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http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/downloads/maps/gpw-v3/gpw-v3-population-density/fradens.jpg

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https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=51892

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Includes telephone wires, transportation via roads and rivers, cell phone towers, rail lines, airports, ports and harbors, nuclear energy, some hydroelectric power.

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France Infrastructure, power, and communications, Information about Infrastructure, power, and communications in France

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The communications infrastructure of France also ranks high among advanced countries. There were about 35 million main telephone lines in use by the end of 1998, with mobile cellular phone usage at about 35 percent of that figure. About 218 newspapers were sold in France per 1,000 people in 1996.

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Megacities worldwide (English)

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Megacities Reflect Growing Urbanization Trend

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French urbanization (In French, use English captioning)

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Le phénomène d'urbanisation - Histoire Géographie Collège - digiSchool

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France does have major supermarkets and stores in their major cities. In more rural areas, small shops and street markets are more common.

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Shopping in France, hours chains and general guidance

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Shopping in France, shopping in Paris; a short guide to shops and stores in France - main chains, opening hours and tips

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The largest industries in France are:
Nuclear power
Technology/Manufacturing
Transportation
Agriculture
Tourism
These require varying amounts of infrastructure to support their function, with transportation and nuclear power being some of the largest.

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France is an advanced and industrialized country and has the third largest economy in Europe. With a GDP of $2.8 trillion, France has the sixth largest economy in the world, based on nominal figures. The economy currently demonstrates growth, after emerging from the financial recession of the 2008. Several industries are the major contributors to the economy, including energy, manufacturing, tourism, agriculture, technology, and transport.

Energy

One of the major industries in France is the energy sector. France's leading electricity company, Electricite de France (EDF), is the largest utility company in the world. The energy company, which is listed on the French Stock Exchange, has the state as the majority shareholder. In 2003, 22% of the total electricity in the European Union was produced by EDF. Another key player in the energy industry is Engie, a utility company based in Courbevoie, France. Engie is the world's largest independent utility company and is involved in a wide array of activities, including natural gas production and distribution, nuclear power, and electricity distribution. Engie became the largest solar energy company in France after acquiring Solairedirect in July 2015. Another French company, Total S.A., is among the largest oil and gas companies in the world. The company, whose headquarters are based in Paris, is also engaged in chemical manufacturing, as well as operating service stations across the world.

Energy production in France is primarily based on nuclear energy, which accounts for 78% of the country's electricity. The increased reliance on nuclear energy enables France to boast one of the least carbon dioxide emission levels in the developed world. The future of France's energy industry lies in renewable energy, especially since the French National Assembly passed a law in July 2015, which requires that 40% of the nation's electricity be produced from renewable energy sources by the year 2030. The plan is an ambitious target considering that only 19.5% of France's electricity currently comes from renewable sources.

Manufacturing and Technology

Manufacturing is among the largest industries in France, accounting for billions of dollars in the country's GDP. The country is recognized as the fourth largest automobile manufacturer in the world and is home to two of the largest automobile manufacturers in the world: Peugeot and Renault. France is also renowned for its aerospace sector, which is dominated by Airbus, which is the world's leading aircraft manufacturer.

Technology is another important economic pillar in the country's economy. France is ranked among the most technologically advanced countries in the world, and the country has an ideal environment for technological research and innovation. This environment has led to the growth of some of the largest technology companies in the world. For example, Publicis, a France-based company, is the third largest advertising company in the world. Sophia Antipolis, a large technology park, is the major technological hub in France. Situated in Valbonne, the technology park houses offices of many major technology companies, including Amadeus, Avanade, 3Roam, Air France, Cisco, Accenture, Broadcom, Intel, Huawei, IBM, Lionbridge, and Orange. Sophia Antipolis is also home to numerous international institutions including ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute), Skema Business School and the ERCIM (European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics). The technological park was established in 1984 and was named after its founder, Sophia Glikman-Toumarkine.

Transport

Transport in France is a multi-billion industry, and some of its key players are major global companies. France has one of the densest network of road and railways in the world, which interconnects the nation's cities. The railway network in France stretches 18,580 miles, most of which is under the operation of SNCF (French National Railway Corporation). However, the largest company in France's railway transport is Alstom, which is based in Saint-Ouen, but has operations all over the globe and has over $37 billion in assets. The French cities of Paris, Marseille, and Lyon have extensive metro systems, while Rennes, Lille, and Toulouse have light metro systems. France has one of the highest concentration of airports, with a total of 478 airports across the country. The busiest airport in the country is Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, which records about 60 million passengers each year, making it the fifth busiest in the world. Air France is the French national carrier, and flies to 150 destinations on all six continents of the world.

