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What is editing and why is editing used? - Discuss storytelling and why shots are combined into sequence (Beginning/ Middle/ End - Linear and Non linear narratives)

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What is editing and why is editing used? - Discuss storytelling and why shots are combined into sequence (Beginning/ Middle/ End - Linear and Non linear narratives)

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Editing is when you rearrange all of your footage into an order to create or tell a story using a video editing software. Editing is used to make what you have filmed seem more interesting and also make more sense. Shots are combined into a sequence of beginning, middle and end to make it more of a story and so that the audience can see where it all starts and where it all ends and where is all changes from the start to the finish. Linear narrative is when the order in which events are portrayed corresponds to the order in which they occur. Stories told using this narrative structure will have a clear beginning, middle and end. They might begin with a description of the setting, have events leading up to a climax (the point where there is the most tension or drama in the story) and end with a resolution in which all the problems that arose during the narrative are either resolved or accepted. Non-linear narrative is a narrative technique, sometimes used in literature, film, hypertext websites and other narratives, where events are portrayed, for example out of chronological order, or in other ways where the narrative doesn't follow the direct causality pattern of the events featured, such as parallel distinctive plot lines, dream immersions or narrating another story inside the main plot-line.

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How does different forms of editing engage the viewer (Quick pace/ Slow Pace)

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How does different forms of editing engage the viewer (Quick pace/ Slow Pace)

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The genre that uses fast paced cuts to keep the audience engaged in the film or television programme is the genre Action. This is because the narrative of the film is based around continuous action so the shots have to match the performance to enable the interest of the audience. Slow paced shots and cuts are used to enable the audience to fully understand the emotions of certain characters as romantic comedies are primarily based upon two main characters. Slow pace shots are usually mainly used in romance films but can however be used in action films for when somebody in a film is running or jumping over things. Using slow pace can create tension.

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What type of editing do you associate with the horror genre? - Give examples from different films?

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What type of editing do you associate with the horror genre? - Give examples from different films?

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The type of editing which I associate with the horror genre is the editing which is cut fast and includes a lot of jump cuts. A lot of horror films use jump cuts as a way to scare the audience when they have a jump scare. A jump cut is a cut in film editing in which two sequential shots of the same subject are taken from camera positions that vary only slightly if at all. This type of edit gives the effect of jumping forwards in time. Shoot through shots also tend to be quite effective in a horror film as it can show an actor sitting alone and a wide shot taken from the outside of the house makes the film more intense. Also in a  horror film, underexposing can be extremely effective as it’ll leave more areas of the frame in the shadows and create a more mysterious feeling. Red gels in particular can be really effective for horror, as the colour red can inherently make your viewers feel unnerved. Splicing is another form of editing which tends to be used in horror films. It is when a variety of fast paced shots are edited together. Transitions are also another form of editing when making a horror film. They are usually fade to black and straight cuts. Fading to black makes the film more mysterious and gives it a more tense feel and may make the audience feel at unease. Straight cuts are very basic but allow for fast paced shots and jump scares.

The clip inserted below is a scene from the film Insidious. In this clip is a jump scare which shows the editing techniques of a jump cut. Coloured gels are also used in this clip as a form of editing to make it look more tense and scary towards the audience.

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Insidious (2010) Jump Scare - UV Camera Scene

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What type of editing do you associate with action films? - Give examples from different films?

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What type of editing do you associate with action films? - Give examples from different films?

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The type of editing which I associate with action films are speed ramping.Speed ramping is the process of slowing down and speeding up your footage in order to produce dramatic and creative effects. This is best to use when somebody in an action film preferable the main person is chasing somebody or fighting with somebody. Cutting frames out of impact is also a good editing technique when creating action films. Instead of slowing down the frames you can cut the frames out all together to make it more intense. Adding filters to sound effects is also a good way of editing an action film you need to add some filters to them to make them sound as though they were recorded on location, otherwise it won't be convincing. It is a good way to make an action film seem more dynamic and thrilling to watch.

