# data[].attributes.body
From 1789-1815, this revolution was caused by the estates general (unfair way of voting) and the monarchies demanding commoners pay taxes. Led to spread of enlightenment across Europe and there no longer being a monarch in this country.

# data[].attributes.body
Two revolutions, one in Feb. 1917 and Oct. 1917. February revolution led to October revolution. Revolution led to civil war which led to communism in this country.

# data[].attributes.body
Series of government reforms from 1839-1876 that was made to centralize and rationalize rule and get more revenue for military defense of this empire. Tried to halt the empires decline. Unsuccessful in long run as this empire is no longer around.

# data[].attributes.body
Women fighting for equal rights. Women felt discriminated against because of their gender.
Wave 1: women fighting for political rights
Wave 2: women fighting for equality rights
The MeToo movement and the pink tax

# data[].attributes.body
- the r

# data[].attributes.body
- the revolution led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. the biggest and most successful slave revolt
- many slave won freedom
- the country remain poor / no way to make money

# data[].attributes.body
Important person to know
Toussaint L'Ouverture

# data[].attributes.body
-  Nationalists and CCP fought for power in this country. Civil war broke out after WWII. CCP won and created a communist society ruled by Mao ZeDong which has caused many problems and several million deaths. This country is till communist.

# data[].attributes.body
From 1800-1830, many different revolutions that stemmed from wanting to be separate from Spain, not wanting taxes, and Peninsulares being the only ones that could make decisions and hold office.

# data[].attributes.body
-  After monarchy began to put heavy taxes on things such as tea, this led to the Deceleration of Independence and war with the monarchy. With the help from the french these colonists won and now this country is independent.
* many acts that were passed upset the people

# data[].attributes.body
Protestant reformation

Martin Luther (1438-1546) a German Monk

he believed in " faith alone "

Wrote the "95 Theses"

Luther caused an dramatic religious conflicts throughout Europe.

Protestantism subdivided into many sections

Counter reformation

The action of the church responding to Martin Luther

The Jesuits helped them

Pope Leo X said that Martin's writings were the work of Satan

he excommunicated him and his followers from the church

Reformation and beyond

Huguenots were an protestant group in France

Catholics fought and killed Huguenots that were located in France

30 years of war(1618-1648)

Scientific Revolution

The new discoveries of the world beyond of what the pope says/ the advancement of scientific thinking

Changed how people seen the universe/world

contrary to the catholic church and the teachings

Nicolaus Copernicus kicked off the scientific revolution

Nicolaus Copernicus

He found how the earth revolves around sun

The Heliocentric solar system went against the church

Renaissance

The Greek and Romans cultural renewal* individual* human thought and art based on all of those things

The only reason that the renaissance happen is because of the money and trading of the ottoman empire

you needed money in order to create art, scholars to read old text

Enlightenment

The rebirth of ideas and ways of thinking/gaining knowledge/ a start to changes in government/ philosophical ideas leading to political changes

Leaders of the enlightenment : Kant, Locke and smith

focused more on polical

upperclass

# data[].attributes.body
British expansion

Came over to seek more land and expand

Developed " cotton colonies

Cotton was a huge economic booster

Wanted India to only sell cotton to them

England ups the price on India's own product

Slave trade (late 14th century to mid 19th century)

Many natives were used instead of slaves because it was less money / many natives died of diseases

16 Million Africans left Africa

12 Million crossed the Atlantic

4 Million died

90 percent of slaves went to the Caribbean and Brazil

Europeans offered manufactured goods, weapons and rum for slaves

African Prisoners were given to the Europeans

Crops that were grown: sugar cane, tobacco, and cotton

Fur trade

The countries that were involved - British, Russian, French, North America and Dutch

The Europeans depended on natives to kill the animals and traded with them.

Things that were traded: Guns, pots & pans and alcohol

both groups depended on each other

Russians taxed the Siberians (natives) for payments of fur

Portuguese Expansion

Trading Post Empire= Controlling commerce/trade by use of force, not necessarily populations or large areas of land

Tried to control the SPICE trade, but never were able to control more than ½

Instead of selling European goods, they sold Asian goods and their shipping services to the people of India and Asia.

By 1600 (what year?) the Portuguese trading post empire was in steep decline!

# data[].attributes.headline
Ch. 13 Political Transformations (1450-1750)

# data[].attributes.subject
Ch. 13 Political Transformations (1450-1750)

# data[].attributes.body
Colombian Exchange

evolutionary trade of goods, plants, animals, people and disease between Europe and the Americas

everything was biologically singular

Disease : small pox , mumps and measles

disease is what killed many of the natives

animals were brought to the new world ( horses, ox and pigs)

Major plants : tobacco(america) , Sugar cane ( Brazil,Portugal and  Caribbean) Cotton( america)

Crops made the European population increase because the new crops contained more calories which resulted in higher reproduction rates

European Advantage

European powers were closer to Americas than Asian counterparts

Europe needed to find new land and more space

Advanced technology ( ships,maps etc) guns( iron working technologies), horses ( quick and fast transportation)

Great Dying = massive amount of natives killed by disease

Spanish Colonization

after they conquered the Aztec and the Incas they created an empire

The Spanish in Mexico and Peru had established dozen of major cities

Sugar was mostly grown

Slavery wasn't as harsh / slaves were voluntarily set free by their owner

spanish mines were harsh

Racial Blending

Spanish were able to dominate Mexico and Peru well before British establish colonies in America

Encomienda= Spanish rule requiring natives to work for Spanish settlers in return for “protection” and the Christian faith

The peninsulares = Spaniards( whites that were born in Spain) is at the top

There was an low number of Spanish women being born

the spanish men and the native women reproduced (Mestizo)  which increased  the population in mexico

more culturally blended and diverse than stark colonies such as British North America

Ottoman Empire

considered the biggest european power in the mediterranean

The long lasting(1399-1919) and richest empire

managed to blend their pastoral nomadic roots

founded by  Osman Bey

Highly involved with the indian ocean trade

controlled the flow of trade through the mediterrainen

# data[].attributes.body
Paleolithic -  hunter and gather tribes move around looking for basic necessities ( food and shelter) resisted the new wave of agriculture

over time people became advanced with tools, transportation and cultural practices

The Aztec Empire

a semi-nomadic group from northern Mexico who had migrated southward

in 1428, a triple alliance was formed between Mexica and 2 other countries ( Creation of an strong military)

Population of 5 to 6 million people

Loosely structured

Did bloody rituals ( sacrifice rituals)

built an huge city

Inca Empire

founded in the 13th century

ruled between 4 and 6 million people

integrating  conquered people.

Chinese Maritime

Zheng He Was a amazing explorer

was more advanced than the europeans ( bigger ships)

only sailed to show off/ Bragging