Agriculture

Agriculture was traditionally the primary economic activity in France prior to the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. France is recognized as having the sixth largest agricultural production in the world, and the largest in the European Union. France is also the second largest exporter of agricultural products in the world, and is only surpassed by the United States. Huge wheat farms are located in the northern region of the country, while the southern part of France is renowned for its vineyards and horticultural products. France is the largest producer of sugar beets and the second largest producer of cheese and wine in the world. Western France is the main producing region of dairy products, poultry, apples, and pork. The vast majority of agricultural exports are destined to member states of the European Union, which receive 49% of all agricultural exports from France. The agricultural industry in France has the privilege of receiving significant support from the EU in the form of subsidies, which amount to more than $11 billion. In recent years, the industry has implemented numerous reforms as a result of international agreements including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

Tourism

France is the most popular destination in the world, receiving about 85.7 million tourists each year. This massive tourist traffic also means that France is ranked fifth in the world in terms of tourist spending. The tourism industry is a key economic pillar in France, injecting over $70 billion to the country's GDP. Of this total, 70 percent comes from domestic tourists, while the remaining 30 percent comes from international tourists. Germany is the main tourist source country for international tourists, as visitors from Germany stayed for 86.4 million nights in 2014. The industry represents 9.7% of the country's GDP. France's popularity to tourists is attributed to a wide array of prime tourist attractions located across the country. These attractions range from the nation's capital, Paris, to small picturesque village towns. The Eiffel Tower in Paris is the world's most visited paid monument, and is among the 37 UNESCO World Heritage Sites throughout France.

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Which Are the Biggest Industries in France?

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France is an advanced and industrialized country and has the third largest economy in Europe. With a GDP of $2.8 trillion, France has the sixth largest economy in the world, based on nominal figures. The economy currently demonstrates growth, after emerging from the financial recession of the 2008.

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France has about 28% of their land with protected status.

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Terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) | Data

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Terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) from The World Bank: Data

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Buses, trains, and cars are the primary manners of transportation. Some airports located throughout the country.

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ComeXium Consulting - The Healthcare Companies' Advisor

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While hospitals and clinics (private and public) have a coherent mesh on the entire french territory, some geographical areas are much better served for emergencies than others. Is this a possible loss of opportunity for patients in that areas?
(Hospitals & clinics with emergency services are in Red, others in Blue) click here if the map below doesn't appear !
Posté dans Development, Interactive Map, Strategy

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The Interactive Map Of French Hospitals & Clinics

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While hospitals and clinics (private and public) have a coherent mesh on the entire french territory, some geographical areas are much better served for emergencies than others. Is this a possible loss of opportunity for patients in that areas? (Hospitals & clinics with emergency services are in Red, others in Blue) click here if the map below doesn't appear !

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Paris development over time

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The expansion of built up urban land in Paris, 1800 - 2000. Prepared for the NYU Stern Urbanization Project using data compiled by Shlomo Angel, Jason Parent, Daniel Civco, and Alejandro Blei for The Atlas of Urban Expansion, published by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Visualizations prepared by IMAGINARIA3D in Quito, Ecuador (imaginaria3d.com).

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwidotv24M3fAhVpmuAKHcZVAVkQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.codata-retail.com%2Fblog%2Fexhaustiveness-location-addresses-more-1000-retailers-france-belgium-switzerland-spain-and&psig=AOvVaw1gxmJV4j_BhuABIUMk7Ej_&ust=1546472440709088

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source: French Ministry of Sustainable Development

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjt-cmk0fneAhVGhuAKHfQXC5cQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eea.europa.eu%2Fsoer%2Fcountries%2Ffr%2Fland-use-state-and-impacts-france&psig=AOvVaw32SlL_G2AqUSI6VTOh-ILE&ust=1543581914510528

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Ranching has grown in popularity in France, although it is not the most popular type of agriculture. Cattle, pigs and sheep are the main products.

Key facts relating to France’s livestock farming sector in the EU :
Leading poultry producer
Leading cattle/beef producer
3rd biggest pig producer
3rd biggest sheep herd

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Livestock farming still covers a significant area in France, essentially comprising cattle farming (198,000), from a total 250,000 livestock farms in France in 2013.
The farmer is responsible for feeding the animals and monitoring their health, which is the mainstay of his profession. He must also carefully monitor their growth and development, and sustain the farm and pasture land. His ultimate aim is to sell his production, be it meat, milk, eggs or cheese, to maintain the farm's profitability. In fact cheese is particularly profitable, with exports in 2013 worth €2,814 million. (Source: French customs).