At the end of the clip I have just inserted slow motion editing has been used when there is an explosion.

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What was in camera editing - discuss how this technique was used in a film example? What film makers used this techniques?What equipment did they use?

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What was in camera editing - discuss how this technique was used in a film example? What film makers used this techniques?What equipment did they use?

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In camera editing is a technique where, instead of editing the shots in a film into sequence after shooting, the director or cinematographer instead shoots the sequences in strict order. The resulting "edit" is therefore already complete when the film is developed. In camera editing was first ever used by The Lumiere Brothers. It was called "Exiting the factory" and it was made in 1985. In this film the camera would have just been set to film this video clip but before they filmed it they would have thought about what they wanted to film and the order that they were going to film in. This film which I had attached below shows how what they have filmed has been repeated over and over again showing that it’s the sequence in what they filmed in and that there was no breaks when film what so ever. The Lumiere Brothers where  French inventors and pioneer manufacturers that used photographic equipment and they also devised a early motion picture camera and projector called  the Cinématographe.

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The first film ever "Exiting the Factory" (1895)

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Who pioneered montage editing? What does montage allow the film makers to do? Give examples of montages in film and discuss how they manipulate time and space.

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Who pioneered montage editing? What does montage allow the film makers to do? Give examples of montages in film and discuss how they manipulate time and space.

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Sergei Eisenstein pioneered montage editing. He was a Soviet film director and film theorist, a pioneer in the theory and practice of montage. He is noted in particular for his silent films Strike, Battleship Potemkin and October, as well as the historical epics Alexander Nevsky and Ivan the Terrible. Montage is a technique in film editing in which a series of short shots are edited into a sequence to condense space, time, and information. It allows the film editors do use different clips from different times and put then together to make the audience more intrigued and want to carry on watching to see what will happen next. A example is shown of a montage in the film inserted below. In this film a montage is used to show all of his training and what types of training which he does. This will keep the audience entertained and also allow them to see the different types of training which he is doing. It manipulates time because it shows you what he is doing all in the same clip and not separate long ones. It lets you see everything that is happening all in one montage.

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Rocky 4 training montage - Hearts On Fire (HD)

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Which pioneer first used editing to allow the audience to follow the action. Give an example of a film and explain the benefits of the audience being able to follow the action.

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Which pioneer first used editing to allow the audience to follow the action. Give an example of a film and explain the benefits of the audience being able to follow the action.

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The use of film editing to establish continuity, involving action moving from one sequence into another, is attributed to British film pioneer Robert W.Pauls Come Along , do! , made in 1898 and one of the first films to feature more than one shot, making audience finally able to follow the action. In the first shot of the film, an elderly couple is outside an art exhibition having lunch and then follow other people inside through the door. The second shot then shows what they do inside. Paul's 'Cinematograph Camera No. 1' of 1896 was the first camera to feature reverse-cranking, which allowed the same film footage to be exposed several times and thereby to create super-positions and multiple exposures making action easier to follow. One of the first films to use this technique, Georges Melies The Four Troublesome heads from 1898, was produced with Paul's camera.

In the film "Suicide Squad" it allows the audience to follow the action throughout the film. At the beginning of the film it introduces you to each of the main characters and shows you about their past and why they had been arrested and why they are currently in prison. It then shows you the characters currently out of prison and fighting off people that are destroying the world . Music and certain transitions are used in this film to also help the audience follow the action. Slow motion effects for when the characters are fighting are used to make the scene seem more dramatic and easier to understand the tension between the people fighting.

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What is shot variation? Give an example of how shot variation has been used in early film making - what are the benefits of this technique.

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What is shot variation? Give an example of how shot variation has been used in early film making - what are the benefits of this technique.

