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Polygons are a face with above 3 edges and vertices. Polygons can also have above 4 vertices, which then they become called N-Gons

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Surfaces in 3D modelling are 2D objects in a 3D space, which when combined and fully enclosed become a solid mesh, or at least solid appearing.

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Coordinate geometry is a point which has an array of data, X, Y and Z. These coordinates provide a relative point in a space where a vertex would lie, allowing a 3D object to exist. However, it can also have a 2D array, in which it only has 2 sets of data, X and Y, so the vertex can also exist in a 2D environment.

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Wireframe is a view with all of the faces missing, you can still see the vertices and edges within it, but it only renders the edges, so the model look see-through. This view can help find geometric anomalies within the mesh and can be used to edit meshes without having to rotate the model much

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Primitives are a collection of default shapes introduced with a 3D creation package, such as 3DS Max, or Blender. Within these packages are defined shapes which can be built off of in your project. These are mainly shapes such as cubes, spheres, cones and torus’.

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A mesh is a collection of vertices, edges and faces, which created an object in 3D space.

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A point cloud is an array of data that is set in a 3D environment, it is mainly used by photoscan software and is then used to build a mesh out of the points by finding a logical way to connect them. Point clouds rely on density for resolution and can have gaps in them if not created properly. also , they can have artifacts within them if not edited properly.

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Curves are splines which are controlled by control points, it mainly uses nodes for control and depending on the amount of subdivisions, curves can be straight lines, or smooth lines. Curves if they are bezier use weighted nodes to control the curves direction and weight.

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Faces are a minimum of 3 edges and 3 vertices to create a 3D shape. Faces, or polygons are usually in quads or tris, which are 4 sided shapes and 3 sided shapes to keep down the amount of N-Gons, which are polygons with an N amount of side, which is any number above and including 5.

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Edges are 2 vertices joined with an intersecting line. Edges can be joined together to make faces with a minimum of 3 edges to make a 3-dimensional shape. An edge can also be created where two polygons meet and the vertices will be joined, rather than just occupying the same space.

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Vertices are 2D shapes within a 3D space, which denotes a space within the 3-axis, it is an intersection between a minimum of 3 other edges to create a polygon or face. These points can be moved on all 3 axis and will never be distorted. A vertex is a single vertice and can be joined with other vertex to create edges. A single vertex can have infinite connections.

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A render engine is a program which automates the rendering process of either radiosity or ray-tracing, to turn a 3D scene into a 3D render.

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Ray tracing is another rendering technique. This technique traces the rays of light including bounces. This process can create realistic renders as it simulates light realistically, so can do realistic reflections and can complete accurate refraction. Ray tracing is now becoming major to consumers thanks to NVIDIA’s new RTX lineup, which bring real-time raytracing to market without having to go with enterprise grade hardware, such as the $300,000 DGX-2 which can render ray-tracing in real-time and 60FPS.

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Radiosity is a rendering technique which is based on the reflections of diffuse maps, which creates a gradual, soft shadow from direct and indirect lighting, this factors in processes such as light bounces.

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Texturing is taking a 2D map and applying it to a 3D object. This requires a UV map. U and V are alternatives to the XYZ as they are already occupied by the 3 axis. These textures will then be wrapped onto the object. Shading is the way in which a 3D object has changed colour due to factors such as viewing angle, light reflections as well as certain applied maps, such as diffuse, bump, normal, or roughness.

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Scan Conversion is a process of represent a graphical object as a group of pixels.

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Clipping is where a frustum is used by the camera to render a scene, as it defines where the render will look different from the viewport.

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There are two main types of projection within 3D, orthographic and perspective. Orthographic projection is a view which removes the scaling effect that our eyes have over range, while perspective introduces the scaling, as our eyes have two lenses, which distorts our view over range.

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Lighting is when somebody introduces light into a 3D scene to light up the objects, this can be done in many ways, such as using a HDRI map (High-dynamic-range imaging) which is a 360 degree environment map which introduces ambient light into a scene. Another way to light a scene is using lights built into the 3D creation software, such as Blender’s point lamp and sun lamp.

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Modelling is using a 3D creation software, such as MAYA, Blender or 3DS Max to create an object in 3D, this can be done in multiple ways such as box modelling and extrusion modelling.

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A graphics pipeline or rendering pipeline is the steps needed to take a 3D scene and convert and display it onto a 2D display, such as a monitor.

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OpenGL is an alternative API to Direct3D, it is cross-OS, so can be used on multiple different operating systems such as Windows and Linux. It is used for 2D and 3D graphic rendering. OpenGL can be implemented into software, but is mainly implemented into hardware such as Graphics Processing Units or GPUs. OpenGL has support for NVIDIA and AMD, but NVIDIA has better driver support as they have more money invested.