There are two main approaches to livestock farming: industrial and organic. For the former, animals are reared in buildings or sheds (in cages or "above ground"). Some animals benefit from partial freedom, either inside or outside. "Organic" certification is awarded through a hierarchical system of labelling: "free range, in an open air environment", or organic. The organic production system for livestock animals is governed according to strict standards that complement European Council Regulations 834/2007 and Commission Regulation (EC) 889/2008.
(Source: Direction Générale des Politiques Agricoles, Agroalimentaires et des Territoires).
What skills are needed to run a farm?

First and foremost it's all about passion. Anyone can do it, based on two fundamental premises: a profound love of animals and respect for mother nature. After that, the skills can be learnt at college, for those who have not already gained practical experience working on a farm, backed by a minimum qualification in agriculture from a specialised agricultural college (e.g. CAP Agricole). In practice, it is important to have a sound knowledge of rearing and know how to apply an understanding of agronomy and agriculture. At the same time, a farmer also needs to be an excellent manager, given the importance of managing the herd and feeds. For this he must plan orders and analyse data for each animal. Computer skills are also valuable to navigate specific software programmes. The profession also requires sound accounting and administrative management skills and the farmer must also be familiar with the latest legislation relating to the farm's social, judicial and tax status.

But by far the most important element relating to this profession is being "at one" with the animals, to coin an expression often used by farmers. It is vital to be receptive to the herd and scrutinise every detail. From loss of appetite to change in eye colour, the slightest change could equate to an illness capable of decimating an entire herd and the farm with it. All behaviours must be understood to be able to intervene rapidly in an urgent situation. Knowledge of biology and animal anatomy are therefore also a requirement.

How is the French livestock sector standing up in the face of fierce international competition?

Since the end of the 1990s, French farmers have had to face increased competition in the light of the internationalisation of markets. Added to which, the significant decline in farm numbers and general rural exodus. French farmers are faced notably with competition from Germany in the sheep farming sector, and more generally from Argentina, Brazil and even the US. To respond to these agricultural challenges of the 21 st century, the entire industry has had to reflect on new methods and technology. The modernisation of farming equipment has allowed French farmers to stay competitive. Producing using cutting edge technology - including GPS, robotic milking machines and processing units - coupled with robust training schemes, and investing in and discovering new techniques of production, management and sales, are integral to the overall health of the French livestock sector. In addition, the diversity of production systems is considered to be an essential element responsible for the typical character of its products.

Farmers committed to best practice in production

The industry is characterised by behavioural change, namely but not exclusively. There has been a rise in voluntary approaches (Charter for good agricultural practices, relating to cattle), incentives ( Contrat territorial d'exploitation which forms part of the EU Rural Development Plan, and relating specifically to sheep or grazing cattle), and soon coercive measures (a condition of direct aids relating to the first "pillar" of the CAP).

To date 100,000 cattle farmers have signed up on a voluntary basis to the Charter for good agricultural practices, which is the most common. The charter aims to raise awareness of the industry's commitment to its social responsibilities through best production practices, including animal traceability and health, healthy diet, the strictest hygiene to protect milk quality, animal welfare and protecting the environment. In so doing, the charter ensures the long term future of farming and farms and provides consumers with the reassurance they need in terms of all meat and dairy produce.

Fewer farms, increased productivity

In 2013, the French Ministry of Agriculture counted some 250,000 farmers in France. A decline in the use of forage crops has triggered a fall in the number of farms, which has continued throughout the last decade, while production remains unaffected. As a result, labour supply is in demand, and from now until 2018, the livestock sector will recruit 4,500 people in the cattle sector and a further 4,000 for the sheep population.

Livestock farming also has a role to play in maintaining the countryside as an element of "terroir". Quite apart from economy-related issues, the sector can sometimes be the only activity maintaining certain landscapes, as is the case in mountainous areas.

Key facts relating to France's livestock farming sector in the EU :

Leading poultry producer

Leading cattle/beef producer

3 rd biggest pig producer

3 rd biggest sheep herd

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Livestock farming in France : requiring passion and professionalism.

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Livestock farming still covers a significant area in France, essentially comprising cattle farming (198,000), from a total 250,000 livestock farms in France in 2013. The farmer is responsible for feeding the animals and monitoring their health, which is the mainstay of his profession.

