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Manifest Destiny Explained in 5 Minutes: US History Review

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When Jackson was President, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensured (18370. Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

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A series of religious revivals in the first half of the 1800's characterized by great emotionalism in large public meetings. Third revolution, makes them more religious, smarter; no drinking. reformers: better schools and rights for women. Protestant churches, 1800-1840 approximately. This created new denominations and also strengthened the current ones. Total church membership rose from a few thousand to over forty-thousand between 1780 and 1860. New York was the "burned over" district because of all of its religious revivals.

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The Alamo, Davie Crockett, William Travis

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The Alamo, Davie Crockett, William Travis

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Fortress in Texas where four hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "Remember the Alamo" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence. Davie Crockett was a United States frontiersman and Tennessee politician who died at the siege of the Alamo, example of "common man," partially literate (could only write his name), some thought he should run for president after killing 105 bears in a season. William Travis was a commander of the defenders of the Alamo who was only 26 years old. He was determined to hold his position and managed to send messages through Mexican lines asking for assistance, but none came. He was killed in the Battle of the Alamo, and he was important because his death made Texas fight harder for their independence.

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After a few battles with Mexican soldiers in 1835, Texas leaders met and organized a temporary government. Texas troops initially seized San Antonio, but lost it after the massacre of the outpost garrisoning the Alamo. In response, Texas issued a Declaration of Independence. Santa Ana tried to swiftly put down the rebellion, but Texan soldiers surprised him and his troops on April 21, 1836. They crushed his forces and captured him in the Battle of San Jacinto, and forced him to sign a treaty granting Texan independence. U.S. lent no aid.

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The doctrine, first expressed in 1845, that said the expansion of white Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God was a means to spread Protestant Christianity and Jacksonian Democracy to more people.

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The Mormon Trek: Joseph Smith, Beliefs of Mormons

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The Mormon Trek: Joseph Smith, Beliefs of Mormons

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Migration of Mormons from the East to Salt Lake City, Utah to escape mob violence and religious persecution, lasted from 1830-1851. Religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UTFounded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

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A social reform effort in the mid-1800’s started by Horace Mann that promoted the idea of having all children educated in the same place regardless of social class or background.

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A movement that took place in the United States from the later half of the 19th century up until the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, which put into law women's right to vote. Also thought to be the "first wave" of American feminism, the suffrage movement arguably began with the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, which issued a Declaration of Sentiments that called for the equal rights of men and women before the law. Suffragettes, as they were often called, were variously led by such figures as Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Alice Paul, and Carrie Chapman Catt.

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A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830’s and 1840’s, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

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11th president of the US (1845-1849) Defeated Henry Clay in 1844. Promised to annex Texas and was a leader of the Jacksonian Democracy. Foreign policy successes split ownership of Oregon with England. When Mexico rejected Annexation of Texas-led nation to victory in Mexican American war followed by Mexican cession. Served only one term and did not run for reelection. U.S. made Texas a state in 1845. Joint resolution - both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tyler, and he signed the bill shortly before leaving office.

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Tax stated that foreign miners were required to pay $3/month for license to work in gold fields. Land could be taken from those who didn't pay the tax or miners could also be expelled from mining. Tax specifically targeted the Chinese miners and was intended to drive them out of the mining to open it up more for white American miners and was one of the first racist legislation against China. Chinese miners were forced to leave the mining industry, forcing them to search alternative occupations, which led to their place in the service industry of SF.

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Businesses Created in California To Support Miners

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Businesses Created in California To Support Miners

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Until the 1840's, the overwhelming majority of Americans lived east of the Mississippi River, but by 1850 the boundaries of the United States stretched to the Pacific and the nation had more than doubled its size. The revolution in transportation and communication, a growing population, and a booming economy propelled the western surge.

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Communities found by reformers and transcendentalists to help realize their spiritual and moral potential and to escape from the competition of modern industrial society.

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A movement started by Dorothea Dix to try and get the proper care for the insane that they needed without them being abused. She was their main voice voice for justice.

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A powerful reform of the Scond Great Awakening to promote the abstinence of alcoholic beverages.

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New Denominations Created -- Methodist and Baptist

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New Denominations Created -- Methodist and Baptist

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Methodist — A movement of Protestant Christianity; religion is known for concern for societal welfare and doing missionary work, as well as trying to spread the message of Jesus around by establishing hospitals, schools, and soup kitchens; founded by John and Charles Wesley.

Baptist — Individuals who belong the Christian belief and believe that Baptism should only be preformed on the believers of faith. They began in Amsterdam in 1609, with John Smyth as the pastor, they only baptized living adults. This began to spread to England as well. Emphasized free will and universal redemption and equality of all and completely believed in Bible and human kind's depravity.

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Beginning in the 1820's, social activists pressed for prison reform. These reformers argued that prisons, instead of simply confining criminals, should focus on rehabilitation through instruction, order, and discipline. Believing crime was largely the result of childhood neglect and trauma, prison reformers hoped that such methods would counteract the effects of a poor upbringing and effectively purge criminals of their violent and immoral tendencies. Until the early 1840's, the insane were confined in these poorhouses or in prisons, living in miserable conditions that often exacerbated their illnesses. Then the mentally ill reform came along.

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Democratic — 1850-1900; Pro-slavery, favored secession from union, got blamed for Civil War (Bloody Shirt Issue), states' rights (especially on civil rights), farmers, feared strong central government, opposed god standard, used the Spoils System, supported lowering tariff (1887), reduced government role in railroad building, and opposed imperialism in 1890’s.

Whigs — 1832-1852; Hamiltonian traditions/ideas, Mercantile/business interests, pro-national Bank, national government, control/build canals & roads, "American System", opposed spread of slavery, anti-Mexican War, weak executive government, and an energetic national government.

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(1849) Inflow of miners to Northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold at Sutler’s Mill in January of 148 had spread around the world by the end of the year. The onslaught of migrants prompted Californians to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849.

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(1848) It ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico gave up all claims of land from Texas to California for $15 million.

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Caused the Annexation of Texas, diplomatic ineptness of U.S./Mexican relations in the 1840's and particularly the provocation of U.S. troops on the Rio Grande. The first half of the war was fought in northern Mexico near the Texas border, with the U.S. Army led by Zachary Taylor. The second half of the war was fought in central Mexico after U.S. troops seized the port of Veracruz, with the Army being led by Winfield Scott. Results: U.S. captured Mexico City, Zachary Taylor was elected president, Santa Ana abdicated, and Mexico ceded large parts of the West, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S.

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A general who managed to keep a small force together, and they defeated the Mexican Army, which led to Texas Independence, (victory of San Jacinto).

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Moses Austin — Born in Connecticut, although determined to be Spanish (cheap land and freedom from laws); pledged allegiance to the King of Spain - Louisiana Purchase made him, once more, a citizen of the U.S. Asked to establish a colony of 300 families in Texas (governor thought that he could possibly civilize Austin) he died a year later and his son took up his father’s work.

Stephen Austin — In 1822, Austin founded the first settlement of Americans in Texas. In 1833 he was sent by the colonists to negotiate with the Mexican government for Texan independence and was imprisoned in Mexico until 1835, when he returned to Texas and became the commander of the settlers' army in the Texas Revolution.