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Términos lingüísticos | Real Academia Española

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adverbio. 1. Palabra invariable cuya función propia es la de complementar a un verbo ( Hablaba pausadamente), a un adjetivo ( interesante) o a otro adverbio ( bastante lejos, ); también puede incidir sobre grupos nominales ( solamente los jueves), preposicionales ( incluso sin tu ayuda) o sobre toda una oración ( desgraciadamente, no pudo llegar a tiempo).

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Dialects and Regional Differences in Spanish

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In this video I talk about standard Spanish and the notion of dialects in Spanish. I also provide a number of examples of regional variations across dialects.

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Characteristics of Spanish Dialects

When you start to analyze the characteristics of Spanish dialects, often it helps to focus on the following 7 areas. We can almost guarantee that the majority of the dialectal differences that you will hear in Spanish will be based on these 7 areas.

1. The pronunciation of / b d g /

In some positions / b d g / are pronounced as stops [ b d g ], and in other positions they are pronounced as fricatives [ β ð ɣ ]. However, depending on the regional dialect, the fricative pronunciations become "reduced", which results in an approximate pronunciation (notice the diacritic [ ˕ ] below the phonetic symbols [ β ̞ ð ̞ ɣ ̞ ]. Other times the reduction is so complete that / b d g / disappear all together.

Examples: lobo ['lo.βo] -> ['lo.β̞o] -> ['lo.o]; nada ['na.ða] -> ['na.ð̞a] -> ['na.a]; Hugo ['u.ɣo] -> ['u.ɣ̞o] -> ['u.o].

2. The pronunciation of words that are spelled with "y" and "ll"

The pronunciation of "y" and "ll" changes a lot from one region to another. Sometimes they are both pronounced as a palatal fricative [ ʝ ]. Other times, especially in initial position, the consonant is "strengthened", meaning that it takes on more of an affricate pronunciation [ dʒ ]. Also common, especially in Argentina and other regions of South America are the alveopalatal (both voiced and voiceless): [ ʒ ] and [ ʃ ]. Generally "y" and "ll" are pronounced the same, but there are also some dialects that pronounce "ll" as palatal lateral: [ ʎ ].

3. The pronunciation of /s/

When you analyze the sounds of /s/, keep track of syllable position. Some of these differences happen only when /s/ is found at the beginning of a syllable. Other times they happen when /s/ is found at the end of a syllable.

3a. Syllable-Initial Position

In syllable-initial position, the major difference is related to tongue position. Think of which part of the tongue is causing the friction. In most of the Spanish speaking world it is in an area that we call the "predorsal", right on top, near the front. (This, in fact, is the same part of the tongue that we use for /s/ in English.) The symbol is simply [s]. However, the "Spanish /s/" or the "/s/ apical" is pronounced by using the very tip of the tongue. The diacritic mark that is used for apical sounds is [ ̺ ], and so the symbol is as follows: [ s̺ ]. This is typical in the northern parts of Spain, and for native speakers of English it sounds a little like words that are spelled with "sh": [ ʃ ].

3b. Syllable-Final Position

In syllable-final position the /s/ is often reduced in some fashion, or it disappears all together. This is often referred to as the "aspiración de la 's'." The phonetic symbol is the glottal fricative, and it may be voiced [ɦ] or voiceless [h]. This reduction is very common in most parts of the Caribbean, the southern parts of Spain, Argentina and Chile. The opposite of this is found when the /s/ maintains a loud, strong friction. In Spanish this is referred to as a "fuerte consonantismo" and the symbol used is simply [s].

4. The pronunciation of /r/ and /l/

Similar to the situation with /s/ sounds, the sounds of /r/ and /l/ are also best analyzed based on syllable position.

4a. Syllable-Initial Position

Generally the double /rr/ is pronounced as a trill (vibrante) and the phonetic symbol is simply [r]. A single /r/ is pronounced as a tap and the phonetic symbol is [ ɾ ]. In syllable-initial position /l/ is an alveolar lateral [ l ]. The major dialectal variation is found with the double /rr/, which can be pronounced as a velar fricative [x] or with more of what is called a "vibrante asibilada" which results in a sound similar to a "whistled" /s/. We'll use the apical diacritic with trill [ r̺ ]. Be aware, however, that this distinction is written with a variety of different symbols by linguistics and others who analyze Spanish pronunciation.