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Mercantour National Park

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Le Val d'Allos, au coeur du parc national du mercantour

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Area: 264.5 mi²
Established: 1979
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantour_National_Park

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Flora: Edelweiss, swiss pines, larches, martagon lily, saxifrage
Fauna: Chamois, marmot, ermine, ibex, mouflon, red deer

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The link between the southern Alps and the Mediterranean, the Parc National du Mercantour (External link) is one of the richest natural spaces in this metropolitan area, thanks to its biodiversity. The varied splendour of its landscapes, wild nature and cultural and historic wealth contributed to its acquisition of 'National Park' status in 1979, acknowledged worldwide as offering the highest level of quality and protection for outstanding natural spaces. From olive groves to Alpine pastures and from larch forests to snowy peaks, Mercantour is home to a rare variety of fauna, flora and landscapes, unique even on a global scale. Just an hour's drive from the sea, you can get up close and personal with wildlife near the glacial lakes or follow the winding course of a stream on a mountain bike. The Ubaye river is ideal for rafting and kayaking - and its tributaries for canyoning. The Serre-Ponçon lake is devoted to family bathing and watersports (windsurfing, sailing, etc) and going paragliding will allow you to admire the entire beautiful landscape from the air.

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The link between the southern Alps and the Mediterranean, the Parc National du Mercantour (External link) is one of the richest natural spaces in this metropolitan area, thanks to its biodiversity. The varied splendour of its landscapes, wild nature and cultural and historic wealth contributed to its acquisition of 'National Park' status in 1979, acknowledged worldwide as offering the highest level of quality and protection for outstanding natural spaces.

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Red=National, Regional=Green Marine=Blue
http://i.imgur.com/62M4jHj.png

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Mercantour national park tour

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Protected Planet is the online interface for the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), and the most comprehensive global database on terrestrial and marine protected areas.

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France has had a 5.9% loss of forest coverage since the year 2000.

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Oops, your browser isn't supported. | Global Forest Watch

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https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2097.html

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The soil in Champagne is, for the most part, comprised of massive chalk deposits interspersed with rocky outcroppings and covered with a thin layer of topsoil (mix of sand, marl, clay and lignite) which requires constant renewal through fertilization.
http://mowse.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-soils-of-champagne-wine-region.html

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wheat, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; beef, dairy products; fish

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France Agriculture, Information about Agriculture in France

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France has been one of the most dominant agricultural centers of Europe for centuries. That gave France an important role in European and, to some extent world, affairs in the pre-industrial age. Currently, France still leads Europe in agriculture, excluding the Russian Federation.

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Wine grapes - Roundup
Wheat - 2, 4-D, 2-EHE
Beets - Metam potassium
http://www.pesticideinfo.org/DS.jsp?sk=29109
https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/ChemUseHighlights-Wheat-2012.pdf
http://organicvineyardalliance.com/pesticide-fact-sheet/

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In a review of 80 intentional ingestion cases, 79 of which were suicide attempts, researchers identified typical symptoms of erosion of the gastrointestinal tract, dysphagia or difficulty swallowing, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Seven cases resulted in death.24 Accidental ingestions are associated with mild gastrointestinal effects.14
Eye and skin irritation have occasionally been reported from dermal exposure to glyphosate formulations.13,14 However, adverse health effects are typically associated with exposure that occurs while mixing a concentrated product, not the use of dilute spray solutions.13 Permanent ocular or dermal damage is very rare.13,14,25
Inhalation of spray mist may cause oral or nasal discomfort, as well as tingling and throat irritation.14

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Technical Fact Sheet

As of 2011, NPIC stopped creating technical pesticide fact sheets. The old collection of technical fact sheets will remain available in this archive, but they may contain out-of-date material. NPIC no longer has the capacity to consistently update them. To visit our general fact sheets, click here. For up-to-date technical fact sheets, please visit the Environmental Protection Agency's webpage.

Laboratory Testing: Before pesticides are registered by the U.S. EPA, they must undergo laboratory testing for short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) health effects. Laboratory animals are purposely given high enough doses to cause toxic effects. These tests help scientists judge how these chemicals might affect humans, domestic animals, and wildlife in cases of overexposure.

