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The flora of Samothraki comprises a great variety of species and habitats. Eight plant species are endemic. On the north side of the island, one of the last remaining oldgrowth oak forests (Quercus frainneto) can be found in high altitudes, a remnant of lush oak forests that used to cover large parts of the territory but were degraded by illegal logging and forest fires.
list of endangered species[17] [18]:
Species                                                                    Status
Anchusa samothracica                                            (EN)
Allium samothracicum                                             (EN)
Campanula samothracica ssp samothracica       (VU)
Dianthus arpadia                                                      (EN)
Drymocallis halacsyan                                             (EN)
Erysimum krendlii                                                     (VU)
Leontice leontopetalum                                          (VU)
Leucojum aestivum                                                 (VU)
Myosurus heldreichii                                               (VU)

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The main threats are from forest grazing and climate change. Aquaculture/fisheries and other human activities are considered as medium plant diversity threats. Firewood collection and infrastructure are considered  as low plant diversity threats.

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First of all, our volunteers will have the opportunity to explore Samothraki’s flora and learn how to identify the most common and important species by trekking and hiking in several habitats. Moreover, volunteers interested in diving will be able to explore some marine plant populations. Flyers including all the protected species on the island will be given to them. Afternoon classes will offer them the opportunity to learn more about biodiversity, climate change, ecology, conservation and management of nature. An introduction to important databases for plants and conservation status(e.g. IUCN) will be held as well. Depending on the season, several actions will take place in order to gather seeds from plant species. Each volunteer will be able to contribute to the way she/he prefers. Other actions can include monitoring of the species, calculation of abundance and collecting relative data concerning the biology of the plants. Finally, there will be campaigns to inform local residents, students and tourists about the significance of nature's protection.

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Theophrastus' books contain information concerning the anatomy and morphology, as well as  uses of plants known to the author. The "Enquiry into Plants" contains 10 books of which 9 survive. The "On the Causes of Plants" contains 8 books of which 6 survive. It is a very detailed work that provide us useful information about historic use of the plants and their distribution .

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Black pepper: Pepper is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. It has been known to Indian cooking since at least 2000 BCE. Vietnam is the world's largest producer and exporter of pepper, producing 34% of the world's P. nigrum crop as of 2013.
Turmeric: The plant is rhizomatous, herbaceous, and perennial. It is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, while it requires temperatures between 20 and 30 °C and a considerable amount of annual rainfall in order to thrive.
fig. left: Black pepper, right: Tumeric

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As it is shown in the vegetation cover map, Samothraki has a significant amount of olive tree plantations. The olive's fruit, also called olive, is of major agricultural importance in the Mediterranean region as it is the source of olive oil; it is one of the core ingredients in the Mediterranean cuisine.
Residents are also cultivating vegetables such as tomatoes, cucumbers and lettuces for non-commercial reasons.

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During Christmas, there is a tradition of the Aegean islands where people are decorating their ships (or smaller decorative ones) instead of a Christmas tree. Therefore we could say that the main tree species decorated during this period is the one most used for the creation of these ships. Fir and other species are also used.

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In Samothraki there is a beer production unit called “FONIAS” (named after the river). The source material is barley.
There are also wineries on the island. For instance, melmar winery is using the grapes growing on the island to produce red and white variants of wine.
Other traditional drinks are ouzo and tsipouro and they are also produced by grapes.
fig. left: Hordeum vulgare (barley), right: Grape plantation

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During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) the sea level was 145 meters below[15]. Therefore Samothraki was united with the rest of the Eurasia area. Samothraki is considered a species refugium during the LGM and that is why its flora is that rich.
Although there are not sufficient climatological data about recent climatological changes, studies concerning the Greek climate have shown that the precipitation has been significantly decreased [16]. Moreover, heavy storms have occurred in the island. The temperature is constantly rising,a fact that is critically dangerous for the vulnerable species.

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Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes where the air is cool enough to support their existence. Due to the fast climatic change they have to move faster in order to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures.

