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Gender is culturally constructed ideas about what is means to be a man or woman within a specific place or time. Gender in Mexico, prior to immigration, consisted of strict gender roles based upon women being expected to stay in the house and men leaving the house to work and have other freedoms. Due to immigration to the United States, considered to be more modern, the roles are starting to change with women leaving their traditional roles and therefore their position in society changing. They are gaining more freedoms as they begin to leave the home.

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Gender is a culturally constructed idea about what is means to be a man or woman within a specific place or time. The traditional gender roles identified in Mexico are culturally constructed ideas.  These roles limit behavior through spacial organizations of residences, such as la calle vs the la casa.  The text exemplified how these ideas have changed over the decades, aligning with the definition that states that gender roles and the standards for normal are dependent on the time period.

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Gender is defined as culturally constructed ideas about what it means to be a man or woman in a specific place or time. There are highly defined gender roles that exist in the society in Mexico described in the passage, however the immigration that was prevalent in their community caused the gender roles to modernize to better mirror the American ideals. This was due to the new condition of many individuals having relatives living in America.

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Gender is a culturally constructed idea about what makes someone a man or woman in a specific place or time. A person's identity can be demonstrated by the role they play in society. In the society described in the unseen text, one's identity is limited by their gender because of prominent gender roles. For example, being a woman is defined as staying home and doing household work, whereas men have independence and freedom being the breadwinner for their family. Should a man or woman challenge these gender roles, they would be challenging the definition of gender in the society.

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Gender is a culturally constructed idea about what it means to be a  man or a woman in a specific place of time.
This applies to the text as the women living in Mexico have different rules to the men. An example of this is Men are allowed to move freely about the world as they bring in the income for the family. The women are required to stay at home and are looked down on when outside of their home.

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Definition: Cultural constructed ideas about what it means to be a man or a women in a specific place and time.
Application to text: Gender seems to define roles within and outside a household. To be a man, it means to be the head of the household. You're looked up to for support at all times. Being man grants you various benefits, which a women may not posses. For instance, as a man you're capable of going out to the streets at any time. As a women, you're restricted of such benefits, as you may be seem as a subordinate to the man. However, as women immigrate to the US for work, more women in Mexico are seen working outside of the home.

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Society - "The way in which humans organize in groups and networks. Created + sustained by social relations and institutions."

Within this article, society is responsible for the way in which men and women interact with each other and organize themselves. The men and women organize themselves into gender roles and pass those beliefs and views to their children. More than anything, this organization relates strongly to wealth and power. Men have more power because in their society, they're allowed to go outside of the house. Contrarily, women have less power because their sole role is perceived to be obeying men. However, because of the transnational societal views and the change in where men work, immigration is causing a shift in this power. Now, as men leave the house for extended periods of time to migrate and find work, women find themselves outside of the house to sell goods on the streets. The societal views shape the way people organize themselves in relation to others, but can be changed due to changes in outside forces such as the economy.

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Society refers to the way in which humans organize themselves in groups and networks. It is created and sustained by social relations and institutions. As institutions such as gender roles reacted to the economic crisis in Mexico and the modern gender roles within the United States, the society changed to allow more freedoms for women which was demonstrated by the increase in women within the labor market.

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Society refers to the way in which organize themselves in groups and networks.  The interaction on an international scale between those in Mexico and those in the United States causes the individuals in Mexico to reorganize themselves to better mirror their American counterparts. The gender roles are an additional way with which people in Mexico organize themselves.

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Society is the way in which humans organize in groups and networks. It is created and sustained by social relations and institutions. Society helps us understand the information because prior to immigration, Mexicans organized themselves based on gender and assigned roles to those genders. Women were expected to stay at home while men were supposed to go out to work. However, immigration changed the way the people organized by expanding the things they were allowed and accepted to do. Women were encouraged and even expected to find work.

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Definition: the way in which humans organize in groups and networks. Created and sustained by social relations and institutions.
By understanding the way in which humans organize groups and networks, we're able to gain a sense of what their actions are aimed at, their beliefs, and so on. In this passage, gender roles are among the key dividing factors that organize groups and networks. By understanding the differences of groups and networks within the society, we ultimately gain an in-depth outlook on the way a society functions and what any new ethnographic data signifies.

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The gender roles were in place for economic reason. For a society to thrive, each member must play a significant role. Each person contributes to society in a different way, and for many years these ways were dependent on gender. A network, such a marriage, explains the difference in societal norms between the US and Mexico. For example, in Mexico, marriage has a heirarchal relationship. Therefore, society is largely responsible for the difference in life among US and Mexican citizens.