Molecular Structure -
Glyphosate

Glyphosate is a non-selective systemic herbicide that is applied directly to plant foliage.1 When used in smaller quantities, glyphosate can act as a plant growth regulator.2 Glyphosate is a glycine derivative.1 The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name for glyphosate is N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine3 and the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry number is 1071-83-6.1

Glyphosate's potential as an herbicide was reported in 1971.1,4 Glyphosate was first registered for use by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in 19745, and reregistration was completed in 1993.6 See the text box on Laboratory Testing.

Formulations of glyphosate include an acid, monoammonium salt, diammonium salt, isopropylamine salt, potassium salt, sodium salt, and trimethylsulfonium or trimesium salt.1,2,4 Unless otherwise stated, all data in this fact sheet refer to the acid form.

Technical grade glyphosate is used in formulated products, as are the isopropylamine, sodium, and monoammonium salts. Of these, the isopropylamine salt is most commonly used in formulated products.2,7

Glyphosate and associated forms

Active Ingredient

Form1,4

Vapor pressure1,4,8

Henry's constant8

Molecular weight1,4,8

Solubility in water (mg/L)1,4

Log K ow 1,4,8

K oc 3

Glyphosate acid

odorless, white solids

1.31 x 10⁻² mPa (25 °C)
1.84 x 10⁻⁷ mmHg (45 °C)

4.08 x 10⁻¹⁹ atm·m ³/mol

169.07 g/mol

pH 1.9: 10,500 mg/L
pH 7.0: 157,000 mg/L

Less than -3.2

300 - 20,100

Glyphosate isopropylamine salt

odorless, white solids

2.1 x 10⁻³ mPa (25 °C)
1.58 x 10⁻⁸ mmHg (25 °C)

6.27 x 10⁻²⁷ atm·m ³/mol

228.19 g/mol

pH 4.06: 786,000 mg/L

-3.87 or -5.4

300 - 20,100

Glyphosate ammonium salt

odorless, white solids

9 x 10⁻³ mPa (25 °C)
6.75 x 10⁻⁸ mmHg (25 °C)

1.5 x 10⁻¹³ atm·m ³/mol

186.11 g/mol

pH 3.2: 144,000 mg/L

-3.7 or 5.32

300 - 20,100

Some plants have been genetically engineered to be resistant to glyphosate. Glyphosate-tolerant soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola are examples of such plants.4,9 This fact sheet does not address glyphosate-tolerant crops.

Uses for individual products containing glyphosate vary widely. Always read and follow the label when applying pesticide products.

Signal words for products containing glyphosate may range from Caution to Danger. The signal word reflects the combined toxicity of the active ingredient and other ingredients in the product. See the pesticide label on the product and refer to the NPIC fact sheets on Signal Words and Inert or "Other" Ingredients.

To find a list of products containing glyphosate which are registered in your state, visit the website http://npic.orst.edu/reg/state_agencies.html select your state then click on the link for "State Products."

Target Organisms

In plants, glyphosate disrupts the shikimic acid pathway through inhibition of the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase. The resulting deficiency in EPSP production leads to reductions in aromatic amino acids that are vital for protein synthesis and plant growth.1,4

Plants exposed to glyphosate display stunted growth, loss of green coloration, leaf wrinkling or malformation, and tissue death. Death of the plant may take from 4 to 20 days to occur.4,10

The sodium salt of glyphosate can act as a plant growth regulator and accelerate ripening of specific crops.2

Non-target Organisms

The shikimic acid pathway is specific to plants and some microorganisms. The absence of this pathway in mammals may explain the low toxicity of glyphosate to non-target organisms.11,12

Studies indicate that the surfactant polyoxyethyleneamine or polyethoxylated tallow amine (both abbreviated POEA), used in some commercial glyphosate-based formulations, may be more toxic by the oral route to animals than glyphosate itself.13,14

Oral

Glyphosate is low in toxicity to rats when ingested. The acute oral LD₅₀ in rats is greater than 4320 mg/kg.17 See the text boxes onToxicity Classification and LD₅₀/LC₅₀.

LD ₅₀/LC ₅₀: A common measure of acute toxicity is the lethal dose (LD ₅₀) or lethal concentration (LC ₅₀) that causes death (resulting from a single or limited exposure) in 50 percent of the treated animals. LD ₅₀ is generally expressed as the dose in milligrams (mg) of chemical per kilogram (kg) of body weight. LC ₅₀ is often expressed as mg of chemical per volume (e.g., liter (L)) of medium (i.e., air or water) the organism is exposed to. Chemicals are considered highly toxic when the LD ₅₀/LC ₅₀ is small and practically non-toxic when the value is large. However, the LD ₅₀/LC ₅₀ does not reflect any effects from long-term exposure (i.e., cancer, birth defects or reproductive toxicity) that may occur at levels below those that cause death.

