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semiotics
culture has a central role in representation, re presentation of what already exists . on going conversaion culture to identify our similaritys or differnces to others
not always fixed, accept or reject.
culture
cultural building block- culture is the most important part of all of this this representation change from person to person based on curtal context from where its being seen or interpreted. giving meaning you are giving culture a central role. the basis of culture begins which shared of maps of meaning, competing ideas the more used more become stronger. you can work out if you are similar to others in that culture by the same maps of meaning. the same way of looking at things.
classification
classification is a system of organising the meaning we make of things in the world for example, what belongs with what, what is different to. nothing normal or natural basis. although basic systems of classification are a basic genetic feature, the more complex culture system of classification are learnt. shared beliefs or conceptual maps are the views of the world that members of a sociaty make and share together.
language
language and communication completes/closes the circle of representation, externalising the meanings, representation comes into effect.
stereotypes
stereotyping fixes the meaning that is given to groups limiting the range of perceptions that people can be have about a group in a temporary way. these temporary forms of meaning are built upon a reinforced. the extremities are exaggerated. hall states that it is essential that meaning can be changed. meaning can only change because it cannot be finally fixed.
power
certain people have power. power is the ability to fix meaning. power role is to naturalise the idea that there is only one possible meaning (which usually benefits itself). it tends to close language, close meaning and stop the flow.
challenging stereotypes
challenging negative stereotypes can involve re-present negative stereotypes in a more positive way reversing the stereotypes. we cant finally fix negative representations, we cant finally fix positive ones either. or may not have the power to. hall asks us to go inside the image/ stereotypes and use it against itself, opening-up the practice of representation.
challenging power
this exposes the politics and power structures within the image. bricolage. if we get inside the image and occupy the very terrain in which denies access to those that cant make meaning. making the stereotypes uninhabitable destroys normality, keeping representation open to new meaning and therefore new kinds of stereotype. unfix and unlimiting the definition of people created by the stereotype.

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different ways of understanding the stereotypes.
young black British male - seen as muggers.
the more police on the ground the more the crime goes up.
to decode the message that make sense to you
reject the message because of their culture. book, tv, movie.
changing its purpose

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oedipal -  Oedipus complex, in psychoanalytic theory, a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex; a crucial stage in the normal developmental process. Sigmund Freud introduced the concept in his Interpretation of Dreams
electra- power relation ship female looks at the farther they feel they have no power.
ego-
id -
super ego -

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positive and negative stereotypes, society is made up of lots of individuals. blur boundaries. helping understand a community.
the process grows until all the people are under the same stereotype.

Islamophobia
dislike of or prejudice against Islam or Muslims, especially as a political force.
religion becomes homogenised to terrorism.

opportunity to do something different. a chance to be lots of different things. plurality.

Laura M
marxist
freudian
male gaze
the way film is crated shows people through the males gaze, watching people without permission power- invented by men places you with of power and weakness- usually woman.

mona Lisa- perspective of a man- painted by a man.

focus on male thinking.

sub conscious

social expression woman unequal relationship with men.

new way of doing film female film makers to make films outside of the traditions.

when a man watches a woman - mastery
man watches a man - gratification

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What is continuity editing? Why do we use it?

Continuity editing is the process of combining more-or-less related shots into a sequence so as to direct the viewer's attention to a pre-existing consistency of story across both time and physical location. The purpose of continuity editing is to smooth over the inherent discontinuity of the editing process and to establish a logical coherence between shots.

What is a jump cut? Who has used the effect?

An abrupt transition from one scene to another. Georges Melies used the effect.

What is montage? What different types are there?

The technique of selecting, editing, and piecing together separate sections of film to form a continuous whole.
-Metric
-Rhythmic
-Tonal
-Overtonal
-Intellectual

What effect does montage produce?

It is a mental phenomenon by which viewers derive more meaning from the interaction of two sequential shots than from a single shot in isolation.

What is linear editing? What does non linear editing mean?

Linear video editing is a video editing post-production process of selecting, arranging and modifying images and sound in a predetermined, ordered sequence.
Non-linear editing is a method that allows you to access any frame in a digital video clip regardless of sequence in the clip.

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women are not well represented in the media.

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women are not well represented in the media.

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13% central characters
housewives homemakers
99.9% are men voiceovers

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what you learn in the world is limited by the people that are powerful enough to portray this 

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what you learn in the world is limited by the people that are powerful enough to portray this 

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not a presentation

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men- suits - mature
women- plastic, toys- childlike, passive objectified because of the clothes they are wearing.

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can edit information and select the most important parts. - isn't the reality a representation of reality.
media- stories are re important than your story, not aloud to be bias , it matters that the information correct.

