# data[].attributes.body
Ottoman Empire in steep decline bc lost land and colonies gained independence

Tanzimat = reorganization, political change

Liberal reforms to gov't taxes, secularism, trade, modernization that tried to preserve the empire from collapse

Religious equality, learned ideas of equality from Enlightenment, wanted to belong w/Europe

Run by Young Ottomans and later Young Turks

Resulted w/secularized society, "security of life, property, honor of all people", standardized taxation and military system, increased exports and reliance on agriculture

Also bad effects - lack of economic reform that led to empire collapse

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Japan, follow up for Tokugawa Period

Class system corruption - Samurai in debt to merchants even

though they were higher, merchants rich even though they were low

Wanted to bring Emperor Meiji to power instead of shogunate

Coup in Kyoto - took over Shogun

Charter to get rid of feudalism and constitution

Caused rapid modernization, westernization, industrialization, abolishing of class system, development of national army, education system, postal service, national currency/bank

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People mad bc gov't was involving Russia in WWI even though Russia's people were suffering and didn't have the $ or resources

February Revolution - workers strike, riot against gov't, Tsar forced off throne

Temporary Petrograd Soviet/Bolshevik gov't

Bolshevik/October Revolution - parties ruled together

After, Russia left WWI, signed peace treaty, communist society/gov't

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Taiping Revellion, 1850-1864, Southeastern China

Most people are poor and mad at the gov't

Hong Xiuquan started Taiping Christianity and gained followers

Overthrow Qing authority

Taiping rule for a decade and make a more communist society/gov't w/drugs and prostitution banned

In 1864, Qing regain control

Boxer Rebellion, 1900-1911, Northern China

Japan controlled Chinese trade and Chinese didn't like that, credited them to their poverty, wanted to force them out

Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists - secret organization of poor peasants from Northern China

Boxers killed many foreigners and Chinese Christians when the empress declared war on foreign countries

Zhang Zhidong and Liu Kunyi didn't listen, saved many lives

Boxer Protocol ended rebellion: radicals punished, $330 million in damage

Chinese Revolution and Chiang Kai Shek 1920-1950

Civil war between Communists (led by Mao Zedong) and Nationalists (led by Chiang Kai Shek)

Happened bc fall of alliance between the two parties

"Long March" - communists escaped across China

Communists win, hence present day communism

People's Republic of China formed 1949

Industrial growth

Unfair gov't that only benefited elite

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Women feel discriminated against bc of gender, want to stand up for themselves

4 waves

1st women's rights convention in 1848, Seneca Falls, NY

1920 - women given right to vote

MeToo, Pink Tax

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Happened bc of lack of respect for creoles, no free trade, Spain's economy was weak

Simon Bolivar was a native born who led revolutionary efforts but they didn't work

Charles IV took over Spain after his father's death, weak

Napolean invaded Spain, pushed out royal familly

Resulted w/independence from Spain, weak economically

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Japan

Disunity among feudal wars

Economically & militarily weak

Shogunate from Tokugawa clan ended feudalism

Strict social classes

Banned trade w/Western countries

Banned Christianity, only allowed Confucianism

Economy became stable

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British were upset w/French who ruled over them and wanted to help Haitians - slaves - defeat them

French colonizers didn't want to be controlled by France

Only successful slave revolt

Slavery was abolished

Haiti became independent

But v weak economy bc debt

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National Assembly - commoners - wanted more say in gov't

1st and 2nd estates were elite, 3rd was commoners - 98% population

3rd estate was always outvoted by 1st and 2nd estates, so they formed National Assembly

Poverty, unfair taxation, poor harvest, inflation

Ended French monarchy and feudalism

formed new constitution that gave more power to commoners

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Colonies upset w/British gov't bc of taxation (1764-1765 w/out representation

Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party

Lexington and Concord

Declaration of Independence and Treaty of Paris

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Cultural renewal, returning to Greek and Roman beliefs

Human thought, human belief at the center

Art based on the individual and their reason - liberal arts - people were "humanists"