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Kosmos – Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung

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Kosmos – Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung

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A journey through late 19th century’s knowledge. Through this work Alexander von Humbolt presents different scientific research fields like astronomy, geology, ecology, evolution and human behavior. He was the first that advocated a quantitative approach to phytogeography (that has characterized modern plant geography), hence the title of ‘father of phytogeography’ was given to him. Cosmos inspired many scientists and literature authors in the 19th century and it’s inspiring till today.[13][14]

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Phrygana[3]

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Visit Samothraki's BioArea for more inforrmation about Samothraki's biodiversity

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Samothraki’s climate is typical Mediterranean with warm and dry summers following wet and mild winters. Plants in such climate have developed many adaptation traits in order to survive. For instance,. phrygana change the shape of their leaves from big in winter to small and ‘hairy’ during summer.[11] Near seasonal rivers only plants belonging to Platanus orientalis’ turfs are surviving the dry periods.[1] Terrestrial habitats are not the only ones affected by the climate change. Due to global warming, the temperature of the sea is rising, resulting in significant decrease of marine plant populations, such as Posidonia sp.[10]

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‘Mediterranean’s flora is considered to originate from vegetation already occurring to its region and from vegetation that moved from adjacent or more distant areas, due to whether conditions pressure. The Mediterranean basin was submitted to recent landscape changes, tectonic processes and periodic glaciations. This ecosystem includes different vegetation types: Forests - woodlands, shrublands, scrublands and herbaceous species’

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(This article aims at making a general reference to climate, vegetation and some evolutionary processes in Mediterranean climate regions and not an extensive description of all plants and ecosystems of those regions. There may be more detailed references in the future...)

Mediterranean climate

Mediterranean climate is characterized by wet, mild winters and large, warm, dry summers. Most part of yearly rainfall occurs during the winter and there can be many dry months, with the exception of summer storms. Due to summer drought, wild fires are, also, a Mediterranean climate characteristic.

Mediterranean climate occurs in the Mediterranean basin as well as in 4 other parts of the world: a big part of California, central Chile, parts of western and south-western Australia and south-western South Africa.

The main factors, leading to Mediterranean type climates' formation are air circulation, latitude, landscape and the surrounding waters' superficial temperature

In all cases, Mediterranean climate is observed in the west of the continents, in latitude 30-40 0, in both hemispheres and near large amounts of water.

All Mediterranean climates are associated with oceans' subtropical high pressure cells. North Atlantic high (Azores Anticyclone) is associated with Mediterranean Basin's climate, South Atlantic high is associated with the climate of South Africa, North Pacific high is associated with the climate of California, while South Pacific high is associated with the climate of Chile and Indian Ocean high with the climate of Australia. The same high pressure cells, except for the aridity of Mediterranean climate regions, cause the formation of the deserts of subtropical regions - Sahara, Namib, Sonora, Atacama and the deserts of Western Australia.

Despite the common characteristics, there are also differences between the different Mediterranean climate zones, not only among but also within the above mentioned regions. The three regions of the Southern hemisphere display more temperate climate, in South Africa and Australia, summer rainfall is more frequent than in the other regions, in Chile and California marine fogs are common. In the Mediterranean basin, on the other hand, especially in northern and eastern regions, the climate is closer to continental and sudden frosts are not infrequent. The degree of geographic isolation is also different in each region (higher in Australia, then in South Africa, Chile, California and finally in the Mediterranean Basin)

Paleoclimatic elements

The Earth's climate at the beginning of Eocene (55 million years before) was warmer than today. Subsequently, a long-term trend towards lower temperatures is observed. 34 million years before, Antarctic icecaps were formed, while 2.6 million years before (Pliocene - Pleistocene) the northern hemisphere's icecaps were formed. At that time starts the last geological period of Quaternary with periodic glaciations .

Fossils and palaiontological evidence show that Mediterranean climates started to form recently, 5-10 Million years ago (other sources refer to 3 million years), after the trend towards lower temperatures were observed, after Paleocene - Eocene highs and, primarily, due to the changes in air circulation after ice cap formation in the poles in late Pliocene.

Soil type and morphology in Mediterranean climate regions

The 5 regions of the Earth with Mediterranean climate, present analogies as far their soil quality is concerned.

