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What do you know about volcanoes?

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How Volcanoes Form

In 1980 in Washington, after 123 years of hibernation, Mount St. Helens erupted. The blast destroyed and scorched 230 square miles (370 square kilometers) of forest within minutes. The eruption released an avalanche of hot ash, gas, steam, and rocks that mowed down giant trees up to 15 miles (24 kilometers) away.

When magma finds a way to escape from beneath the earth's surface, it creates a volcano.

Volcanoes erupt in different ways. Some, like Mount St. Helens, explode. Explosive eruptions are so powerful, they can shoot particles 20 miles up (32 kilometers), hurl 8-ton boulders more than a half mile (0.8 kilometers) away, and cause massive landslides. Explosive eruptions also create an avalanche of hot volcanic debris, ash, and gas that bulldozes everything in its path. Explosive volcanoes cause most of the volcano-related fatalities.

Volcanoes, like Mauna Loa in Hawaii, are effusive. Rather than a violent explosion, lava pours or flows out. Fatalities from effusive volcanoes are rare because people can usually outrun the lava. However, some people get too close or become trapped with no escape. The flowing lava burns, melts, and destroys everything it touches including farms, houses, and roads.

A volcanic eruption forever changes the landscape. Though volcanoes destroy, they also create mountains, islands, and, eventually, incredibly fertile land.

Carpet of Ash

Volcanic eruptions can cause damage hundreds of miles away. Volcanic ash causes airplane engines to fail, destroys crops, contaminates water, and damages electronics and machinery. The ash carpets the ground, burying everything, sometimes even causing buildings to collapse. Mount St. Helens produced more than 490 tons of ash that fell over a 22,000 square mile (56,980 square kilometer) area and caused problems in cities 370 miles (600 kilometers) away.

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When magma finds a way to escape from beneath the earth's surface, it creates a volcano.

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Activity 3

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national oceanic and atmospheric administration

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NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries

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The Office of National Marine Sanctuaries serves as the trustee for a network of underwater parks encompassing more than 600,000 square miles of marine and Great Lakes waters from Washington state to the Florida Keys, and from Lake Huron to American Samoa.

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Author

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Wendy Orr is a Canadian-born Australian writer. Her books for children and adults have been published in 27 countries and won awards around the world. Nim's Island and Nim at Sea have also become feature films, starring Jodie Foster and Abigail Breslin (Nim's Island) and Bindi Irwin (Return to Nim's Island.)

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videos

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The Thank You Ocean Report focuses on interesting and exciting California ocean topics such as marine mammals, the latest news on ocean health, timely ocean issues and fascinating ocean facts. Stories feature interviews with ocean experts, explorers, scientists, conservationists, government and business leaders. Listeners learn about ocean activities and recreation, surfing, fishing, boating, and the many ways we all can thank the ocean through conservation and stewardship.

Featured Podcast

A mystery wreck of an early steam tugboat is now home to schools of rockfish, a pair of wolf eels and a giant octopus. It's one of more than 300 "ghost" shipwrecks being documented by researchers off of San Francisco. We talk with Robert Schwemmer, West Coast Maritime Heritage Coordinator for the NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. He talks about shipwrecks in the waters off of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary and Golden Gate National Recreation Area - one of the great undersea museums in the nation. Get ready to dive in and learn! More "

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The Thank You Ocean Report focuses on interesting and exciting California ocean topics such as marine mammals, the latest news on ocean health, timely ocean issues and fascinating ocean facts. Stories feature interviews with ocean experts, explorers, scientists, conservationists, government and business leaders.

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Nim's Protector

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California Sea Lion | National Geographic

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Get to know this favorite of the circus circuit. Learn about the amazing adaptations these endearing mammals have developed for their aquatic life.

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Movie Trailer

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Nim's Best Friend

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Meet the creatures Charles Darwin called "most disgusting, clumsy lizards." Learn how these rare reptiles have adapted to survive the forbidden Galápagos terrain.

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What is it?

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Attention!

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Conch Shell Sounds, How To Blow, Secrets Revealed

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The worlds only makers or historic shell trophy horns for 30 years. Legendary seafaring shell signal horns and traditional islands wedding horns. Musician's & showman's show stoppers

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Just a little FYI

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To Extricate the Meat

1. Preheat oven to 400 degrees. Place coconut on a rimmed baking sheet and bake for 20 minutes, or until the hard outer shell begins to crack. Remove coconut and set aside until cool enough to handle.

2. Wrap coconut in a kitchen towel; holding coconut with one hand, tap it with the back of a cleaver or chef's knife, or hit it with a hammer, in the same place several times, then pry open.

3. Separate coconut meat from the shell with a spoon. Remove the brown skin with a vegetable peeler, if desired, then shred, grate, or chop the meat.
And what to do with the meat? Check out our favorite fresh coconut recipes. Watch our Kitchen Conundrums expert Thomas Joseph break down the techniques above, as well as demonstrate how to handle young green coconuts:

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1. Preheat oven to 400 degrees. Place coconut on a rimmed baking sheet and bake for 20 minutes, or until the hard outer shell begins to crack. Remove coconut and set aside until cool enough to handle. 2.