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1861 South Carolina attacks Fort Sumter Confederacy defeats Union at First Battle of Bull Run.

1862 Union defeats Confederacy at Shiloh and Antietam.

1863 Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation Union defeats Confederacy at Gettysburg and Vicksburg Lincoln delivers Gettysburg Address.

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- it is a labor system that divided up former plantations into smaller farms. It compromised past slaves and planters to have 1/3 of the years crops if they provided crops for themselves. It was very popular in the south and about 80% of the land in Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia had land divided for sharecropping

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April 9, 1865

at the Appomattox Court House

Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Courthouse to discuss the terms for surrender. Lincoln demanded full restoration of the Union, while Davis demanded independence. Lee's men tried to escape but were cut off by Grant and forced to surrender. Grant was respectful to Lee and allowed Lee's soldiers to return home with their horses.

Lincoln was assassinated 5 days later (April 14).

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Reconstruction and 1876: Crash Course US History #22

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The Civil War Part 2: Crash Course US History #21

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The Civil War, Part I: Crash Course US History #20

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Battles of the Civil War: Crash Course US History #19

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The Election of 1860 & the Road to Disunion: Crash Course US History #18

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-Military Reconstruction Act - creation of 5 military states not including Tennessee ; each district was to be headed by a military official empowered to a point and remove state officials

-Tenure Act - couldn't remove a cabinet member without senate approval

-Command of the Army Act - required all presidential military orders to be cleared by commanding general

-established a temporary military government and required them to ratify the 14th amendment

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Period following the Civil War in which the United States tried to transform the organization and society of former Confederate states

Determined how the South would take over its own governance

In 1867, Congress put the South under the army's control to oversee elections, ensure the rights of freed slaves, and restrict Confederate leaders from gaining power

New Republican state governments offered a variety of reconstruction programs, but former Confederates suspicious of these efforts claimed corruption within state leadership; some turned to violent opposition

Reconstruction concluded with the Compromise of 1877 and the end of federal control in the South; former Confederate states began enacting Jim Crow laws and disenfranchising many African Americans

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since crops take a while, the tenants had to rent land and tools. bc interest, they weren't able to save enough money to buy their own land.

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Exodusters was a name given to African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century, as part of the Exoduster Movement or Exodus of 1879. It was the first general migration of blacks following the Civil War.

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the 14th and 15th amendments did not guarantee federal protection of individual rights against discrimination by their own state governments-distinction between state citizenship and national citizenship

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-protests performed by the working middle class in New York in response to congress's new laws that regarded drafting men to fight in the civil war

-the violent protests were mainly towards any free blacks they could find. the blacks were used as a scapegoat and acted as the protesters primary target of their anger

-the protests were led by the volunteer firefighters of the town and violently ambushed and attacked the city's marshal office, where the draft was taking place

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Funding the war was difficult in the south because of their strong belief in states' rights and they had a lack of unity and federal government and were unable to effectively tax their citizens.

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ended in a draw

1st engagment btwn iron clad vessels (this meant neither had an advantage)

fought on hampton road in Chesapeake bay

5 hrs march 9 1862

virgina-confederate ship

monitor/merrimac-union ship

the confederates destroyed the Virginia to stop it from being used in the north

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Lincoln believed that seceded states should be restored to the Union quickly and easily, with "malice toward none, with charity for all".

Lincoln's 10% plan allowed southerners, excluding high-ranking confederate officers and military leaders, to take an oath promising future loyalt to the union and an end to slavery.

When 10 percent of those registered to vote in 1860 took the oath, a loyal state government could be formed

This plan was not accepted by congress

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corruption: Despite his personal honesty and honor, his admiration was marred scandals such as Credit Mobilier and the Whiskey Ring.

"Waving the Bloody Shirt" - the post-Civil War political strategy of appealing to voters by recalling the passions and hardships of the recent war. This technique of “waving the bloody shirt” was most often employed by Radical Republicans in their efforts to focus public attention on Reconstruction issues still facing the country. Used in the presidential elections of 1868, 1872, and 1876, the strategy was particularly effective in the North in attracting veterans’ votes.

