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Excluded from citizen body because parents not citizens graphic.jpg

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Military service for citizenship graphic.jpg

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Athenian society also included metics (resident aliens). They were free, but not of Athenian birth. They could conduct business in Athenian territory and had to serve in the army, but could not vote or own property.

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Eligible Athenian citizens who wished to be jurors could place their pinax (allotment token) in a kleroterion (allotment machine) that selected jurors at random. Jurors were paid for their time while serving and juries were designed to be representative selections of the citizen body.

This token confirms that Paramonos wanted to be a proactive Athenian who served in the law courts, though we cannot tell whether he was from a well-off family or needed to make a living.

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During the 4th century, Athenian boys aged 20 had to complete 2 years of military service before they were could be registered as citizens.

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Slaves, like the youth on this skyphos (cup), were usually foreigners, but could also be from other Greek cities. This youth serves wine from a krater at a drinking party for upper class Athenian men. The servers and entertainers at these parties were often slaves.

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The scene on this krater (wine mixing vase) shows Theseus defeating the Amazons. The Amazons, here dressed as Persians, represented barbarism and uncivilised society: all things opposed by Athenians.

Scenes such as this reinforced Athenians' privileged place in society as defenders against the corrupting influences of outsiders.

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Athenian (480 - 450 BC)

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Athenian, by the Naples Painter (c. 450 BC)

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Athenian society included many people without citizen rights, and outsiders were often characterised as barbarians.

Slaves had few rights and were considered the property of their masters. A freed slave became a metic, but giving a slave their freedom was uncommon. As metic, they would be liable for taxes and military service.

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Athens is best known for its democratic government, which reached its peak in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. During this time, all citizen men were able to participate directly in the political life of the city.

Athenian democracy is not always recognisable by modern standards: women could not participate in politics, slavery was widespread, and foreigners living in the city, even for many generations, generally could not become citizens.

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Kypseli, Athens
(370-320 BC)

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The man commemorated on this Athenian funerary loutrophoros is named as Phanodemos, son of Paramonos, of the deme (voting district) of Aithalidai.

Phanodemos was an Athenian citizen, demonstrated by the inclusion on his grave marker of his father's name and the deme to which both men belonged.

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Athenian from Attica
(400-375 BC)

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Only male citizens of Athens had the right to vote and to stand for public office, to serve as a juror, to own land, and to take on the responsibility of military service.

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Although citizens, women were not permitted to participate in the Athenian democracy.

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An Athenian citizen woman was always under the protection of a kyrios (guardian) who was responsible for her moral and legal welfare, and the management of her dowry and other finances.

A woman's virtue was very important to her family. After she was married, her main responsibility was to her husband and her household.

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Athenian from Piraeus (400 - 350 BC)

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"Records of your virtue, Theophile, will never pass unnoticed, modest and excellent and industrious, possessing every virtue"

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The scene on this lekythos depicts a woman standing next to a wool basket. Women in upper classes were expected to spin their own wool for household use.

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Athenian from Metaponto
(475 - 425 BC)

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Citizen if don't participate in democracy graphic.jpg