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the way the media works.
in video games- women tent to not wear much, majority of people that work in media are men.

selection/presentation

select the most important things from events, this starts a stereotype.

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The Equality Act covers the same groups that were protected by existing equality legislation. 2010.
everybody has a protective characteristic.

protected characteristics-
age
disability
gender reassignment
race
religion or belief or lack of
sex
sexual orientation
marriage and civil partnership and pregnancy and maternity.

at work
in education consumer
public servises
when buying or renting property
as a member or guest of a privet club or association

legally protected from discrimination by the equality act 2010.

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two stages of meaning denotation and connotation.
media create a signifier with meanings and codes.
audience only see whats in the text and applies no meaning to the images
denotation what is actually in an image without any assumptions of what it means.
connotations- the reader identifies the codes and meanings in the picture and takes a reading.
meanings are culturally specific determine by the cultural experiences of the reader.

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gloomy
blinds
interpersonal distance

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multiple possible readings that can be made from an image. Anchorage is fixing a meaning to a text so the audience are unable to assume other things from that text e.g.action  above a movie production

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colour codes
technical codes- film maker makes the production process aware. slow motion means the car is going fast. times passing rally slow - speed up footage.
non verbal codes-  everything that a character communicates without talking 93% percentage is non verbal codes. interpersonal distance. the way a character walks or their distance away from other characters facial expressions . body language
dress codes- what a character wears can make the audience know what they portray for example a woman in white can mean that she is a bride

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sign has:
signifier - text itself- thing itself
signified - meaning- idea our most important part
symbol and codes our understanding of them depends on our cultural background shared meaning for people that use them
iconic- just a thing itself toilet symbols
arbitrary- can change. cat chat(french for cat). visual representations that may mean different things to different people
indexical- a link to a piece of information. links us to it.

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science of the symbol
it offers a tool that we can use to decode.
written language and spoken language are different

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media texts are made up of visual visual symbols.

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media texts are made up of visual visual symbols.

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e usually associate text as things that are printed or written
anything that the media has produced is called a media text

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pessimism
menace

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tend to be independent producers
pleasure from working out the puzzle

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codes and modes of address create anxiety.

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in order for the balance to be restored there has to be a battle.
tend to involve men more than woman

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where the audience knows the answer to the puzzle but the characters do not.

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when a character talks directly to the audience
how the character is feeling through out

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modes of address
codes

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soap operas have a multi strand narrative.

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master narrative- a narrative that works through the whole of the plot.  narrative fragments. its through these narrative structures that certain characters become more important. different narrative structures give focus to characters at different points.

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memento keeps its audience interested because it makes the audience ask questions, the questions that the audience ask are not answered until the end of the movie.
Propps theory
Leonard is seen as the hero at the start of the movie though at the end he is seen as the bad guy. Teddy is seen as the bad guy at the start but at the end he is seen as the hero/ helper. Leonards wife is the victim in the film.

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looked at narrative structure, similar characters.
the hero
the helper
the princes

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classic narrative structure
equilibrium- state of normality presented to characters setting scene
disequilibrium- something happens to upset the balance, characters forced into action
new equilibrium-everything becomes balanced again

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every day all around the world billions and billions of events that happen. only some are selected as important

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planes crashed into the twin towers, the buildings collapsed and killed many people.

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narratives are all around us, the main way we make scene of the world.

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beginning, a middle and an end.
we learn how to understand narratives at a very little age

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story a sequence of events
the way in which a media producer may choose to present that sequence of events
a tool for us to analyse how a story is constructed in a film or book

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a safe place were difficult topics can be portrayed. for example fear of death, or technology, religion or disability.

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international commutes, ways of life social interactions from a shared love of genres

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referencing another film maker/techniques

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taking characters or techniques from a game to another genre

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one text multiple genre (rocky horror picture show, Hamilton)

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focuses on a articular variation of the genre film noir

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films dont do what we expect audiences may get pleasure from seeing how the conventions of genre

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part of the pleasure is knowing what is the genre rules are knowing that the film has to meet the expectations of that genre.

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satisfaction is guaranteed with genre prolonged anticipation deferral of the inevitable.

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the pleasure of experiencing the same story but told in a different way. this is because of the generic features associated with the genre.

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when something becomes linked with a genre

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games are to do with their gameplay mechanics 

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games are to do with their gameplay mechanics 

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fpf
rpg
platform

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horror
comedy
drama
thriller
sifi
action

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Logan
all X-men movies
disney

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Portal 2
The Walking Dead
Animal Jam

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Gravity Falls
Doctor who
Sherlock
The Walking Dead
The good place
rick and morty

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Gorillaz
fall out boy
panic at the disco
set it off
https://youtu.be/HyHNuVaZJ-k

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Stuart Hall
Richard dyer
Laura Mulvy