied and understood.

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The Clock of Eras is a graphic aid to help us visualize geologic time. It is nearly impossible for the human mind to comprehend the amount of time that it has taken for the Earth to develop to its present state, yet we try to imagine each stage of its unfolding and the time that passed during each phase of development. The Clock of Eras uses the analogy of a circular clock to represent the development of our planet in geologic time. One can see at a glance the relative time lengths of each major geologic era. So how does this Clock work? The Clock represents geologic time on the Earth since its birth to the present, from the initial events that brought about the formation up to now. Each hour represents approximately 375 million years.

We can't take credit for the idea of this Clock. It is a concept that was developed in Montessori Education. The colors as used in the Montessori clock relate to the location of the life that was present during the time. So the Paleozoic Era is blue because life was primarily in the seas, the Mesozoic is brown because life moved to the land, and the Cenozoic is green because of the fresh new life: the mammals.

The Clock of Eras has been modified several times already and will continue to change over time as scientists learn more and more information through their research and discovery.

Click on the links below the clock for a description of each time period.

The first period of the clock of eras is the Hadean

A description of the Archean

A description of the Proterozoic Era

A description of the Paleozoic Era

A description of the Mesozoic Era

A description of the Cenozoic Era.

A clock of eras chart. Click here for a printable version.

A blank or non-colored chart Click here for a printable version

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The Clock Of Eras One way to Visualize Geologic Time

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The Clock of Eras is a graphic aid to help us visualize geologic time. It is nearly impossible for the human mind to comprehend the amount of time that it has taken for the Earth to develop to its present state, yet we try to imagine each stage of its unfolding and the time that passed during each phase of development.

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Geologic History

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Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología

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del Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa

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CENTRO DE BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR SEVERO OCHOA (CBMSO)

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Nuestras capacidades como seres vivos dependen de las células. ¿Cuáles son sus principales componentes? ¿Por qué las dotan de características tan únicas en la naturaleza? Dentro de la célula/Inside the cell es serie de microvídeos del Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa que dan respuesta de una manera sencilla a ocho grandes cuestiones de la biología molecular de la célula.

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Scientific Poster Design - Good and Bad Examples! (Poster Tutorial Part 2)

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Tips

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Scientific Poster Design - Good and Bad Examples! (Poster Tutorial Part 2)

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Film biography of Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), the Moravian monk who became the father of modern genetics through his study of pea plants. One of a series of medical history films by J. Lee Sedwick, M.D., F.A.C.S., Clinical Professor of Surgery, East Carolina University, and Larry Gardner, President of Digifonics, Inc.

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(OLD VIDEO) Chromosome Numbers During Division: Demystified!

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Mitosis vs. Meiosis from Thinkwell's Video Biology Course

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Mitosis: The Amazing Cell Process that Uses Division to Multiply! (Updated)

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Mitosis vs. Meiosis: Side by Side Comparison

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mitosis 3d animation | Phases of mitosis | cell cycle and cell division | mitosis and meiosis

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A Science Odyssey: You Try It: DNA Workshop

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Scienctific Practice and Effects of Money

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How we think complex cells evolved - Adam Jacobson

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The wacky history of cell theory - Lauren Royal-Woods

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(OLD VIDEO) Cellular Respiration and the Mighty Mitochondria

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One of the best in the country for Education, Training for ISEET, CET, NEET, NTSE, etc. Bags several ranks every year and their students get admission to prestigious engineering institutes such as IIT's, NIT's, etc. in large numbers. Run by professionals with a vision. Visit: www.ace-online.co.in

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What is Metabolism? What is Anabolism? What is Catabolism?

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Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion & Active Transport: Movement across the Cell Membrane