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Spanish Armada
Why did the English fleet defeat the Spanish Armada?

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-England and Spain had actually been allies for much of the 16th century.
- But that had changed by the 1580s and relations had become outwardly hostile.
-Philip II of Spain was unpopular in England as the former husband of Mary I, a champion of Catholicism and head of the most powerful country in Europe. Elizabeth was considered untrustworthy and a heretic by Philip.
-The Armada was a hugely ambitious project. At 130 ships it was the largest fleet ever known.
-set sail in summer of 1588
-In July 1588, the Armada sailed up the English Channel in a defensive crescent formation. They were spotted and followed by the English fleet which had set off from Plymouth.
- The English sent fire ships into the Spanish fleet, which caused chaos, with many ships having to cut anchor and abandon their crescent formation.
-The remnants of the Armada regrouped. Cut off from their route back to Spain by the English fleet, they were forced to make the treacherous journey north around Scotland and Ireland. They lost more ships and men, before arriving back to Spain.

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Source-
'The Second Rolle...of the Kynges...Galliasses'. 1546.
The Swallowe comes from a scroll of vellum, called the Anthony Roll, which describes and illustrates all the ships of King Henry VIII's navy. Two were later split up and made into books.

Queen Elizabeth's ship the Swallowe was 308 tons and commanded by Richard Hawkins son of John Hawkins.The Swallowe was a new warship designed by Matthew Baker,the Queen's Master Shipwright.The new design made the ship lighter and more weatherly,which enabled to bombard the enemies ships with a cannon shot from a distance,instead of old fighting techniques.The English's design of better ships with better techniques led to the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

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Source- A picture from a book by George Carleton. This source can be biased in favor of the Queen.

This source is a picture of many ships surrounding one ship.The book was published after the death of Queen Elizabeth.The image celebrated the greatness of Queen Elizabeth reign. It was also described as a thank you note to god for saving the Queen from various plots against her.This source is a very biased source in favor of Queen Elizabeth.

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Source-Excerpt from a speech by Queen Elizabeth written by Dr Lionel Sharp .Sharp read it to the troops a day after Queen Elizabeth had delivered it.This source can be biased.

Elizabeth stated "I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a King, and of a King of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma of Spain, or any Prince of Europe should dare to invade the
borders of my realm. I myself will be your general, judge and rewarder of
every one of your virtues in the field."
At that point the Armada was in the North Sea but neither Elizabeth nor anyone else knew exactly where.

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Source-Excerpt from a letter from the Privy Council to Sir Owen Hopton, Lieutenant of the Tower of London, 26 July 1588. Peter Pette, mentioned in the extract, was a master shipbuilder at the Deptford shipyards in Kent. He is obviously having problems with some people refusing
to supply materials for the English fleet.This source can't really be biased against someone because he's speaking based on his own encounters.

While the Armada was sailing up the English Channel,The English fleet had a shortage of supplies due to people not delivering items because the rulers had a bad reputation of paying their bills.

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Source-A series of charts showing the route of the Armada, the extent of the English pursuit and those towns which contributed ships to the English fleet.Since this is a map I would assume that it is reliable.

In July of 1588 The Armada sailed up the English channel,to meet with the forces of the Duke of Parma. The Armada was failed to meet which in turn ruined their plan to team up to take Parma's army.They then had to sail around the British Isles to get back to Spain.

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Source-Extract from the 1625 edition of William Camden's Annals of the Reign of Elizabeth to 1588,

William Camden first published in 1615  he was a teacher, scholar and historian.He lived through much of Elizabeth's reign,and continued to write about the positive influence Elizabeth's reign had.When it was written relations between Protestant England and Catholic Spain had improved since Elizabeth's time.This source is definitely biased in favor of the Queen.

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Source-Letter from Sir Thomas Fenner, a captain of a ship in the English fleet, to Sir Francis Walsingham, 4 August 1588.Could be viewed as biased in favor of the queen.

This letter explains why the English fleet stopped chasing the Armada after it passed Newcastle,stating that "...God has stricken the enemy with a wonderful fear. The Spanish fleet was followed up the Eastern coast but had to return to port to relieve the wants of water and provisions. The want of powder, shot and victuals has caused us many
problems."

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Source-This is a woodcut of a ship which is believed to be The Ark Royal.

This document shows how the English fleet defeated the Spanish due to their new design of ships.These ships were well built,fast.and maneuverable.The ship had many advantages compared to Spanish ships such as cannons placed along the length of the ship,so they could fire broadside and that they were lighter which helped in windy conditions.

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English ships-Document A,Document B,
Updates on The Spanish Armada-Document C, Document E, Document G, Document H
Elizabeths's reign (specifically)- Document F

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The English fleet defeated the Spanish in a combination of leadership,skill,luck,and weather.Although Queen Elizabeth had great leadership,the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada due to their new ship design which could fire cannons from a distance and their easily maneuverable ships,which is a huge advantage for the English.Due to their great leadership and new techniques they had an advantage over the Spanish they also got lucky when the weather helped them defeat the Spanish.