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Vaccines help us improve our body's ability to target and kill specific pathogens, which, unlike antibiotics, indiscriminately kill many different kinds of  bacteria.

Due to herd immunity, if a single member of a population is not vaccinated, the massive amount of surrounding people in the population who were vaccinated will effectively prevent the unvaccinated person from becoming sick in the first place. This is because there is a limited number of viruses to spread in the population.

When many people are vaccinated, there are less hosts for the virus, so in order to survive with less hosts, the virus evolves to become weaker, as it needs to wait longer before spreading to another host.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2018/02/16/how-do-antibiotics-and-vaccines-affect-nature/#2d7270dbf711

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Selective Breeding is a biotic limiting factor that Effect Natural Selection.

Natural Selection is the process by which individuals best adopted to their environment survive and pass on their traits.

Selective breeding is a form of artificial selection whereby deliberate breeding results in desired traits in plants and animals

Both natural selection and selective breeding produce changes in nature, but the only difference between them is that natural selection occurs naturally and selective breeding occurs when human intervene.

A example of selective breeding affects natural selection is the selective breeding of horses. Horses were first domesticated for transportation and agricultural work. Today they are also bred for racing and companionship.

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Pest Control (Abiotic)
-Pesticids kill target bugs that are on plants
-Pesticids hurt the plants and animals around the crops that weren’t the target organism
-Pyrethin targets caterpillars, beetles, and other insects.
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Selective breeding (biotic)

-natural selection is the process in which individuals best adapted to their environment survive and pass on traits
-selective breeding is the crossbreeding of organisms to produce offspring with desireable  traits
-dogs are selectively bred on the daily to give the owner its desired traits
-dog breeding doesn’t allow the dogs to choose their natural mate, throwing off the process of natural selection

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Selective breeding
Biotic
*It reduces the natural variation of traits and even makes some genes dangerous
*Less varieties of organisms will be produced because of loss of alleles in the gene pool
*It can lessen life spans and make harmful mutations
*But it may also help animals survive by giving them helpful traits and features

For example some bulls have been naturally selected to produce more beef for consumers.

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Deforestation (biotic)

The last St Helena Redwood tree died in the 1950s and it died as a result of deforestation.

the trees were cut down to make way for pasture and they were used as fuel and wood.

It effects natural selection because it was a home to other species that could now be endangered since the tree is no longer there.

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Deforestation affected an estimated 13 million

hectares per year between 2000 and 2010, with most happening in tropical countries¹. The loss of forests is regrettable not only due to the fact that trees provide a carbon sink which can help mitigate the impacts of climate change; but also because forests provide food and shelter to many species of fauna and flora that are losing their natural habitats. This is even more concerning when we take into account that about 80% of the world's documented species can be found in tropical rainforests which are more vulnerable to deforestation ².

In fact, over the decades deforestation has already led to the loss of several species. In fact, species began falling in numbers and going extinct already in the 19 th century. Despite recorded species extinctions and attempts to recover particularly plants through remaining seeds, rates of biodiversity loss are not falling. Today, new research indicates that species that we may come across in our forests today, are likely not to survive the destruction of further deforestation³.

Below follow ten examples of species already lost due to deforestation or which are likely not to survive in the wild for another decade. Many more will follow suit if current practices for protecting forest habitats are not reversed.

The last wild St Helena Redwood tree died in the 1950s and its extinction in the wild was a result of deforestation. Following the establishment of a permanent colony on St Helena in the 17 th century, the woodlands were cleared to make way for pasture, timber and fuel⁴. This tree was endemic to St Helena, an island located in the South Atlantic Ocean which was also where the routes of environmentalism were established⁵.

While fossil remains indicate that it used to be relatively abundant on all the main islands of Hawaii, this species of crow is now extinct. It was vulnerable to population fluctuations, but destruction of its habitat was a key contributor. The Hawaiian Crow was important for the local environment for the dispersal and germination of seeds of native plants⁶.

Endemic to Bolivia, this was a kind of moss that would grow on another plant without and deriving its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain and sometimes the debris surrounding it. The extinction of Flabellidium spinosum, otherwise known as the Santa Cruz bryophyte, is owed to the fact that its forest habitat and its immediate vicinity has been logged and cultivated over the years⁷.