Happened in Italy bc of $$$

Traded w/Ottoman Empire

Needed money to create art, make discoveries from scholars, etc

Lots of revolutionary ideas stemmed from Muslim ideas

Renaissance was really just a concept held by the elite, small percentage of society

Most people, the peasants, farmers, were not impacted by these ideas

Not really a thing bc it took place over so many years (1300-1600) and didn't directly impact the "common people"

Only matters now, helped form our country's foundation

Didn't matter when the Renaissance "happened"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0

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Rebirth of ideas, ways of thinking

Using logic and reasoning to form new ideas

New understanding of purpose of life, morality, society and politics - change in government, human role in the universe

Focused on philosophical ideas that lead to political change

John Locke, Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith

Only elite

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Relied of knowledge through observation, math, experiment

NOT Bible, Church, Philosophy as used before

New understanding of the universe: the universe didn't need God to function

New knowledge of human body

While a scientific revolution was more likely to happen in China or Islamic world, it happened in Europe bc Europe was a center of global exchange of lands, peoples, animals, societies, and most important - KNOWLEDGE

Started w/Nicolaus Copernicus - discovery of heliocentric solar system

Remember Harvey, Vesalius, Galilei, Bacon, Newton, Descartes, Kepler

Only within elite until much later on

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16 million slaves taken from Africa across Atlantic - African diaspora

4 million die on the way there

Many commit suicide instead of dying on the way thee or suffering more in horrific conditions

Over 90% go to Caribbean and Brazil

3.6% went to British North America

Most slaves from West Africa bc geographically closer

Africans sold slaves in exchange for precious metals, European and Indian textiles, cowrie shells used for African currency, decorative items, firearms/gunpowder, alcohol and tobacco

Trade was incentive for Africans to wage war to get more slaves

Slaves were POVs, criminals, debtors

Africans didn't sell their own people bc Africa was divided into hundreds of rival communities

Anyone they captured was considered an outsider

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Americas/Europe

Period of cooling temperatures in Europe, making demand for fur higher

Europeans didn't tap or hunt animals themselves, waited for Natives to bring them in exchange of goods

Natives get firearms, pots, pans, better tech, alcohal in exchange

Europeans didn't do it bc they didn't know the area the way the Natives knew it

Eventually kill too many animals

Russia

Natives required to pay tribute in furs

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Huge silver deposits in Bolivia - POTOSI, and Japan

Potosi - Native American miners  forced to work in horrendous conditions and mining resulted w/severe deforestation, soil erosion, flooding

China made everyone pay taxes in silver

Silver demand and value skyrocketed

"Silver drain" to China bc people could only pay w/silver

Spain became v wealthy from silver -> fund military & war

Did not last bc they didn't use silver productively and inflation made the value drop a ton

First "global trade"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjhIzemLdos&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9&index=25

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Catholic-Protestant struggle started in Holy Roman Empire -> all of Europe

15%-30% Germans died from violence, famine, disease

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Worked to fix problems that caused reformation - corruption, abuse of power

Focused on individual spirituality and personal piety

Formed Jesuits - religious group dedicated to renewal of Catholic Church

# data[].attributes.headline
Chapter 15: Cultural and Religious Transformations 1450-1750

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Chapter 15: Cultural and Religious Transformations 1450-1750

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Martin Luther - German Priest

Published 95 theses and German translation of Bible

Challenged Church's authority & clerical hierarchy, indulgences

Faith alone

Bible

Protestantism bc people accused church of manipulating for $$$

Clash between Huguenots (Calvinist minority) and Catholics in France

Bc started in Germany, huge split between Protestants and Catholics

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India

Establish 3 major trading posts: Bombay, Calcutta, Madras

Needed approval of Mughal authorities

Focused on cotton textiles

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Monopoly on spice islands/Indonesia