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Social relations: Any relationship between two or more individuals within a network of relationships. Involves an element of individual agency and group expectations that form the basis of social organization & structure.

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Identity - "The ongoing process that informs the way in which people see themselves and the groups they belong to as well as the way others see them"

In the article, the way the Mexicans identify to one gender and the way people see their gender determines where they work, how they're treated within their homes, and how they're spoken to. Women are typically expected to stay at home and work in the kitchen or with the children whereas men are expected to work outside of the home and possibly migrate to find good work. Similarly, the way the migrants in "Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies" identify with their race affects how they're treated. A white bilingual administrator was "told to be 'more curt' and 'quick'" (61) with the migrant farmers. This is one of many examples of the white people on the farms being expected to treat the migrant farmers poorly because of their race.

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Identity is the ongoing process that informs the way in which people see themselves and the groups they belong to as well as the way others see them. In the passage, the gender was a very important part of the individual's identities and a similar concept was seen in learning capitalist culture. In both societies the individual's identities were highly based on their gender and there were strict gender roles that most individuals felt social pressure to adhere to. In contrast, in the reading, there was highly explicit punishment and discouragement. However, in learning capitalist culture, this concept was far more implicit and behavior was motivated mostly based on public opinion. Further, in the reading identity was based almost entirely on gender, whereas in learning capitalist culture there were other components of identity.

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Identity is the ongoing process that informs the way in which people see themselves and the groups they belong to as well as the way others see them. Identity can be defined by different factors. In the passage, identity was predominantly defined by gender(gender roles). However, identity develops over time, as the gender roles for men and women expanded as immigration occurred, and the community assimilated American standards. For example, women were generally expected to be homemakers and mothers, but after years of immigration, they were encouraged to take outside jobs and bring in an income.This same development of identity was demonstrated in North Town, however the dominant factor that impacted identity was race, not gender. Race determined the social hierarchy in North Town, determining very different roles for ¨Anglo¨ vs ¨Mexicana¨ people. This identity expanded over time, as when the students returned to the high school after many years, they had a more open-minded perspective on interracial relationships.

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Identity is the ongoing process that informs the way in which people see themselves and the groups they belong to as well as the way others see them. In the passage, a large part of a man/women's identity was influenced by the gender roles that had been culturally constructed throughout time. The men work whereas the women are considered the homemakers, limiting their freedom and thus creating gender inequality. Similarly to FFBB, the men typically travel across the border and work in agricultural fields and the women stay home and take care of the children. Another similar aspect in both texts is that it's considered dangerous for the women to travel. In the passage women aren't allowed to venture the streets alone, as they are seen as vulnerable and susceptible to being attacked(because of their gender). Likewise, in FFBB, it is very dangerous for the women to travel across the border. In contrast to the passage, the gender roles were sustained in FFBB. The passage on the other hand states that after migration to the US, the gender roles became "modernized" and women started appearing in the work force.

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Identity is the ongoing process that informs the way in which people see themselves and the groups they belong to as well as the way others see them. In Learning Capitalist Culture by Douglas Foley and the reading, gender identity dictated where one stood in the social hierarchy and how much power they have. In the text, the societal expectations of Mexican Women was that they would be homemakers and meet "the demands and desires of her husband." Their identity as women put them at a disadvantage in terms of holding power because they were always subordinate to men. Similarly, in Learning Capitalist Culture, a woman's role was to assist a man in getting his place on the social hierarchy. They were more trophies and objects used to show power.

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In "Learning Capitalist Culture", written by Douglas E. Foley and in which he examines a small south Texas town during the 1970's and 80's, there is a lot of participant observation used. Foley fully immerses himself in the town and it's culture. However, in the Paper 1 text, the main focus is on interviewing people and drawing upon previous research. This text's anthropological style makes it more scientific and better suited for a professional paper or other publication, while Foley's anthropological style is less scientific but more engaging, making it better suited for an ethnography which non-anthropologists might read.

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In the reading, the data was collected through interviews. This contrasts to fresh fruit broken bodies, where Holmes used a method of embodiment to gain an understanding of the people. They were similar in that a large part of the anthropological ideas were derived from interviews. However, they differ in that Holmes became much closer to the individuals that were under study and experienced the same hardships as the group under study.