Also from the island St. Helena, this was a small tree otherwise known as the She Cabbage. Its disappearance was due to deforestation and fragmentation of its habitat ⁸.

This is an extinct species of harvestmen from the Mahe Island in the Seychelles. It would have been found in woodland where it occurred in leaf litter but its decline has been recorded throughout the 20 th century and it can be attributed to the extensive habitat degradation on Mahe during the 20 th century⁹.

While not extinct, the pygmy racoon is critically endangered which means its future survival is seriously at risk and it go in fact go extinct very soon. Its population is confined to a single island, Cozumel Island, with fewer than 250 individuals and further population decreases being estimated. Up until recently, Cozumel Island was relatively well-conserved, but the situation is deteriorating rapidly putting further strains on the pygmy raccoon's habitat¹ ⁰.

With only 40 trees left in the wild, the Carpoxylon Palm is also listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is endemic to three islands in the south of Vanuatu in the South Pacific and its uncertain future is exacerbated by extensive deforestation for agriculture¹ ¹.

This species originally found in southern temperate rainforests is considered to have the highest extinction risk of any Chilean mammal. Although protected by law, habitat loss due to farming and logging means the species is being pushed into less desirable habitat where there is an increased risk for their diminished numbers¹ ².

Due to an almost complete destruction of its forest habitat across East Africa, the species has come under increased pressure to the extent that the total populations is thought to be around 250 mature individuals. There is only one remaining viable population around a stream within a forest reserve; it is estimated that any changes to this stream could result in the extinction of this species. ¹ ³.

This species can be found in sub-montane to montane dry forest in Mexico but it has become threatened due to the serious destruction and reduction in size of its habitat. It is currently listed as critically endangered by the IUCN ¹ ⁴.
References
¹ http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/am859e/am859e08.pdf
² http://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation
³ http://goo.gl/KDq5AI
⁴ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/30560/0
⁵ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena
⁶ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_crow
⁷ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39158/0
⁸ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/37595/0
⁹ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/196768/0
¹ ⁰ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18267/0
¹ ¹ http://support.iucnredlist.org/species/carpoxylon-palm
¹ ² http://support.iucnredlist.org/species/darwins-fox
¹ ³ http://support.iucnredlist.org/species/amani-flatwing
¹ ⁴ http://support.iucnredlist.org/species/hintons-oak

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10 Species Lost to Deforestation | Greentumble

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hectares per year between 2000 and 2010, with most happening in tropical countries¹. The loss of forests is regrettable not only due to the fact that trees provide a carbon sink which can help mitigate the impacts of climate change; but also because forests provide food and shelter to many species of fauna and flora that are losing their natural habitats.

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Vaccinations (biotic)

Natural Selection, only the strongest survive and pass on traits to the next generation. The strongest individuals will not fall ill where as the weak will. Humans have created vaccinations, biotic illnesses and bacteria, to artificially select if an ill organism lives or natural selection runs its course and it dies. An example of this is humans receiving the measles vaccination. Children receive this vaccination when they are 12 months to 12 years old. 1.1 million children would die every year if natural selection was not prevented by a life saving vaccination. Measles is just one example of human made vaccinations interfering with natural selection there are countless others. Humans have prevented natural selectionfrom letting those who are weak and don’t have great genes that will advance the species in denfence against an illness that should have killed them. Humans artificially select who is weak and gets to live.

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Invasive Species (Biotic)

- kudzu vine introduced to Japan in 19th century as ornamental plant
- distributed widely across the Southeast of the US as a food source for grazing animals and erosion control
- the vine became invasive soon and overgrew forests
- it prevented sunlight from reaching the trees which killed forests
- the vines are similar to mats and are thick and cause trees to break and fall over
- nickname “the vine that ate the South”
- the vines took over the habitat, excluding the native organisms(trees)
- the invasive species decreased native biodiversity and population

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Selective Breeding (biotic)
* Natural Selection is the process by which individuals best adapt to their environments to survive and pass on traits
* Selective Breeding is crossbreeding  to create an offspring with specific traits that are wanted from the breeder
* An example of selective breeding would be with cats
* Scientists tested a number of kittens to find a tiny fraction of kittens that do not contain a certain protien. A cats saliva, fur, and skin are what cause allergic reactions to humans from the certain proteins in the cats.