The acute oral LD₅₀ for rats was also reported to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. The acute oral LD₅₀ was greater than 10,000 mg/kg in mice and 3530 mg/kg in goats.1

Dermal

Glyphosate is low in toxicity for eye irritation and very low in toxicity for dermal irritation. In studies with glyphosate manufacturing use products, researchers observed mild eye irritation in rabbits that cleared in seven days.18,19

Glyphosate was not found to be a skin sensitizer.6

The formulated product Roundup®, containing 41% glyphosate, was applied to the skin of 204 male and female volunteers in a modified Draize test. No sensitization was observed. The researchers concluded that exposure would not lead to photoirritation or photosensitization.20

Inhalation

TOXICITY CLASSIFICATION - GLYPHOSATE

High Toxicity

Moderate Toxicity

Low Toxicity

Very Low Toxicity

Acute Oral LD ₅₀

Up to and including 50 mg/kg
(≤ 50 mg/kg)

Greater than 50 through 500 mg/kg
(>50-500 mg/kg)

Greater than 500 through 5000 mg/kg
(>500-5000 mg/kg)

Greater than 5000 mg/kg
(>5000 mg/kg)

Inhalation LC ₅₀

Up to and including 0.05 mg/L
(≤0.05 mg/L)

Greater than 0.05 through 0.5 mg/L
(>0.05-0.5 mg/L)

Greater than 0.5 through 2.0 mg/L
(>0.5-2.0 mg/L)

Greater than 2.0 mg/L
(>2.0 mg/L)

Dermal LD ₅₀

Up to and including 200 mg/kg
(≤200 mg/kg)

Greater than 200 through 2000 mg/kg
(>200-2000 mg/kg)

Greater than 2000 through 5000 mg/kg
(>2000-5000 mg/kg)

Greater than 5000 mg/kg
(>5000 mg/kg)

Primary Eye Irritation

Corrosive (irreversible destruction of ocular tissue) or corneal involvement or irritation persisting for more than 21 days

Corneal involvement or other eye irritation clearing in 8 - 21 days

Corneal involvement or other eye irritation clearing in 7 days or less

Minimal effects clearing in less than 24 hours

Primary Skin Irritation

Corrosive (tissue destruction into the dermis and/or scarring)

Severe irritation at 72 hours (severe erythema or edema)

Moderate irritation at 72 hours (moderate erythema)

Mild or slight irritation at 72 hours (no irritation or erythema)

The highlighted boxes reflect the values in the "Acute Toxicity" section of this fact sheet. Modeled after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Label Review Manual, Chapter 7: Precautionary Labeling. http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/labeling/lrm/chap-07.pdf

Signs of Toxicity - Animals

Animals exposed to formulated glyphosate herbicides have displayed anorexia, lethargy, hypersalivation, vomiting, and diarrhea. Symptoms persisted for 2 to 24 hours following exposure. The surfactants in formulated products are thought to be responsible for the clinical signs.22

Clinical signs typically appear within 30 minutes to 2 hours following ingestion. Animals may exhibit excitability and tachycardia at first, followed by ataxia, depression, and bradycardia. Severe cases may progress to collapse and convulsions.15

The Veterinary Poisons Information Service in London, England recorded 150 cases over an 8-year period of dogs exposed to glyphosate primarily from eating grass recently treated with formulated products. Of these, roughly 40% of the dogs exhibited no clinical signs, 45% exhibited mild to moderate clinical signs, and roughly 15% were classified as serious.15

The Centre National d'Informations Toxicologiques Veterinaires of France reported 31 certain cases of intoxication of domestic animals by glyposate-containing products in a 3-year period. Most exposures resulted from animals ingesting the product prior to application. Of these cases, 25 were dogs and 4 were cats. Vomiting occurred within 1-2 hours of ingestion in 61% of the cases. Hypersalivation occurred in 26% of cases, and mild diarrhea was reported in 16% of cases. Centre records did not report long-lasting effects or any fatalities.23

Signs of Toxicity - Humans

Eye and skin irritation have occasionally been reported from dermal exposure to glyphosate formulations.13,14 However, adverse health effects are typically associated with exposure that occurs while mixing a concentrated product, not the use of dilute spray solutions.13 Permanent ocular or dermal damage is very rare.13,14,25

Inhalation of spray mist may cause oral or nasal discomfort, as well as tingling and throat irritation.14

Always follow label instructions and take steps to minimize exposure. If any exposure occurs, be sure to follow the First Aid instructions on the product label carefully. For additional treatment advice, contact the Poison Control Center at 1-800- 222-1222. If you wish todiscuss an incident with the National Pesticide Information Center, please call 1-800-858-7378.

