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http://ap.gilderlehrman.org/period/5#apush_period_timeline
https://www.american-rails.com/1870s.html
Images sourced through Padlet Google

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To what extent, and in what ways, did Reconstruction alter relationships between the states and the federal government, and lead to debates over new definitions of citizenship for minority groups?

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Beginning in April 17, 1877 many African Americans, called “Exodusters,” left the South for Kansas for better opportunites and the chance to be treated more fairly.

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3.7 Federal troops withdrawn from the South

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3.7 Federal troops withdrawn from the South

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On April 24, 1877, the last federal troops were withdrawn from the southern states, bringing Reconstruction to an end. This would soon lead to new segregation laws.

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In February 1877, Democratic leaders accepted President Hayes’s election. In exchange, Republican promised to withdraw federal troops from the South, provide federal funding for internal improvements in the South, and name a prominent southerner to the president’s Cabinet. This allowed for the expansion of technological advances in the South, which could potentially promote immigration

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In Minor v. Happersett, the US Supreme Court ruled that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not extend to women. This proceeded to upset women activists.

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In 1870, Hiram Revels became the first African American to serve in Congress. This redefined what Blacks in America were able to participate in as Americans.

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Railroads in the 1870s further expanded their reach west. They also saw an increase in miles, nearly doubling its 53,000 network by 1880 with new routes opened between Chicago and the Northeast. This allowed for more rapid expansion westward with more people becoming rural farmers

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On February 26, 1869, Congress passed this amendment, saying the “right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” This led to more debates from women's' rights groups as they were not included.

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On April 9, 1866,
Congress passed the amendment that stated all people born in the United States were citizens, no matter race. They passed this over President Johnson's veto furthering altering the view of the power of presidency

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How did the growth of mass migration to the United States, the end of slavery and technological, including the railroad, and military developments transform the environment and settlement patterns in the South and West

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How did migration to the United States and doctrine of Manifest Destiny change popular ideas of American identity, affect territorial expansionism, cause conflict and impact regional and racial identities?

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There was a push from China as a result of poor conditions and a population boost. There was a pull from the U.S as there was a shortage of workers on sugar plantations. Most Chinese eventually came over because of the California Gold Rush.

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1.2 Irish Immigrate to America: 1840s-1860s.

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1.2 Irish Immigrate to America: 1840s-1860s.

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By 1860, America had about 1.5 million Irish immigrants as a result of The Potato Famine in Ireland. Irish were looked down on by other Americans partly because they were Catholic.

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1.3 Manifest Destiny Becomes Popular: 1845

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1.3 Manifest Destiny Becomes Popular: 1845

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John O'Sullivan came up with the term to urge the America to annex the independent Republic of Texas. It soon represented the core belief of Americans, that it was their God-given right to spread across the country.

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Texas was admitted to the Union as a slave state on December 29, 1845. Manifest Destiny was used to justify the Mexican-American War.

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How did the maturing of northern manufacturing and the adherence of the South to an agricultural economy change the national economic system and impact the Civil War? How was the American conflict over slavery part of larger global events?

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As a result of all the Chinese Immigration, California legislature adopted a foreign miners license tax of $3 per month, aimed specifically at the Chinese.

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Why did attempts at compromise before the war fail to prevent the conflict?

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Signed on February 2nd, 1848, the treaty ended the U.S War with Mexico and let the U.S control of all Texas, New Mexico, and California. This furthered American colonization and caused more conflict of slavery in these newly acquired territories. They also provided haven for certain groups like the Mormons

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Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana seceded from the Union in January 1861. The Southern economy thought they could just rely on their singular economy

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In an attempt to prevent the U.S War with Mexico, Congress held a vote to determine whether or not to go to war. Passed in the House, 123 to 67 followed by a subsequent vote of 174-14. In the Senate, 26-20 followed by a subsequent vote of 40-2. The vote failed as feelings of Manifest Destiny were high, and most expected a quick victory. President Polk formally declared war on May 13, 1846.

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Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act as part of the Compromise of 1850. The law forced northerners to return runaway slaves to the South. This affected territorial conflict and further separated the North and South. This was in the midst of many debates of slavery

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The Northern economy was stable and so they created the Internal Revenue Service and began a federal income tax  in August 1861

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To finance the war, the Confederates issued war bonds that did not work. To solve financial issues and pay for the war, they printed $20 million in May of 1861 and $10 million in August. This led to inflation and the price of living skyrocketed.

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On January 26, 1863,
the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry became the first all-black regiment formed in the Union. This reflected a growing belief that all men are created equal, not just white men.

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Abraham Lincoln was sworn into office as the sixteenth president of the United States on March 4, 1861. His hope was to reunite the Union

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How did the Civil War struggle shape Americans' beliefs about equality, democracy, and national destiny? To what extent, and in what ways, did the Civil War transform American political and social relationships?