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Deforestation (biotic)

The Pygmy raccoons are confined on one island the Cozumel island

This island used to be well-conserved, but now the island is being changed by deforestation causing a strain on Pygmy racoons habitats

On the island there are less than 250 individuals, and that is estimated to decrease due to loss of habitat.

This effects natural selection because if the racoons go extinct that means they will be gone as a predator and will also be gone as prey for other animals

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Deforestation affected an estimated 13 million

hectares per year between 2000 and 2010, with most happening in tropical countries¹. The loss of forests is regrettable not only due to the fact that trees provide a carbon sink which can help mitigate the impacts of climate change; but also because forests provide food and shelter to many species of fauna and flora that are losing their natural habitats. This is even more concerning when we take into account that about 80% of the world's documented species can be found in tropical rainforests which are more vulnerable to deforestation ².

In fact, over the decades deforestation has already led to the loss of several species. In fact, species began falling in numbers and going extinct already in the 19 th century. Despite recorded species extinctions and attempts to recover particularly plants through remaining seeds, rates of biodiversity loss are not falling. Today, new research indicates that species that we may come across in our forests today, are likely not to survive the destruction of further deforestation³.

Below follow ten examples of species already lost due to deforestation or which are likely not to survive in the wild for another decade. Many more will follow suit if current practices for protecting forest habitats are not reversed.

The last wild St Helena Redwood tree died in the 1950s and its extinction in the wild was a result of deforestation. Following the establishment of a permanent colony on St Helena in the 17 th century, the woodlands were cleared to make way for pasture, timber and fuel⁴. This tree was endemic to St Helena, an island located in the South Atlantic Ocean which was also where the routes of environmentalism were established⁵.

While fossil remains indicate that it used to be relatively abundant on all the main islands of Hawaii, this species of crow is now extinct. It was vulnerable to population fluctuations, but destruction of its habitat was a key contributor. The Hawaiian Crow was important for the local environment for the dispersal and germination of seeds of native plants⁶.

Endemic to Bolivia, this was a kind of moss that would grow on another plant without and deriving its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain and sometimes the debris surrounding it. The extinction of Flabellidium spinosum, otherwise known as the Santa Cruz bryophyte, is owed to the fact that its forest habitat and its immediate vicinity has been logged and cultivated over the years⁷.

Also from the island St. Helena, this was a small tree otherwise known as the She Cabbage. Its disappearance was due to deforestation and fragmentation of its habitat ⁸.

This is an extinct species of harvestmen from the Mahe Island in the Seychelles. It would have been found in woodland where it occurred in leaf litter but its decline has been recorded throughout the 20 th century and it can be attributed to the extensive habitat degradation on Mahe during the 20 th century⁹.

While not extinct, the pygmy racoon is critically endangered which means its future survival is seriously at risk and it go in fact go extinct very soon. Its population is confined to a single island, Cozumel Island, with fewer than 250 individuals and further population decreases being estimated. Up until recently, Cozumel Island was relatively well-conserved, but the situation is deteriorating rapidly putting further strains on the pygmy raccoon's habitat¹ ⁰.

With only 40 trees left in the wild, the Carpoxylon Palm is also listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is endemic to three islands in the south of Vanuatu in the South Pacific and its uncertain future is exacerbated by extensive deforestation for agriculture¹ ¹.

This species originally found in southern temperate rainforests is considered to have the highest extinction risk of any Chilean mammal. Although protected by law, habitat loss due to farming and logging means the species is being pushed into less desirable habitat where there is an increased risk for their diminished numbers¹ ².

Due to an almost complete destruction of its forest habitat across East Africa, the species has come under increased pressure to the extent that the total populations is thought to be around 250 mature individuals. There is only one remaining viable population around a stream within a forest reserve; it is estimated that any changes to this stream could result in the extinction of this species. ¹ ³.