South African and Australian landscapes are older than Californian, Chilean and those of the Mediterranean Basin. The landscapes of the latter were formed recently - during the Tertiary and Quaternary, while those of the former are older with the exception of the coastal belt. However, rainfall in those regions during the Cenozoic, led to similar soil formation processes, leading to many similarities among those regions' soils. Fires, on the other hand, a common element in all Mediterranean climate regions, influence soil nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, providing one more common - to a certain degree -characteristic - not very rich soil

Differences do exist, however, with Chile and California having more fertile soils, while South Africa and Australia have rather poor soils. Mediterranean regions have, mainly, alkaline soils, although there are also areas with acidic or neutral soils.

As far as soil morphology is concerned, some of the regions under discussion, present similar landscapes (mainly California - Chile, but also S. Africa - western Australia). Southern Australia, on the other hand, is more flat, more than any Mediterranean type climate region. Mediterranean basin presents all types of landscapes.

Mediterranean type ecosystems - description and evolution elements

General

Mediterranean climate regions emerged independently and in great distance between them. Their flora is considered to originate from vegetation already occurring to those regions and from vegetation that moved from adjacent or more distant areas, due to whether conditions pressure.

Mainly the Mediterranean basin, but also Chile and California to some extend, were submitted to recent landscape changes, tectonic processes and periodic glaciations.

Due to repeat vegetation movements during ice and middle ice periods, those regions' flora includes:

- Already existing species that evolved after Mediterranean climate emerged in order to survive its constraints
- Already existing species that had already developed traits to survive new climate's constraints.
- Species from surrounding areas, which moved, due to climate change that made their previous habitat too cold or too dry.

Australia and South Africa were not submitted to this kind of change recently and many indigenous species present characteristics differentiating them from most Mediterranean species (some, for example, are growing mainly in summer, contrary to most Mediterranean species)

Mediterranean ecosystems present great biodiversity, which may be explained by some of the above. Mediterranean type ecosystems occupy less than 5% of Earth's surface, but include around 20% of the global flora.

In all Mediterranean climate regions, a similar - to a certain degree - vegetation has emerged. This includes woody, evergreen shrubs, with leaves wide, small and hard (sclerophylls), presenting strong characteristics of adaptation to the regions' climate. Furthermore, those areas' flora presents particular characteristics, many plants are endemic, and there is a high degree of diversity even within the same region.

Vegetation types

Mediterranean type ecosystems include different vegetation types: Forests - woodlands, shrublands, scrublands, herbaceous species.

Forests - Woodlands: Mixted forests in California and the Mediterranean basin. In the Medierranean basin, e.g. in Greece, in higher altitudes there are deciduous trees (Quercus spp., Acer spp, Tilia spp, Castanea spp, Juglans spp. Lower - even almost at sea level - there are conifers - common species include oaks and pines. Pinus spp and Quercus spp are also common in California (which has also an endemic nut species). The understory includes the sclerophyll, evergreen shrubs or smaller species described below. There are also river-side deciduous forests, whose presence is exclusively due to the water. In Australia common are Eucalypt forests, in Chile forests of Nothofagus spp.

Grasslands: Mainly California valley represents Mediterranean ecosystems in this category.

Shrublands: The most characteristic type of vegetation in Mediterranean ecosystems. Woody, evergreen shrubs or small trees prevail, having developed various strategies of growth and usage of available water during the dry period. They are usually called maquis in Mediterranean, chaparral in California, matorral in Chile, fynbos in South Africa and mallee and kwongan in Australia.

Characteristic Maquis are Olea europaea, Arbutus spp, Ceratonia siliqua, Laurus nobilis, Pistacia spp, Juniperus spp, Phyllirea latifolia, Quercus ilex.

Characteristic chaparral: Ceanothus spp (mainly Ceanothus tomentosus), Big-berry manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca), Scrub oak (Quercus berberidifolia), Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) , Silk-tassel bush (Garrya flavescens), Garrya veatchii, Mountain-mahogany (Cerocarpus betuloides)

Characteristic matorral: Litre (Lithraea venenosa), Quillay or Soapbark Tree (Quillaja saponaria), cactus (Echinopsis chiloensis), bromeliads of genus Puya. Trees: Peumo (Cryptocarya alba), Boldo (Peumus boldus), Mayten (Maytenus boaria), Chilean Wine Palm (Jubaea chilensis).