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Direct3D is a Windows API, it is part of the DirectX lineup, which is used within rendering graphics in 3D. DirectX is now up to DirectX 12 and is used in most games that are designed for Windows. Direct3D allows for more shader support, buffering and also allows for graphics hardware to be utilized together for improved 3D object display.

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An api, or application program interface helps specify how software should interact with each other, it is usually tools or protocols that are used when coding a GUI for a software, or Graphical User Interface.

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Product design is also a major part of 3D, it allows for the visualisation of a product as well as real-life scaled designs. A prototype can also be 3D printed instead of going into manufacture to be able to tweak designs. 3D is also a major part of the fashion industry as they can render the designs and see what clothes would look like with realistic textures, materials and cloth simulations.

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3D printing is a new major revolution in technology in the 21st Century. 3D printing allows ordinary people access to specialist tools and equipment not accessible before. 3D printing is also now being used on the International Space Station to print specialist parts and tools that they can’t wait until the next ship to access. 3D printing can use multiple materials, such as plastic, food paste and now metal. This will one day be used to create a Mars base that will be created by robots and is 3D printed. Printing also allows for abstract parts to be created and also one-off parts which require precision.

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Simulations are another application of 3D, it can be used to simulate many areas, such as medical and fluid. Medical simulations are that such as DNA strand replication. Fluid sims use top technology to create realistic fluid and to be able to test properties such as viscosity and density. Fire simulations are also helpful in predicting what fire will react like in situations such as wildfires and how shifting wind will change it. Weather simulations are also major as they can predict catastrophes such as hurricanes and earthquakes from data collected from weather stations and seismographs.

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3D modelling can be used for educational purposes, such as visualising models as well as allowing people to dissect models and diagrams, allowing professions such as engineers, architects and plumbers to visually see a problem and be able to solve it before completing the task in actuality. 3D can also be used to show the inner workings of objects and can also be used to design objects, such as SolidWorks CAD to be able to use a CNC machine.

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3D is now a major part in gaming, it provides a whole new dimension to gaming, the Z-Axis. 3D is a major part of gaming as the game is interactive, so the models have to be good. The models are real-time rendered with textures to create an interesting world. Games usually utilize multiple techniques, such as occlusion culling and LODs. Occlusion culling is where a frustum is used in a boolean operation to only render visible geometry. This limits the amount of polygons and textures that are rendered to minimize lag and optimize performance. LODs are Level Of Details, it is a different model rendered at range to give the same impression, but use less geometry.

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Animation is a major part of the 20th and 21st century culture, it helps with entertainment, teaching, design and inspiration. Animation is used in major films and is even having entire films made out of it, such as PIXAR’s Toy Story™ which was made using entirely CGI, or Computer Generated Imagery, and used no real-world footage. Toy Story was created using the RenderMan rendering software created by Pixar Animation Studios™. Animation is created by rendering in frames, 24 frames per second or FPS is industry standard as it is the lowest FPS needed for images to perceived as fluid motion, and not just multiple images. This animation is created from multiple ways, such as the movement of objects, or the movement of vertices, or the movement of a rig, such as the rotation of bones.

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3D modelling and printing can be used in less developed countries to print tools that are vital for procedures, but can’t readily be procured for the procedure.

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3D allows for doctors of any kind, such as surgeons, practitioners and dentists to take 3D scans of their patients to help diagnose problems, or be able to practice their medical procedure before actually partaking in the surgery. This 3D scanning can also be used in dentistry to take scans of teeth, so that every visit, the dentists can see if anything has changed, such as a missing tooth, or a loose filling. This scan can also be used to design a filling or a crown from other teeth by copying the top of other teeth to fit the profile. The uniqueness of everyone also allows for anomalies to be explored even when the person in question isn’t alive or able to be there, so 3D scans can be taken to be studied. 3D modelling combined with MRI can allow doctors to make accurate scans of people’s internals and be able to spot anomalies such as tumor from these models.

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3D modelling is used majorly within the medicine industry for purposes such as prosthetics. Prosthetics are designed within 3D modelling applications to have exact measurements to fit to the patient exactly. This can also be used to visualize what the prosthesis will look like and can be adjusted to the patient’s needs. This 3D model is much cheaper to create than standard prosthetics as it can be 3D printed, rather than using more expensive materials such as steel and aluminium. This 3D model can also easily be used by other people and fit it to their needs rather than having to pay somebody to design an entirely new design. This is also combined with the readily available software that can be freely used to edit the designs, so designs can be customised for anyone.