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Shot Variation is the technique used in filming to create a sequence of images using movement; these types of shots include a wide shot as this type of shot is commonly used at the start of a sequence to set the tone of the scene as well as enabling the audience to grasp the concept of the scene. The benefits of shot variation are that it can portray the emotional state of a character , shifting of power from one character to another. It can also foreshadow events to come.

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What is analogue? Why is this a difficult way to edit footage? What equipment is needed? (Splicer)

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What is analogue? Why is this a difficult way to edit footage? What equipment is needed? (Splicer)

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The term Analog editing is the name given to a tape based video production to sync up with footage in digital editing. Tape based editing is linear because it is impossible to jump instantly to any point in a video tape which means to reach a point you wish to edit you must roll through every shot. Analogue editing is a lot more practical and time consuming. Analogue editing is done by hand and nothing was done using software.  You had a copy of the positive film where all the footage went onto when it was filmed. They then took the film and cut it in different parts using a splicer and pasted it onto different pieces of film to create the cutaways. With analogue editing it then had to be fed through a machine. This is a difficult way of editing as you could easily make a mistake and end up cutting the wrong parts out. The equipment used was a steenbeck flatbed editor. The table doesn't actually do any editing in and of itself. It merely controls playback. You would shuttle back and forth to the frame around which you wanted to make a cut, then you would place the film into a splicer which would cut the film with a blade and stamp a piece of tape over the seam.

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What is digital editing? Why is this form of editing easier? What software can use digital editing?

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What is digital editing? Why is this form of editing easier? What software can use digital editing?

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Digital Video Editing software is software that allows you to use your computer to edit video and audio, usually via a standard or modified computer keyboard and mouse. For example premier pro is a digital form of editing. This form of editing is a lot easier because all you have to do is import your clips from your SD card onto the software and insert them into the order you like. There is also a range of different transitions and effects that you can also just drag on to any clip. It is also easy to drag music or audio onto your clips. Adode premier pro , Corel VideoStudio Ultimate,Pinnacle Studio Ultimate and a lot more are different types of video editing softwares.

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Seamless editing is where you put two different pieces of film together to create a neat, smooth piece of film that runs into each piece of each other easily.
This could be taking two different shots of film from different times, yet as the character walks down the same street and into the same building, you would mirror the image and create a seamless edit.

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The 180-degree rule is a cinematography guideline that states that two characters in a scene should maintain the same left/right relationship to one another. When the camera passes over the invisible axis connecting the two subjects, it is called crossing the line and the shot becomes what is called a reverse angle.

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Explain the following transitions and explain why they are used in film? - give examples of why they are used. 

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Explain the following transitions and explain why they are used in film? - give examples of why they are used. 

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a cut is an abrupt, but usually trivial film transition from one sequence to another. A cut shot is used in film to make the film intrigue the audience more and to give the film a fast change from one scene to another to keep the audience interested throughout the rest of the film. For example a cut shot could be used in an action film when somebody is driving away it could show them inside the car and then cut to the outside of the car. They do this so the audience will get a point of view of both perspectives and to make it seem more realistic

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Dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another. This is in contrast to a cut where there is no such transition. A dissolve overlaps two shots for the duration of the effect, usually at the end of one scene and the beginning of the next, but may be used in montage sequences also. The use of dissolve is normally used to indicate that a period of time has passed since between the two scenes. It could also signify the change of location character's interior such as flashback of his or her personal retrospections. A example of this transition could be when a character goes to sleep and then the dissolve is used and they wake up and it is a completely different day.

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A video fade is when a shot gradually fades to (or from) a single colour, usually black or white. This type of transition is usually used at the end of a scene or at the end of the film. A example of this in a film could be used when somebody in a film dies a transition could be used fading out to black to signify the sadness.

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How to Fade-In and Fade-out on Adobe Premiere Pro CC 2017

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A wipe is a type of film transition where one shot replaces another by travelling from one side of the frame to another or with a special shape. This type of transition is normally used to give the impression of time changing from one scene to another — although it can be effectively used to signal to the audience that two scenes are happening simultaneously. Long ago wipes were used in some special effects cinematography as a way to superimpose two video signals effectively without rear-screen projection. A example of this type of transition is in Star Wars when you see him walking and then there is a wipe transition which then shows space.

