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means advocating for Black Nationalism, the unit and cooperation of African peoples in Africa and around the world.
- In the US this manifested as       the "Black Power Movement
-  In Africa, it was an effort to           correct damage done by
colonialism.
The Organization for African Unity formed in 1963.
In 2002, the African union formed to promote the political and economic integration of African countries.

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- is a nationalist movement emphasizing Arabs' common history and language which has aimed to create a single Arab state.
- After 1960's, it was less about merging the Arab States and more about creating institutions to promote trade, cultural exchange, build up common economic goals, and provide military cooperation between Arab countries.
- Arab states actually did little to achieve their goals. Trade barriers remained in place and restrictions on the movement of people continued.
- the Persian Gulf War in the early 1990s highlighted the division of the Arab States

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- After WWI 5 countries had been combined into one = Yugoslavia. It was under Soviet influence.
- In 1990, Yugoslavia was politically free but had a bad economy and ethnic tensions began to surface.
- In 1991, Croatia and Slovenia asserted independence. By 1992, Bosnia did too.

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Bosnia has a Muslim majority. The Bosnian Serbs are a smaller minority, wanted to stay with Yugoslavia. So they started an ethnic cleansing to rid Bosnia of Muslims.
-1995 NATO stepped in.
- The Dayton Accord gave Bosnian serbs a limited territory and recognized authority of the Muslim controlled state government.

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Pan-Africanism, Pan-Arabism and other religious struggles.

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Pan-Africanism, Pan-Arabism and other religious struggles.

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-1991 there was a coup and Hutu took control. Negotiations Tutsis to be part of government.  But Hutu extremists opposed
-1994, Hutus massacred around 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus in 100 days.
-The Hutus shot down a plan carrying the Rwandan president.
-Hutus fought to take back the capital.
-June 1994, UN forces arrived in numbers but so many had already fled or died.