Forced suppliers to only sell to Dutch

Burned crops if refused

Enslaved, killed, left to starve 15,000 island natives & replaced them w/Dtuch

Nutmeg, mace, cloves sold to Europe and India at 14 times as much as Indonesia's price

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British and Dutch East India Companies 1601-1602

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British and Dutch East India Companies 1601-1602

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British and Dutch take over spice trade bc they were stronger than the Portuguese both militarily and economically

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Spanish takeover to gain access to Eastern commerce/wealth

Easy to conquer bc had small independent communities, no king, China and Japan weren't interested

Huge Christianity conversion of natives

Oppression of natives and Chinese

Relocation, tributes, taxes, disgraced traditions

Massacre of Chinese who refused to convert

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Vasco de Gama voyages to India 1497

Wanted sea route to India that bypassed Muslims who had monopoly over Eastern goods and Venice, who Europeans relied on for Eastern goods

Establish trading post empire - control commerce, not territories

Fortified trade bases in Indian Ocean

Didn't last, was in steep decline by 1600

Tried monopolizing slave trade but only controlled 1/2

# data[].attributes.headline
Chapter 14: Economic Transformations 1450-1750

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Chapter 14: Economic Transformations 1450-1750

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Brazil

Huge sugar plantations

Used African slaves

Death rate was v high bc of how intense labor (disease and heat) was -> slaves being constantly imported

Bc so many slaves, lots of racial mixing, most people Portuguese-African

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Eastern coast of Americas

Very little racial blending -> Very strict divide between races

# British men = # British women

Settlers wanted to escape European society

African slaves for domestic chores and work in stores, homes, small farms

Less harsh

Slaves reproduced within themselves, didn't need more slaves to be imported

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Aztec and Inca Empires, Caribbean

Racial blending

9 Spanish men for 1 Spanish woman = lots of racial blending

Social hierarchy

Penninsulares: Spaniards

Creoles: Spaniards born in America

Mestizo: mixed race

Native Americans

African slaves used in Caribbean bc sugar plantations

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People

High calorie diet in Eurasia -> population increase

Led to more conquering

Disease in Americas -> population decrease

Slave trade

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Plants
CORN AND POTATOES

New  world to old world

Populations in Europe skyrocket Very high in calories = longer lives = more babies

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Animals
Horses

Old world to new world

Better transportation than llamas

Pigs

Old world to new world

Bred rapidly, ate anything, lived anywhere

Easy food source

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Disease

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQPA5oNpfM4&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9&index=23
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1nmDpBsfc2L9eoLRIj2qn2g_IN2xFkDJ1Nu3z_B2qU2s/edit?usp=sharing

# data[].attributes.headline
Chapter 13: Political Transformations 1450-1750

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Chapter 13: Political Transformations 1450-1750

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Geography: closer to the Americas than Asian competitors

Christianity: motivation

Weaponry and horses

Allied w/those opposing the Aztec and Inca empires

DISEASE: Natives lacked immunity to Eurasian diseases

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Independently governed states

Much smaller fleets - Columbus had only 3 ships that were much smaller

Needed trade since they lacked many resources after the destruction the Mongols brought

Sought riches and Christian converts

Escalation of voyages led to expansion to the Americas

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Emperor w/centralized gov't

HUGE fleets - 300 ships w/27,000 sailors led by Zheng He

Sought prestige and recognition from other countries, didn't necessarily need anything

Abruptly ended voyages because Yongle emperor died and the next emperor didn't think trade was necessary, instead using funding to build the Great Wall

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Small, village based communities, equality between men and women

Igbo - West Africa

"State-less society" and "have no kings"

Emphasis on resolving issues by talking, not violence

Iroquois - North America

Agriculture maintained by women allowing for job specialization of others

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjEGncridoQ

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Paleolithic: hunter-gatherers, focused on basic necessities of food and shelter

Persist in Australia and North America despite agricultural advancements

# data[].attributes.headline
Chapter 12: The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century 1350-1450

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Chapter 12: The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century 1350-1450

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Aztecs: 1345-1521 Incas: 1438-1533