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- emancipation of serfs
- became heavily industrialized
- dissidents drew inspiration from European Socialism
- Duma - Russia's first parliament

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- the Young Turks (radical group from the Ottoman bureaucracy) - called for universal suffrage, public education, a secular state, equality before law, and religious freedom
adopted a new military force with heavy European influence
- expanded education further into secondary education and university level for boys
- removed the capitulation system
-limited taxation
- increase agricultural production
-changed into a more industrialized economy
- decline in corruption

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made advancements and reform in education
- tried to reform janissaries
- Europeans could make their own laws
- tried to copy European lifestyle
-made a parliament
-made constitution (but abolished it after) - Abdul Hamid)
- equality to Jews and Christians
- copied European and french legal systems (Tanzimat reforms)

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- independent juries
- system of laws were modeled by Europe
- had network of elected assemblies could zemstvos
- built trans-Siberian railroad
- tried to end official corruption
- Stolypin reforms: wanted to create separate class of peasant landowners)

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The Ottomans increased taxes, increased agricultural production, and established a traditional and European (modern) military (Sultan Selim and Mahmud II)

Summary: Realized their mistake and made everything European based

Young Turk era:
- had a written constitution of 1876 to limit the power of the sultan, called for universal suffrage, freedom of education, emancipation of women, and forced Abdul Hamid to restore parliament.

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Alexander II abolished serfdom with the Emancipation manifesto, created a mobile workforce, established the Duma, and Sergei Witte created the Witte system (stimulate economic development).

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Both the Ottoman empire and the Russian empire made efforts to create reforms (by the leaders) to reduce tensions and stimulate economic, political, and social growth.