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In the article, the anthropologists seemed to observe the goings-on by just watching. There was no participation in the discoveries of the gender segregation within the Mexican community. Contrarily, the author of "Learning Capitalist Culture" participates actively in his studies/ The people of North Town were familiar with Foley and he specifically mentioned his interactions with him. This made for more open dialogue and possibly a greater understanding of what was truly happening in North Town, whereas the specific happenings in Mexico were likely largely based on assumption.

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In the passage, the main method that the anthropologist used to gather information was from interviews. "Fresh Fruit Broken Bodies", by Seth M. Holmes, uses multiple different methods to extract information about the lives of the migrant berry pickers along the West Coast, such as participant observation, embodied anthropology an addition to interviews. Holmes was more active in the migrant farm worker community. He lived along side the people he was studying and even participated in picking berries. Because of this, Holmes' stories and inferences were much more personal and based off of individual stories instead of impersonal inferences based off interviews.

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In both the text and Fresh Fruit Broken Bodies, interviews of the Mexican migrants were conducted in order to show their perspectives on the experience of coming from Mexico to America. In the text, men and women were interviewed in order to understand gender roles in society, and in Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies, interviews were used to hear first hand experience on crossing the border and migrant farm work. However, Holmes goes more in depth with fieldwork by using participant observation and interacting with the migrants and other workers on the farm. He attempts to cross the border with the Triqui people, and he spends a summer picking berries and working alongside them.

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In this passage, the main approach to research was interviewing. However, Foley utilized participant observation as well as data collection in North Town of Learning Capitalist Culture. With interviewing as the focus, the two anthropologists focused their questions and data collection on specific topics. In this passage, both males and females were interviewed for their opinions regarding spatial arrangements as gender standards. Foley also recorded information about gender relations after asking both genders; however, he also focused on other aspects, such as race and economic status. Overall, his interviews covered a broader range of social topics, while this passage's interviews were specific to gender relations at an economic class.

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Culture: A process that is learned, shared, symbolic, integrated and adaptive.
-Culture is learned as a part of societal norms
-In the article, societal norms in Mexico dictated how the woman would act and their different role in Mexican culture
-Assimilation into the U.S. by migrant woman changed that role and caused it to change for their relatives back in Mexico as well
-In "Learning Capitalist Culture", written by Douglas E. Foley and focusing on a small south Texas town, he examined how as time went on the culture of the town became less racially segregated and more open. He used an example of the increased number of interracial relationships as evidence of this
-In "Fresh Fruit Broken Bodies", written by Seth Holmes and focusing on the native Triqui people of Oaxaca and their struggles as migrant workers, a lot of the Triqui people started learning English and assimilated into U.S. culture
-These examples show that culture is adopted and is different in every place. Just by being in a different place, people can almost instantly begin to pick up and act in their new culture, a process known as enculturation.

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Culture is a process that is learned, shared, symbolic, integrated and adaptive, and dynamic. For instance, in Learning Capitalist Culture by Douglas E. Foley, culture is learned and shared through a commonly played and supported sport, football. Football reflects on the communities values and beliefs, which are shared through the High School's Friday night games. The game of football is symbolic, as it defines social status within the town that was the subject of the study, North Town. Similarly to North Town, the subject of the ethnography in the reading,  culture is learned, shared, and symbolic. However, it is more integrated, adaptive, and dynamic than culture in North Town. For instance, as women migrate towards the United States...
- cultural values adapt to the local culture
- culture adapts to lack of opportunities in Mexico, and as a result they often migrate for work in other areas
- Fresh Fruits Broken bodies by Seth M. Holmes. Area studied, California and Washington.

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Culture is a learned process that is integral to individuals' living in the society.

In the article, this culture was highly based on traditional gender roles but was impacted by ideas gained from expats in America.

In FFBB, the culture was learned from family and social interaction, especially the idea of hard work and supporting their family.

In LCC, the culture was learned mostly from peers and mostly consisted of partying to the exclusion of academic success.

Hierarchies tie these together as the hierarchy of the work in FFBB was impactful to the workers lives. In LCC, the social hierarchy consumed most individuals mental energy. In the article, the hierarchy between men and women created the gender roles that characterized the society.

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Culture refers to organized systems of symbols, ideas, explanations, beliefs and material production.
In Fresh Fruit Broken Bodies by Seth Holmes, "the superiors on the farms never called me deprecatory names like they did the Oaxacan workers."(pg 36) demonstrates how the bosses on the farm treat people of other cultures. The powerful white people treated the immigrants badly but treated Holmes well even though he was in the same position as the other immigrants, just educated and white.

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Culture is a process that is learned, shared, symbolic, integrated, adaptive and dynamic.
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