Characteristic mallee: Mallee eucalypts, usually not taller than 6m. Also Melaleuca spp, Acacia spp, Hakea spp, Dryandra spp, Banksia spp and Isopogon spp.

Fynbos are considered one of the richer ecosystems worldwide, with unusual high endemic species and diversity that can only be compared with tropical forests. Some species: Protea spp, Cyclopia spp, Leucospermum spp, Erica spp, Leucadendron spp

Scrublands: Usually low and not dense, having small leaves and spiny branches. They appear mainly near the sea and have been adapted to salt and wind. This kind of vegetation around the Mediterranean basin is known as phrygana in Greece, garrigue in France, gariga in Italy, tomillares in Spain, batha in Israel. In the other regions with Mediterranean climate it is known as soft chaparral, in California, strandveld in S. Africa, coastal matorral in Chile and sand-heath and kwongan in Australia. Among this type of vegetation grow many herbaceous species.

Some plants of the site's library originating from regions with Mediterranean climate

Mediterranean basin:

California:

Adaptive mechanisms

Most of the above mentioned plants have developed mechanisms in response to long dry summers.

Thus, the fact that the characteristic shrubs are evergreen leads to water savings up to 5times compared to the water that would be necessary to form new leaves if the species were deciduous.

Furthermore, most plants of these areas usually have deep roots, in order to take up water from the deeper ground layers, while small leaves limit the plant's transpiration.

In periods of drought, they have the ability to close leaves's stomata, preventing transpiration, thus discontinuing their biological function.

Some species, in order to prevail to competition as far as the ground's water supplies are concerned, diffuse to the ground substances that prevent seed germination and seedlings' growth.

Phrygana, on the other hand, present a different form in the winter than in the summer, changing their leaves with smaller ones in the summer, in order to deal with the dry period. This way they limit transpiration and save water.

Moreover, most of the annuals growing in the scrublands, have already set seeds in summer - so they do not need water - and they germinate in fall, when rains start.

Some species have grey or very light colored leaves (e.g. Erimophila spp), in order to reflect light and minimize water loss, while other drop their leaves during the dry period (some Quercus spp). Furthermore, some species (e.g. Cistus spp, Quercus spp, Ceanothus spp)change leaf orientation during the day, in order to avoid intense sun.

The similarities in some of the above mentioned regions' flora have led to theories on evolutionary convergence due to climate conditions. Recent phylogenetic studies, though, have shown that some of the characteristics - like the small hard leaves - that were considered characteristics deriving from evolutionary processes due to the climate, pre-existed the formation of Mediterranean climate, therefore, it is possible they involve species that had already been evolved in a way that allowed them to survive the new climate conditions. In any case, it seems that further phylogenetic research on Mediterranean species, would be interesting.

Fire and evolutionary mechanisms

Summer drought combined with flammable biomass stored in Mediterranean ecosystems (dry biomass and flammable substances like resin and oils) make a wildfire easy to burst, either by natural either by human related causes.

Given the fact that plants, since the early beginning have been facing fires, they have developed adaptation mechanisms to fires.

In this context, in Mediterranean climate regions, most plants show great degree of adaptation to fires.

There are two main forms of fire adaptive plants:

Plants that have developed high resistance to high temperatures and to fire. Some species resist high temperatures as a result of their thick bark, other species are difficult to burn due to their hard wood or due to the substances their bark is composed of, while other keep their reproductive organs in the ground (e.g. geophytes).

In Mediterranean climate geophytes, usually, the rest period coincides with the fire period, therefore they have large possibilities not to be affected by a possible fire. Furthermore, many such species have a positive reaction to fire, meaning they flower more frequently after a fire, while there is a species from Chile (Cyrtanthus ventricosus) that only flowers immediately after a fire occurs.

- Plants whose reproductive mechanisms are stimulated by a fire,, either by means of resprouting from the base, either by means of protected seeds that are released after a fire or whose germination is enhanced by fire or smoke.

Many plants in this category are easily burnt, due the resins and oils they contain, but their vegetative growth is stimulated by a fire. Some Quercus spp set new growth from the base of the trunk and the roots. Some Arbutus spp, Erica spp, Juniperus spp, Pistacia spp create rhizomes, remaining inactive for many years. After a fire, these rhizomes give in a very few time new shoots, growing very fast. These shoots are able to reach 60% of the original plant in the vegetative period, which follows the fire.