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From left to right wipe transition in Star Wars (George Lucas, 1977)

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A point of view shot is a scene that shows what a character is looking at. It is usually established by being positioned between a shot of a character looking at something, and a shot showing the character's reaction. The POV shot is usually used to captivate the audience so that it feels like they are involved with the character and what they are looking at. A POV shot could be when a character is looking at something coming towards them and then it switches to their face so that will can see their reaction.

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Shot reverse shot is a film technique where one character is shown looking at another character, and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character. Because the characters are shown facing in opposite directions, the viewer then gets the idea that they are looking at each other. A example of this in film is when two character are having a conversation with each other and a shot reverse shot allows you to see both of their reactions.

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A cutaway shot is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. It is sometimes followed by a cut back to the first shot, when the cutaway avoids a jump cut. Normally this type of transition is to  adjust the pace of the main action, to conceal the deletion of some unwanted part of the main shot, or to allow the joining of parts of two versions of that shot.For example, if the main shot is of a man walking down an alley, possible cutaways may include a shot of a cat on a nearby or a shot of a person watching from a window overhead.

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How does editing provide the audience with information?

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How does editing provide the audience with information?

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The editing can help with the narrative of the film as it helps the audience receive information about the plot and the story throughout the film. It can also define the information the audience will receive about the film. It can also be used  to build up emotion for or about a character in which people can like or hate. It allows viewers to engage with the film.  It can also be used to create a montage. It can bring out the emotional truth in an actor's performance within filming; it can also create a point of view on otherwise different events. It can also be used to guide the telling and pace of a story. The editing can create an illusion of danger where there is none and keep the viewer on the edge of their seat making the film more exciting, give emphasis to things that would not have otherwise been noted; and even create a vital subconscious emotional connection to the viewer.

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How does editing withhold information? (explain crosscutting in the link below)

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How does editing withhold information? (explain crosscutting in the link below)

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Withholding information is a technique used by film makers to decide when it is the right time for the audience to find things out. It makes things more dramatic. In the film clip inserted below crosscutting is used when the man is speaking to the police lady at the door the same time armed police are running into the back of his house. both of these actions are happening at the exact same time. Crosscutting is also used when the camera starts showing the bomb at the bottom of the mans house but also shows him in this house above the house. This creates suspension and makes the audience wonder whether the bomb will go off or not.

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The Silence of the Lambs Parallel Editing

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What is cutting to the beat? How is it used in this clip? 

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What is cutting to the beat? How is it used in this clip? 

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Cutting to the beat is a way of editing a video so that each clip changes at the same time as the beat of the track. Cutting to the beat is used in this clip as each time there is 4 beats in the song in shows the face of one of the people that are in the car. It allows the audience to escape from reality. Using cutting to the beat in this film also attracts the younger audience as they are the ones that tend to play music loud in a car.It gives the film more tension and also makes the audience drawn to the screen to wonder what is going to happen next.

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How can you edit with rhythm? Give examples?

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How can you edit with rhythm? Give examples?

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This rhythm is created by a series of beats, and cannot be determined by one or two consecutive cuts alone. It works very similarly to a music composition. The tempo of a piece of music is defined by the beats per minute of the underlying track. It determines the speed, or the pace of a tune. Without it, different instruments cannot come to play in unison or to create a cohesive sound. Editing rhythm is what editors use to keep pace of the film up to match the action that is going on in the film. Slow cuts edits has a calming, bordering feel to the edit, were as a fast cut edits has lively, aggressive feel  to the edit. An example of this could be when a character is running really quick and each time his feet touch the ground when he runs it could match to beat of rhythm. Fast music could be used to show that the character is running quickly. Slow music could be used to show that a character is tired or sad.