4b. Syllable-Final Position for an apical asibilada

In syllable-final position both /r/ and /l/ can be reduced and changed. Sometimes the result is that both /r/ and /l/ fuse and almost sound like a combination of the two. When a sound takes on an r-like quality, it is a process called rhotacism. When a sound takes on an l-like quality it is a process called lambdacism. This is especially characteristic of Caribbean Spanish, where, for example, both mar 'sea' and mal 'bad' sound nearly identical.

5. The pronunciation of /n/

In syllable-final position there are two main possibilities in Spanish. In most dialects there is assimilation, meaning that the syllable-final /n/ will take on the point of articulation of the sound that follows. For example, un beso = [um.'be.so], un día = [un̪.'di.a], un gol = [uŋ.'gol]. The other possibility, again characteristic of the Caribbean region, is to change syllable-final /n/ to a velarized articulation, no matter what sound follows. The example above would then become [uŋ.'be.so], [uŋ.'di.a] and [uŋ.'gol].

6. The pronunciation of consonant clusters (obstruent clusters)

Again look at syllable-final position. Consonant clusters are formed when one syllable ends with a consonant and another syllable begins with a consonant. Some dialects with "fuerte consonantismo" preserve the original syllable-final consonant, and other dialects reduce, change, or delete them all together. Listen for words like ritmo, digno, observar, and septiembre: ['rið.mo] or ['ri.mo], ['diɣ.no] or ['di.no], [oβ.seɾ.'βaɾ] or [o.seɾ.'βaɾ], [sep.tjem.bɾe] or [se.'tjem.bɾe].

7. Features that are unique to a specific area

As a catch all, sometimes there are features that are unique to a specific area. These need to be observed on an individual basis.

These seven areas provide an excellent checklist to compare the pronunciation of those from different dialectal regions of the Spanish-speaking world. These areas will also serve as the foundation for our analysis in class.

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When you start to analyze the characteristics of Spanish dialects, often it helps to focus on the following 7 areas. We can almost guarantee that the majority of the dialectal differences that you will hear in Spanish will be based on these 7 areas.

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ME

Tania (Nicaragua, USA immigrant) - English Dominant Bilingual (Spanish)

PARENTS

Viviana (Argentina, USA immigrant) - Spanish/English Bilingual

John (American) - English Dominant Bilingual (Spanish)

MATERNAL GRANDPARENTS

Maria - (Argentina) Spanish Monolingual

Gregorio - (Argentina) Spanish Monolingual

PATERNAL GRANDPARENTS

Maxine - (American) - English Monolingual

Matthew (American) - English Monolingual

NOTES:

1. Viviana: Speaks English with thick Argentine accent after living in US for 20 years. Our family in Argentina insists her accent sounds Mexican after living in Texas for so long.

2. Tania: Technically Spanish was first language since didn't make move to USA until age 5, but did not speak it at home after the move. :'(

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Curso de catalan con Vinga.cat ! Este vídeo es una demo. Por favor visite www.vinga.cat para ver las presentaciones multimedia. También disponible en versión: inglés Por favor, considere hacer una donación o ayudar en la traducción!

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Vocabulario utilizado alo realizar un análisis morfológico:

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útil - un slideshow sobre la estructura de una oracion

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útil - un slideshow sobre la estructura de una oracion

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Sintaxis, estructura de la oración bimembre

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Estando al pedo en mi casa, me puse a buscar los distintos acentos de los sudamericanos, y por eso les pongo varios vídeos en los cuales podemos ver hablar a varios hermanos sudamericanos con sus acentos

Primero pongo el paraguayo, ya que me costo encontrar porque las mayorías son imitaciones y leyendo los comentarios veo que los paraguayos dicen que no hablan así, y entonces pongo este vídeo de jóvenes paraguayos haciendo una manifestación

link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJUxVoJzQrk&feature=player_detailpage