Animals

Researchers gave beagle dogs capsules containing 0, 20,100, or 500 mg/kg/day of glyphosate for one year. No effects were observed; the NOEL for systemic toxicity is greater than or equal to 500 mg/kg/day.26 See the text box on NOAEL, NOEL, LOAEL, and LOEL.

NOAEL: No Observable Adverse Effect Level

NOEL: No Observed Effect Level

LOAEL: Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level

LOEL: Lowest Observed Effect Level

Male rats were fed a diet containing glyphosate at 89, 362, or 940 mg/kg/day and females were similarly fed at concentrations of 113, 457, or 1183 mg/kg/day for 2 years. In the high-dose female group, researchers observed decreased body weight gain. In the high-dose male group, researchers observed decreased urinary pH, increased evidence of cataracts and lens abnormalities, and increased liver weight. No effects were observed in the low-dose and mid-dose groups. The LOEL for systemic toxicity was 940 and 1183 mg/kg/day for males and females, respectively. The NOEL for systemic toxicity is 362 mg/kg/day for males and 457 mg/kg/day for females.27

Laboratory rats were fed diets containing glyphosate at doses of 0, 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg/day for two years. After 52 weeks, some rats in the two highest dose groups had enlarged salivary glands with cellular changes. The NOEL was determined to be 100 mg/kg/day.28

The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of a combination of glyphosate and certain metabolites (AMPA, N-acetyl glyphosate, and N-acetyl AMPA) for humans is 1.0 mg/kg. In 2011, the International Estimated Daily Intake (IEDI) of glyphosate and major metabolites was estimated to range from 0-2% of the ADI.31,32

The chronic reference dose for glyphosate is 1.75 mg/kg/day.33 See the text box on Reference Dose (RfD).

Humans

Researchers collected urine samples over 8 months from workers at two forestry nurseries where glyphosate was used for weed control. No glyphosate was detected in any of the 355 urine samples. The researchers attributed the lack of detected glyphosate in worker urine samples to the poor absorption of glyphosate through the skin.34 See the text box on Exposure.

Exposure: Effects of glyphosate on human health and the environment depend on how much glyphosate is present and the length and frequency of exposure. Effects also depend on the health of a person and/or certain environmental factors.

Five forestry workers sprayed glyphosate for 6 hours a day over the course of a week. No statistically significant differences were found in medical examinations and laboratory testing performed on the workers following pesticide application.35

Researchers collected urine samples from farm families in South Carolina and Minnesota as part of the Farm Family Exposure Study. On the day of application, 60% of farmers had a detectable level of glyphosate in their urine of at least 1 ppb. The geometric mean of glyphosate detected was 3 ppb, with a maximum value of 233 ppb. Mean urinary concentrations of glyphosate were higher in farmers who did not use rubber gloves during application.36

Rats and mice were fed a diet containing 0, 3125, 6250, 12,500, 25,000, or 50,000 ppm of 99% pure glyphosate for 13 weeks. The two highest dose groups of male rats had a significant reduction in sperm concentrations, although concentrations were still within the historical range for that rat strain. The highest dose group of female rats had a slightly longer estrus cycle than the control group.37

Researchers reviewed the scientific literature on glyphosate, its major metabolite AMPA, formulated Roundup® products manufactured by Monsanto, and the surfactant POEA. They found no evidence of endocrine effects in humans or other mammals.13

Using results from the EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP), glyphosate was not considered to be an endocrine disruptor based on a lack of potential interaction with the estrogen, androgen or thyroid pathways.38

Animals

Researchers fed rats a diet containing glyphosate at 0, 89, 362, or 940 mg/kg/day (males) and 0, 113, 457, or 1183 mg/kg/day (females) for two years. The high dose in this study approaches or exceeds the limit dose recommended for carcinogenicity studies. Slight increases in pancreatic islet cell adenomas, hepatocellular adenomas, and thyroid C-cell adenomas were observed in some cases. None of these findings were statistically significant. The incidence of tumors was within the range of historical controls (historical control data from seven years of laboratory research) for the evaluated tumor types in this study. The U.S. EPA concluded the tumors were not treatment-related.27,39