Sawyer Gardner, Anna Grace Simmons, Justin Speregen

Under Grant's administration there were several scandals:

Credit Mobilier Scandal: From 1867 through 1872, Stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad created a dummy company, Credit Mobilier. The company was supposed to complete the transcontinental Railroad, but instead it stole millions of dollars from the government. The blame for the scandal fell on Grant and his cabinet.

Whiskey Ring Fraud: This was one of the scandals of Grant's administration, in the 1870s. Liquor taxes were increased to aid in paying off the cost of the Civil War. Distillers and Treasury officials conspired to defraud the government by giving out cheap tax stamps, robbing the government of millions in excise tax.

During Grant's second term in 1873, the Panic of 1873 occurred. This was an economic depression where over-expansive, unregulated business during the post-Civil War years, the failure of American investment banking firms, and economic downturns in Europe all contributed to the Panic. The Panic led to the retirement of greenbacks and a return to the gold standard.

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In March of 1867, Congress passed the First Reconstruction Act over Andrew Johnson's veto. They also passed many laws with the intention to limit Johnson's power, such as the Tenure of Office Act which protected Republicans who were entrusted with implementing Reconstruction.

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They were white southerners who supported reconstruction. They regarded by southern democrats as greedy capitalists.

Carpetbaggers were republicans from the north who moved south to help the newly freed slaves. They were also regarded as greedy capatilasts. They were named because of their carpet bags they used to hold their possessions.

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Republican Rutherford B. Hayes ran against Democrat Samuel Tilden. Tilden got 184 electoral votes, but Hayes received 185 electoral votes. But Tilden received 250,000 more popular votes than Hayes. The electoral vote was so close that the matter was sent to Congress where Congress formed a committee of 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats to make the final decision. Vote turned in Hayes' favor resulting in a Republican win. Hayes promised to show consideration for Southern interests and Reconstruction.

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The CSA President, Jefferson Davis, knew that they didn't have to win the war, they just had to drag out the fight to make the North quit. This strategy was called Offensive Defense.

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Devised by Gen. Winfield Scott, the North's Anaconda plan was intended to completely cut off the south, crushing the south just like an anaconda crushes its prey. It entailed a naval blockade to stop European supply trade, the campaign to control the Mississippi, which was completed by the success at the battle of Vicksburg and worked to split the south and target the cities to incite rebellions of Union sympathizers. Both strategies were successful in limiting Southern supplies.

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Why did Lincoln suspend this?

The writ of habeas corpus (which means have the body) states that the person being tried is required to show up for their trial. Throughout the Civil War, the writ was suspended by Lincoln and allowed people to be held indefinitely without a trial. The intent of the suspension was to intimidate border states into staying with the union and also put down dissent.

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Why did some states leave at different times than others?

The Upper South did not view Lincoln's election as a death sentence and did not secede immediately.

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most famous speech by Abe Lincoln. was to honor the national cemetary for fallen soldiers on the site where the battle odf gettysburg occured.

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First: stated that, "no state...can lawfully get out of the Union", but pledged there would be no war unless the South started it.

Second: Beginning of Reconstruction Era. Was meant to help heal and restore the country after four years of civil war. Discusses rebuilding of a split nation.

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congressional support agency that gave food, clothing, and efucation for freed slaves

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Purposes: Sherman's March to the Sea followed his tactic of total warfare. Beginning in Atlanta, Sherman burned a 60 mile wide strip of land from Atlanta to the coast at Savannah as part of his scorched earth policy to destroy southern resolve to fight and any resources, like crops and railroads that the South could use to combat the north. By burning the land and capturing Savannah to presented to Lincoln as a Christmas gift to further demoralize the South.

Battle of Atlanta: Led by Sherman, the union army marched to Atlanta. The city itself was bombarded with Union artillery during the Atlanta campaign. The Confederates evacuated the city, blowing up everything of military value as they left. The city itself was burned. The Union won Atlanta and began the March to the Sea

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Democratic faction in the north that opposed the war and wanted an immediate peace.

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13th: Abolished slavery in the United States.

14th: African Americans became citizens and no state could deny life, liberty or property without due process of the law.