Accordingly, in Australia, Mountain Grey Gum (Eucalyptus cypellocarpa), after a fire, sets shoots with new leaves from the base to the top of the tree. Other Australian species, have also been adapted, giving new shoots from the base after a fire.

Almost all matorral species of Chile, but also many chaparral species in California have the ability to resprout from the base of the plant after a fire.

It should be noted, on the other hand, that this ability to resprout from the base, although many researchers consider it an evolutionary trait in response to fire, other consider it could be a selection due to other factors like prolonged drought or herbivory.

The group of plants with protected seeds released after a fire contains many Pinus spp. While on most plants ripe seeds drop to the ground, in those pines 30% of ripe cones remains closed on the tree for up to 5 years. In a case of a fire, the cones open up, spreading some thousand of seeds in an area of many km around the tree.

This kind of mechanisms is very common in plants of all Mediterranean climate regions, except Chile, where they are rare.

The group of plants having seeds whose germination is induced by fire of by chemical substances contained in smoke, on the other hand, contains most of fynbos species, many species of chaparral in California, some kwongan species in Australia, and is rarely observed in Chile.

It is worth to notice, that most of fynbos species produce seeds that can germinate only after a fire. These plants may have evolved that way, as an adaptive mechanism to frequent fires in combination with poor soil conditions they line in. It seems more effective to produce many seeds than to invest a great amount of energy to adapt their root system to survive a fire, since the poor soil would be difficult to give the plant the nutrients it needs to recover. Many species retain the ripe seeds on the plant for about a year, while around 30% of the plants produce seeds with an elaiosome which attracts ants, that curry the seeds into their burrows, where they will be protected from a possible fire.

On the other hand it is worth to notice, that shrubs that diffuse to the ground substances that prevent seed germination and seedlings' growth need more time to regenerate - 2-3 years, giving other species enough time to grow.

Wildfires, thus, seem to be a natural phenomenon in Mediterranean type ecosystems and to be a prerequisite for a new growth cycle to start, since the density of the shrubs does not allow other species seeds to germinate. The ground should be liberated somehow and this could be achieved by means of a fire.

Therefore, what constitutes a problem, is the frequency by which fires occur, especially if the plants burnt have not yet reached biological maturity, so that to be able to regenerate.

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(This article aims at making a general reference to climate, vegetation and some evolutionary processes in Mediterranean climate regions and not an extensive description of all plants and ecosystems of those regions. There may be more detailed references in the future...) Mediterranean climate Mediterranean climate is characterized by wet, mild winters and large, warm, dry summers.

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Due to its climate, the northern side of the island is covered with vegetation. The dense forest of Platanus orientalis and Castanea sativa, succeeds the 'Makki', a 'Mediterranean jungle' of evergreen, broad-leaved shrubs at an altitude up to 600-700 m.  Some of the shrub spieces are: Arbutus andrachne, Arbutus unedo, Ostrya carpinifoli, Fraxinus excelsior, Phillyrea latifolia, Juniperous oxycedrus, Quercus coccifera and Erica arborea [9]

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Winter savory belongs to the family of Lamiaceae and it's native to warm/temperate regions. This plant species can growup to 40 cm tall. The leathery, dark green, leaves are opposite, oval-lanceolate , 1–2 cm long and 5 mm broad. The flowers appear between July and October, and their color range from pale lavender, or pink to white. [7]
Winter savory has been claimed to have antiseptic, aromatic and digestive benefits.Taken internally, it is said to be a remedy for colic and a cure for flatulence, whilst it is also used to treat gastro-enteritis, cystitis, nausea, diarrhoea , bronchial congestion, sore throat and menstrual disorders[8].

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The word oregano is derived from Greek ὀρίγανον (orī́ganon). This is a compound of όρος (óros), "mountain", and γάνος (gános), "brightness", whence "brightness of the mountain".[4] Oregano, member of the Lamiaceae family, is a perennial herb, growing up to 50 cm tall[12], with opposite leaves 1–4 cm long. The flowers are purple, 3–4 mm long, produced in erect spikes. Oregano essential oil is extracted from the leaves of the oregano plant and it's used in traditional medicine since ancient times.[5] Many studies have shown the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of its bioactive phytochemicals[12]
Fig. Oregano plant [6].

