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(Antoniou et al., 1998) and destruction / degradation of the habitat from major infrastructure projects (motorways eg Egnatia Odos, E65, and HND dams) and forest fires.

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Pure and mixed deciduous and coniferous forests of the mountainous and semi-mountainous belt are the main habitat of the brown bear. An important role for the trophic availability is also the agroforests of the semi-mountainous zone, with high mosaic (gaps) and rocky outcrops, as appropriate areas of wintering. The use of the sub-alpine zone is mainly concerned with moving to neighboring areas with suitable habitat or wintering areas. The diet of the bear consists of ~ 85% of foods of plant origin and ~ 15% of foods of animal origin (Mertzanis 1991, 1992, Mertzanis & Bousbouras 1996, Kritspepi & Mertzan 1998).
The reproduction interval is estimated at 2 years and each litter ranges from 1-3 microns and barely four. The territory of the males covers an average of ~ 250 sq. Km, with a maximum of 500 sq. Km, while the area of ​​the females with small trees averages to 25 sq. Km (Mertzanis 2009). The overlapping of males and females is a common phenomenon, while the females with young men systematically avoid large males (Mertzanis & Vogiatzis 1997, Mertzanis et al., 2005). The feed and move activity is
mostly nocturnal. The signaling of tree trunks (mainly conifers) and PPI and OTE poles at key nodal points is a predominant feature of males during the breeding season (Karamanlidis et al., 2004a, Karamanlidis et al., 2004b). Recent research (Giannakopoulos et al., 2007) showed the bear's sensitivity to anthropogenic noise above 47 dB.

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The spread of the brown bear in Greece covers a total area of ​​13,500 sq. Km and consists of two basic and geographically isolated population nuclei. The first covers the Rodopi mountain range and the second largest mountain range of Pindos, which is the southernmost end of the bear spread in Europe (Mertzanis 1990, 1991, 1994, Mertzanis et al., 1994, Mertzanis & Bushboura 1996). Internally, these population nuclei exhibit further cut-off trends due to the degradation of forest areas that act as connecting zones, forming 4 smaller sub-populations, while the restoration of new areas of the species (Olympos, Pieria, Antichassia, southern Pindos) has formed at least 2 (in the mountainous arch of Voras and southern Pindos) (Heliopoulos 2005b, Merztanis et al., 2005). The minimum total population is estimated at 190-260 people and, despite annual losses (due to poaching) of 5.6%, appears to be stabilized, with upward trends on a local scale.

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Risk category in Greece:    ΕΝ [C2a(i)]

Risk category International: Vulnerable

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Anthropogenic mortality, reduction of food availability throughout the distribution of the species due to the reduction of extensive livestock farming in
in combination with the relatively low relative densities of wild ungulates (Spongaris & Giannakopoulos 1999) and the fragmentation of biotopes from the construction of large road axes and other transport infrastructure.

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In Greece, there are estimated to exist
Some 600 people of wolf (minimum population size of 600 people at the time)
spring). The extent of the distribution of the species exceeds 40,000 km2 (Iliopoulos 1999a, 1999b). With the exception of the wolf out of the huntable species in the early 1990s and the ban on the use of poisoned baits in the 1980s, the gradual recovery of its population
of wolves in areas of its distribution in Greece. Their high reproductive potential and the special ability of wolves to colonize through dispersal
(Hatzirvassanis 1991), particularly in Central Greece and eastern Epirus (Iliopoulos 2000, 2003, 2005b) . At the same time there is a decrease in the number of wolves in some areas of species distribution (N. Pindos => my BioArea),
probably due to the reduction of free-range flocks, which are still the main food of the species in Greece (Iliopoulos 2005a, 2008).

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Wolves in Greece are fed mainly from free-range livestock, animal corpses from livestock husbandry and
other smaller mammals (Papageorgiou et al., 1994, Heliopoulos 1999d, Migli et
al. 2005, Heliopoulos et al. 2009). In a few areas with a satisfactory density of wild animal testicles it was observed that these species have the same incidents (Migli et al., 2005). The wolf's pet is
essentially that of his food (Boitani 2000, 2003). It is found in the lowland, semi-mountainous and mountainous areas and where the availability of food is high and continuous on an annual basis (Heliopoulos 2000).

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Risk category in Greece:   VU [D1]

Risk category International: Low concern