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- 2 April 742 – 28 January 814
- Charlemagne became king due to his fathers death. In 768 he became King of the Franks and in 774 he became king of the Lombard's. He United much of Eastern and Western Europe.
- He spent most of his reign engaged in warfare in order to accomplish his goals. As king he expanded the Frankish state called Carolingian Empire which made him seem fit to become Emperor.

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- December 25, 800
- Charlemagne founded the Holy Roman Empire, strengthened European economic and political life , and promoted the cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance.
- Charlemagne seemed fit as an emperor to the Pope who could no longer fend off his enemies in the city.

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- 814
- In 813, Charlemagne crowned his son Louis the Pious (778-840), king of Aquitaine, as co-emperor. Louis became sole emperor when Charlemagne died in January 814, ending his reign of more than four decades. At the time of his death, his empire encompassed much of Western Europe. In the ensuing decades, his empire was divided up among his heirs, and by the late 800s, it had dissolved.

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- 1066
- A political organization represented by small, local, independent leaders, distinguished classes, upper nobles grant things to lower nobles. Feudal society is a military hierarchy in which a ruler or lord offers mounted fighters a fief (medieval beneficium), a unit of land to control in exchange for a military service. The individual who accepted this land became a vassal, and the man who granted the land become known as his liege or his lord.
- Most Europeans were governed by a king who was bound by the obligations of Feudalism. Feudalism discouraged a unified government because individual lords would divide their lands into smaller and smaller sections to give to lesser rulers and knights. Feudalism also discouraged trade and economic growth. The land was worked by peasant farmers called serfs, who were tied to individual plots of land and forbidden to move or change occupations without the permission of their lord.

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- 1066
- The vikings attacked Europe because they were not Christian and Christian monasteries were easy targets for the vikings given the fact that the monks had no weapons and the buildings were filled with valuable treasures, like gold, jewels, and books
- This effected usbecause eventually the Vikings began to settle in lands outside of Scandinavia. In the 9th century they settled portions of Great Britain, Scotland, Germany, and Iceland. In the 10th century they moved into northeastern Europe including Russia. They also settled along the coast of northern France, where they established Normandy, which means "northmen".

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- 1096-1099
- The first of 4 crusades called for by Pope Urban ll to attempt to recapture the Holy land. Crusader victory (wins Jerusalem)
- Despite Tancred’s promise of protection, the Crusaders slaughtered hundreds of men, women, and children in their victorious entrance into Jerusalem

- Won Jerusalem back and re-established the Christian-Jerusalem Kingdom.

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- 1145-1149
- Started in response to the fall of the country Edessa that was announced by Pope Eugene lll. Both European armies defeated by Seljuk Turks. It was a big failure for the crusaders and a great victory for the Muslims.
- It influenced the fall of Jerusalem and the rise of the 3rd crusade.

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- 1189-1192
- An attempt by the leaders of the 3 most powerful Western Christian states to reconquer the holy land. They succeeded in capturing Ache and Jaffa but failed in recapturing Jerusalem.
- Inspired the 4th Crusade and finalized the treaty of Jaffa which granted Muslim control over Jerusalem

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- 1202-1204
- A latin Christian expedition called by pope innocent the 3rd, intent was to recapture the muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem
- Crusaders sacked Constantinople
- This started the great schism, crippled the Byzantine empire

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- 15 June 1215
- A document that limited the power of the Monarch and established human rights for everyone in England, meant as a peace treaty between King John and his subjects
- pivotal moment in establishment of human rights
- In the 17th century, however, the Petition of Right referred to this, which states that “no free man shall be…imprisoned or disseised (dispossessed) except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.”  which relates with “To no one will we sell, to no one will we deny or delay right or justice” also had dramatic implications for future legal systems in Britain and America
- so the Magna Carta is still effecting us today by giving us some of our basic human rights

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- 1300 – 1600
- The renaissance was a cultural movement that began in Italy and eventually spread throughout Europe. During the renaissance people experienced changes in art, learning, classical works, and many other things.
- The renaissance was important because it laid the foundation for the age of exploration and eventual European global domination.

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- 1337-1453
- War between England and France trying to claim the throne
- England rejected all things french accelerated
-  Henry V of England proved victorious at Agincourt, conquered Normandy and then attempted to have himself crowned as the future king of France by the Treaty of Troyes, But his military successes were not matched by political successes; although allied with the dukes of Burgundy, the majority of the French refused English domination
- France may have cause war of the roses
- important because it led to the black plague

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- The disease arrived in western Europe in 1347, It faded away in the early 1350s
- when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina they brought famine and disease
- It caused the death of 60% of the population of Europe during a pandemic, Transmission occurs via fleas that feed on infected animals, typically wild rodents.
- eventually the fleas started to die off from the cold weather but Europe was left with almost no one after this 3 year period of death
- important because 25 million people died in Europe

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- 1378-1417
- Great Occidental Schism and Schism of 1378, was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which two, since 1410 even three, men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, having excommunicated one another.
- The conflict was finally resolved by a council was convened by a third Pisan pope, John XXIII, in 1414, which resulted in the excommunication of some of the claimants to the papacy

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- it was founded on November 1, 1478 and It was not definitively abolished until 1834
- Ferdinand and Isabella chose Catholicism to unite Spain and in 1478 asked permission of the pope to begin the Spanish Inquisition to purify the people of Spain. They began by driving out Jews, Protestants and other non-believers
- Millions were tortured and killed if they didn't convert to christianity