El argentino voy a poner por los dos acentos mas conocidos, que serian el porteño y el cordobés

Encontré a este yanqui que en realidad parece porteño que aprendió a hablar ingles, el acento porteño le sale perfecto

link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyUNV80qQR8

Y este que dice ser noruego, pero parece mas cordobés que el cuarteto

link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggZAerqAWl4

Uruguayo es muy parecido al porteño argentino, aunque algunos cambian el tu por el vos

link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=shvO5ATftn4

link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldTtfU9PRa4

El chileno, creo que todos conocemos este acento, odiados por todos amados por pocos, uno de los mas molestos talves

Me encontré con este vídeo de chilenos en un reportaje medio caliente a paraguayas, podemos escuchar los 2 acentos al mismo tiempo

link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=S7ckh_XaFrw#!

link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kneUTYrKUzM

Los peruanos

link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2XpbKNyjmss

Los Bolivianos

link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXv7ePw6sbU

Los colombianos

link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozcx2-YRGgI

Los venezolanos

link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfP129zZuZk

Acento Ecuatoriano

link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVnkydj4ivs

Espero que les guste y dejen su comentario, si seleccione bien los vídeos

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Al pedo en mi casa, me puse a buscar los distintos acentos de los sudamericanos, y por eso les pongo varios vídeos en los cuales podemos ver hablar a varios hermanos sudamericanos con sus acentos Primero pongo el paraguayo, ya que me costo encontrar...

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An exploration of modern language and its consistencies/inconsistencies.

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TEDxDartmouth 2011- Timothy Pulju: The Uncanny Science of Linguistic Reconstruction- March 6, 2011

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In a hilarious exploration of modern language and its consistencies - and inconsistencies- Senior Lecturer in Classics and Linguistics Timothy Pulju shows the "Uncanny Science of Linguistic Reconstruction" and raises a dead language right before our eyes.

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Las mismas metáforas están usadas convencionalmente a través de una cultura. Por ejemplo, usamos palabras sobre viajes para describir la historia y el estado de una relación. Algo complicado está describido en términos de algo que puede hacer con el cuerpo. ("El amor es un viaje," "lleguemos a una encrucijada," "we parted ways").

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El sistema motor está involucrado en la comprensión lingüística

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El sistema motor está involucrado en la comprensión lingüística

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Los participantes tenían un cambio considerablemente mas grande en las oraciónes lógicas que en las que no tenían sentido.

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El lenguaje como herramienta que ayuda en el amplia del sentido corporal.

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Embodied cognition and beyond: Acting and sensing the body - ScienceDirect

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Embodied cognition (EC) underlines that cognition is constrained by the kind of body we possess, and stresses the importance of action for cognition. In this perspective the body is always considered as an acting body. Here, we review EC literature discussing studies that show that body parts are not considered independent of their involvement in action.

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Recent work in embodied cognition has demonstrated that language comprehension involves the motor system (e.g., Glenberg & Kaschak, 2002). Such findings are often attributed to mechanisms involving simulations of linguistically described events (Barsalou, 1999; Fischer & Zwaan, 2008). We propose that research paradigms in which simulation is the central focus need to be augmented with paradigms that probe the organization of the motor system during language comprehension. The use of well-studied motor tasks may be appropriate to this endeavour. To this end, we present a study in which participants perform a bimanual rhythmic task (Kugler & Turvey, 1987) while judging the plausibility of sentences. We show that the dynamics of the bimanual task differ when participants judge sentences describing performable actions as opposed to sentences describing events that are not performable. We discuss the general implications of our results for accounts of embodied cognition.

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Sentence comprehension affects the dynamics of bimanual coordination: Implications for embodied cognition

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Recent work in embodied cognition has demonstrated that language comprehension involves the motor system (e.g., Glenberg & Kaschak, 2002). Such findings are often attributed to mechanisms involving simulations of linguistically described events (Barsalou, 1999; Fischer & Zwaan, 2008).