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Bracken fields can be seen as pointers for over-exploited areas.[3]  Pteridium aquilium dominates this plant community. Accompaning plant species are a mixture of Juniperus oxycedrus shrubs and some species of the ecotope Satureja-Garrigues. Very high presence of Juniperus oxycedrus, Thymus sibthorpii, Hypericum cerastoides, Erica arborea, Origanum vulgare and Satureja montana.[1]
fig:  Pteridium aquilinum species as main understorey vegetation and accompanying plant species in open landscapes of mountainous areas near Fonias river (upper two), patch-work-like stands of bracken next to low or even non-covered grounds (lower left) and weed invasion by thistles (lower right) [3]

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In Samothraki you can encounter some rare trees not only in Greece but throughout the Mediterranean Sea, such as Itamos and Celtis [2]

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[1] Chanos, G. M., & Scoullos, M. I. (2011). Samothraki UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve nomination form. Athens: Greek National MAB Committee.
[2] https://www.samothrakigreece.com/flora/ (last accessed 19/2/2019)
[3] Löw, M. (2017). Spatial Patterns of Land Cover Dynamics on Samothraki Island: Applying Remote Sensing on complex Mediterranean Pastures (Doctoral dissertation, Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt).
[4] https://www.etymonline.com/word/oregano Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper, Inc. Retrieved 20 February 2019
[5] https://www.drugs.com/npp/oregano.html Drugs.com. 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2019
[6] Wilhelm, O. Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany, Source: www.biolib.de
[7] Linford, J. (2007), A concise guide to herbs, Bath: Parragon. p. 210.
[8] Breverton, T. Beverton's Complete Herbal: A Book of Remarkable Plants and Their Uses, p. 580, at Google Books
[9] http://www.samothraki-tourism.gr/cgs.cfm?areaid=1&id=118 (greek article), retrieved 20 February 2019
Vegetation cover figure:  Biel, B. & Tan, K.I.T., 2014. The Flora of Samothraki, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Kifissia – Greece.
[10] Marba, N., & Duarte, C. M. (2010). Mediterranean warming triggers seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) shoot mortality. Global Change Biology, 16(8), 2366-2375.
[11]https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1
[12] Pezzani, R., Vitalini, S., & Iriti, M. (2017). Bioactivities of Origanum vulgare L.: an update. Phytochemistry Reviews, 16(6), 1253-1268.
[13]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_(Humboldt)#Content retrieved 22 February 2019
[14]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytogeography retrieved 22 February 2019
[15] https://www2.usgs.gov/climate_landuse/glaciers/glaciers_sea_level.asp retrieved 9 March 2019
[16]Feidas, H., Noulopoulou, C., Makrogiannis, T., & Bora-Senta, E. (2007). Trend analysis of precipitation time series in Greece and their relationship with circulation using surface and satellite data: 1955–2001. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 87(1-4), 155-177.
The red books of Greek flora
[17]Φοίτος Δ., Κωνσταντινίδης Θ., Καμάρη Γ. 2009 (Επιμ. Εκδ.). Βιβλίο Ερυθρών Δεδομένων των Σπάνιων και Απειλουμένων Ειδών της Ελληνικής Χλωρίδας, Τόμος 1 (Α-D), Ελληνική Βοτανική Εταιρεία, Πάτρα.

[18]Φοίτος Δ., Κωνσταντινίδης Θ., Καμάρη Γ. 2009 (Επιμ. Εκδ.). Βιβλίο Ερυθρών Δεδομένων των Σπάνιων και Απειλουμένων Ειδών της Ελληνικής Χλωρίδας, Τόμος 2 (E-Z), Ελληνική Βοτανική Εταιρεία, Πάτρα.

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This habitat type is characterized by the tree species Platanus orientalis and the bush Nerium oleander. Turf species are rare and only Adiantum capillus-venus, Rubus ulmifolius and Brachypodium sylvaticum are typical. [1]