This species can be found in sub-montane to montane dry forest in Mexico but it has become threatened due to the serious destruction and reduction in size of its habitat. It is currently listed as critically endangered by the IUCN ¹ ⁴.
References
¹ http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/am859e/am859e08.pdf
² http://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation
³ http://goo.gl/KDq5AI
⁴ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/30560/0
⁵ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena
⁶ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_crow
⁷ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39158/0
⁸ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/37595/0
⁹ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/196768/0
¹ ⁰ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18267/0
¹ ¹ http://support.iucnredlist.org/species/carpoxylon-palm
¹ ² http://support.iucnredlist.org/species/darwins-fox
¹ ³ http://support.iucnredlist.org/species/amani-flatwing
¹ ⁴ http://support.iucnredlist.org/species/hintons-oak

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10 Species Lost to Deforestation | Greentumble

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hectares per year between 2000 and 2010, with most happening in tropical countries¹. The loss of forests is regrettable not only due to the fact that trees provide a carbon sink which can help mitigate the impacts of climate change; but also because forests provide food and shelter to many species of fauna and flora that are losing their natural habitats.

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Land use.....abiotic

People cut down the ever green trees in the forests to make more land for us to build on but wile doing that it effects the animals that live their it takes away their land which is also their food so they more to different areas but wile they cut down those trees they take away our oxygen.

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Pollution (Abiotic)
some long term effect is heart disease and lung cancer. If oil spills get in the air people will breath it in and it will not be good. Some scientists suspects air pollutants cause birth defects.

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Logan Morrison (biotic) invasive species.

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Logan Morrison (biotic) invasive species.

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Common carp, a widespread freshwater fish
*considered a destructive invasive species
*carp eats tadpole larvae which destroys frog population
*the common carp is from Asia
*Asain carp are also over populated common carp can carry up to 1 million eggs in a lifetime, much more than most native fish. They also reproduce rapidly, Once introduced, the Common carp is difficult to stop.

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-Selective Breeding, Biotic.
-Natural selection is the process by which individuals best adapt to their environments to survive and pass on traits
-Selective breeding is when organisms are selected to breed and produce offspring with desirable traits.
-Selective breeding in cows make them more tolerant to different climates and conditions. Some also breed for different types of meat such as the Belgian Blue beef. Others breed for milk such as A2 milk. Cattle was also selectively bread for them to have large udders for more milk, which caused them to have too much milk.

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Natural Disaster (Abiotic)

-Droughts destroy trees because trees won’t get enough water to live

-The dead trees will lower the amount of space doves can create a nest in

- The less amount of doves there are will lower the amount of prey for falcons and hawks

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Topic: Over- predation

Animal:  Coyote

- The coyote eats rabbits and other animals and are on top of the food chain.
- Sucessful at surviving and even flourishing in the presence of people because of their adaptable behavior.
- So many wolves can lead to death of farm animals for food and for their young in the months of February and March.
- The wolves kill farm animals which is our food and can lead to us losing food.

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Over-predation(biotic)

- if there become a to little amount of a certain species in an environment it can through off the whole ecosystem

-can also be caused by humans for example the dodo bird was hunted to extinction by humans because they where an easy food for them to hunt.

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Migration

Humans have had an effect on the migration of storks, their normal migration path is from Europe all the way to Southern Africa, but with the increase in human activity, they have started to stop in cities such as Madrid (storks have developed a taste for junk food), instead of flying to Africa.

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Climate change
Limiting Factor (abiotic)

Pollution has a lot of affect to the climate, because pollution releases greenhouse gasses, the largest know contributer to climate change. Greenhouse gasses affect the climate by alternating incoming solar radiation and out with thermal radiation which changes the climate.

https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate/faq/how-do-human-activities-contribute-to-climate-change-and-how-do-they-compare-with-natural-influences

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Hibernation

Because the bears stay warm, some scientists think whether bears actually hibernate. Some male black bears don’t even bother sleeping  in the winter. And if disturbed by people in winter, bears will abandon their den.

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Hibernation

In 2005 a science experiment was conducted to see if different gases other than oxygen would effect mice. The gas that the scientist used was Hyrogen sulfide on mice. Having mice intake a large dose of the gas then put to sleep

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hibernation (continued)

Wen the mice took in a large amount of hydrogen sulfide and put to sleep the chemical bound with the cells in place with the oxygen it started to shut down all metabolic process in the mice also reducing their body temperature. Later they took away the gas and replaced it with oxygen ,the mice came out of hibernation and showed no effects from the experiment