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Start off with stating what software you used and discuss what the benefits are to using digital editing techniques in comparison to more traditional formats.

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Start off with stating what software you used and discuss what the benefits are to using digital editing techniques in comparison to more traditional formats.

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The software which I used to edit my short film was Adobe Premier Pro. The benefits to using digital editing techniques are that it is a lot faster to edit your film and piece it all together as it is all there on one system. You can enhance the quality of your video. You can also add music to your video. After shooting the videos, you can edit or can cut out any type of bad stuff, can change the order of different things, add callouts, narration etc to make a clear and complete final video. It is also money saving and a lot cheaper than the traditional way of editing. Where as in the traditional version of editing it is a lot more time consuming and difficult. Traditional editing is more practically and involves actually buying equipment. for example , a type of traditional editing is using a splicer.

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Label up the different areas of the editing window.

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Label up the different areas of the editing window.

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How did you import clips? (Screen grab the method)

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How did you import clips? (Screen grab the method)

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You go to file and the straight down to import. Then it comes up with all of your documents. You then find the file you wish to import and press import. All the video clips will then be imported onto the document.

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What tools you used to cut down clip?(Screen grab the method)

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What tools you used to cut down clip?(Screen grab the method)

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The tools which I used to cut down clips where the razor tool and the drag tool. I used the razor tool a lot to cut out the beginning where my actress was waiting to be told when to go. The razor tool chops up clips.

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Did you use transitions? Which ones did you use and how did you use them? (Screen Grab the method)

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Did you use transitions? Which ones did you use and how did you use them? (Screen Grab the method)

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I didn't use any transitions in my short film as I think it makes it look tacky. But if you want to use transitions you click on the effects bar at the top of the page and then it comes up with some options to the right of the page. You then clip on video transitions and it then comes up with a range of different transitions which you then drag onto the clip you wish to have a the transition on. I did however use the audio transition cross fade and then exponential fade. I used this so that my music faded out when I wanted it to end.

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Did you use text? What text did you use and how did you add it to your film?(Screen Grab the method)

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Did you use text? What text did you use and how did you add it to your film?(Screen Grab the method)

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I used text for the title of my film and also the end credits. To use text on adobe premier pro you click onto the clip/or a blank clip if you want it to be plain. You then clip on the type tool and type onto the clip. You can then drag it or pull it out to however long or short you wish for it to be on for. For my font I just used the standard original font as I believe the rest make it look to over the top.

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Did you have to do any colour correction? What method did you use? (Screen Grab the method)

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Did you have to do any colour correction? What method did you use? (Screen Grab the method)

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No I didn't need to use any colour correction as my short film was in the colour which I wanted and it was filmed in natural light. The screenshot inserted below is how you use colour correction.

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Did you sync sound? How did you do it?(Screen Grab the method)

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Did you sync sound? How did you do it?(Screen Grab the method)

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I synced sound in my short film. In my short film for certain points when I filmed that "the killer" had added the girl in the video. I used a loud horror sound so that when it showed up or when she received a message the sound would suddenly play. I did this to make it more dramatic and sudden. I also synced sound when the actress in my film was walking thinking that somebody was behind her. I imported creepy slow music to make my short film more intense and scary. When "the killer" was chasing the girl in the film I used a more fast paced horror tune that went along with the actions happening in the short film. To get my sound onto premier pro I used YouTube converter to download the chosen song and then i imported it straight onto premier pro.

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Were there any problems with the edit? How did you overcome these problems? 

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Were there any problems with the edit? How did you overcome these problems? 

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Whilst I was editing adobe premier pro crashed and I lost my work. I then remembered I had part of my short film saved onto my pen drive so I opened it up from there and continued my work. I also experienced problems with my audio and premier pro couldn't locate it so it was coming up offline. I then downloaded all my audio again but this time remembered to save it into the correct file so that it wouldn't go offline again.