15th: No state could deny the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

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He was the president of a federal government based on states rights. When drafts began no state wanted to be controlled by a federal government. Overall, he was a president in an area where they didn't believe in federal law.

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Significance: The Battle of Bull Run was intended to be an easy Union victory, but the south won overwhelmingly, which gave the CSA overconfidence in winning the war.

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Impact: The fortress at Vicksburg was the last major Southern stronghold on the Mississippi River. The Union siege on Vicksburg resulted in a Union victory and control of Vicksburg, often referred to as the key to the Union victory. The North was able to gain control of the lower Mississippi River again and allowed for the completed success of Scott's Anaconda Plan in completely cutting off the south.

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Impact of Geography: cemetery ridge, it was where you could over look to see who's approaching. North beat the south.

Importance of Battle: Lee invaded Pennsylvania from Virginia, pursued by Northern General Meade. Lee was defeated and retreated to Virginia. The bloodiest, most decisive battle of the civil war; farthest northern advance of the confederacy.

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Radical Republican Plan for Reconstruction:

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Radical Republican Plan for Reconstruction:

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The Radical Republicans called for equal rights for freedmen and tougher punishments to white southerners. opposed Lincoln's 10% plan- too lenient on south. Wanted to keep ex-Confederates from governing . Pushed for the Wade-Davis Bill (vetoed by Lincoln) which required 50% of pop. taking oath, no governing of voting for ex leaders, black emancipation but not suffrage.

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What they were: restrictions by southern states on former slaves

How they were used: replicated the conditions of slavery in the post- Civil War South

led to radical republican opposition and exclusion of southern representation

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Immediate: It called for emancipation in the Confederate states,

Long-Term: With the emancipation of slaves, the 13th Amendment was passed ( abolished slavery and involuntary servitude)

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$2.7 billion in national debt. Inflation of Confederate money by 9000% (no gold to back the money distributed during the civil war, so money was worthless). The south was devastated by the total warfare tactics, so reconstruction was very expensive to replace the railroads (esp. in Ga, where Sherman wrapped rail road ties around trees to completely destroy the rail system) and assets lost during the war.

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France and and the United Kingdom were the only two foreign powers to actually become somewhat involved in the war between the Union and the the Confederacy.

The French were split within the country on how to respond to the war, so they decided to stay neutral. One side of France wanted to support the Confederacy because French businesses relied on cotton, which resulted in many people being fired. The other side of the of the French were in support of the Union due to how much they despised slavery. The most the French would become involved in the war was when they shot down a confederate ship that had destroyed many Union ships.

The U.K. never did get very involved in the Civil War although there was much discussion in Parliament on whether to consider the Confederacy was its own country or not. The U.K's prime minister was the first to bring this topic up and wanted to consider the Confederacy its own nation, but once discussed in parliament, it was decided the the U.K would remain neutral and not consider the Confederacy a separate country from the Union

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A civil war that offered the North an opportunity to defeat General Lee and Shorten the war.

- Northern General George McClellan had discovered detailed plans for Lee's

bc of this, the north was

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Lincoln's actions toward slavery throughout the war's progression.

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Lincoln's actions toward slavery throughout the war's progression.

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Before the war, Abraham Lincoln wanted to stop the expansion of slavery into new territories but didn't want to end slavery in current slave states. As the war went on, Lincoln progressively adopted the view that the war was a war against slavery, especially after the Battle of Antietam, after which he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which ended slavery in the Confederate states.

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At the beginning of the war, Lincoln only wanted to preserve the union, not end slavery.

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Skilled and experienced military leadership
all they needed to do was wait it out

they knew the battlefield better than the north

senior officers: Robert E Lee, Joseph Johnston, Albert Sidney Johnston, and Stonewall Jackson.

they were inspired to protect their families and culture

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The North's population was nearly double the South's at the beginning of the war. Northern railroads were also better built, more efficient, more extensive, and were expanded upon during the war, allowing for quick transportation of soldiers and supplies to the front lines. The North's telegraph system was key in communications, as it allowed instantaneous relay of information from the command center to the generals at the front lines and also spread news of battles and troop movements faster. The North's extensive industry also gave them the advantage

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Civil War and Reconstruction Study Guide