In a carcinogenicity study, mice were fed a diet containing glyphosate (0, 161/195, 835/968, 4945/6069 mg/kg/day for males and females, respectively) for 24 months. The moderate and high doses in this study exceed or approach the limit dose recommended for carcinogenicity studies. In the high-dose groups researchers observed decreased body weight gain in both male and female mice. In high-dose males, slightly increased incidence of renal tubular adenomas was noted. A later re-evaluation of tissues determined that renal tumors were not related to glyphosate exposure. An independent group of pathologists and biometricians also concluded that the occurrence of adenomas was not caused by glyphosate. Kidney tissue examinations found chronic interstitial nephritis and tubular epithelial basophilia and hypertrophy in male rats. Overall, there was not an increase in tubular lesions observed in male mice.39,40,41

In a carcinogenicity study, technical grade glyphosate was given to male and female rats in their diet (0, 95, 316.9, and 1229.7 mg/kg/day). In female rats, a slight increase in mammary gland tumors was noted. Tumor incidence was not statistically significant in pairwise comparisons.39

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were exposed to 5, 10, or 15 ppm of the formulated product Roundup® containing the IPA salt of glyphosate and the surfactant POEA for 6 days. Researchers noted increased DNA and micronuclei damage in the peripheral erythrocytes. This may have resulted from decreased DNA repair. Genotoxicity test results are generally mixed, although formulated products appear to be more likely to cause effects than glyphosate alone.42

Glyphosate has been the subject of numerous genotoxicity tests and the results are overwhelmingly negative.31 Doses that showed positive results in vivo were too high to be considered relevant for human health risk assessment.39

Humans

The U.S. EPA classified glyphosate as "not likely to be carcinogenic to humans." Human carcinogenic potential was evaluated by reviewing available epidemiological, animal carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity data.30,39 See the text box on Cancer.

Cancer: Government agencies in the United States and abroad have developed programs to evaluate the potential for a chemical to cause cancer. Testing guidelines and classification systems vary. To learn more about the meaning of various cancer classification descriptors listed in this fact sheet, please visit the appropriate reference, or call NPIC.

Pesticide regulatory authorities in Canada, Japan, Australia, and the European Union have completed independent carcinogenicity assessments that resulted in similar carcinogenicity determinations as the U.S. EPA.43,44,45,46 The U.S. National Institute of Health's National Toxicology Program has also found "no evidence of glyphosate causing damage to DNA."47 The Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization's assessment determined that glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk from exposure through the diet.48

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate as Group 2A, "probably carcinogenic to humans."49

A review of IARC and EFSA carcinogenic evaluations identified differences in the study selection process, including EFSA's use of historical control data and exclusion of non-guideline research and effects seen at doses higher than the limit dose or the maximum tolerated dose (MTD).51

Researchers reviewed the scientific literature on glyphosate, its major metabolite AMPA, formulated Roundup® products manufactured by Monsanto, and the surfactant POEA. They found that Roundup® and its components did not cause mutations or tumor formation. The researchers concluded that glyphosate is not carcinogenic.13

Researchers assessed the exposure-response relationship between use of products containing glyphosate and cancer in 57, 311 licensed pesticide applicators participating in the Agricultural Health Study. Exposure to glyphosate was not associated with overall cancer incidence or most cancer subtypes. In a small number of cases, there was a "suggested association" between glyphosate exposure and multiple myeloma incidence.52

Additional reviews of AHS data and other epidemiological studies reveal no consistent association between glyphosate and solid tumors, leukemia, Hodgkin's Lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Available data are insufficient to support conclusions regarding associations between glyphosate and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.39

Animals

In a developmental study, pregnant rabbits were given glyphosate by gavage (stomach tube) on gestation days 7-19 at doses of 0, 100, 175, 300 mg/kg/day. Rabbits in the middle and higher doses had diarrhea or few and/or no feces. Rabbits were the most sensitive animal species tested, with a developmental NOAEL of 300 mg/kg/day. Based on this rabbit study, the chronic dietary and incidental exposure NOAEL and LOAEL are 100 and 175 mg/kg/day, respectively.30

Researchers dosed pregnant rats with glyphosate by gavage (stomach tube) on gestation days 6-19 at doses of 0, 300, 1000, or 3500 mg/kg/day. At the highest dose, they detected decreased body weight gains in both the dams and fetuses, increased maternal mortality, and an increased number of fetal skeletal abnormalities. The NOEL for maternal and developmental toxicity was 1000 mg/kg/day and the LOEL was 3500 mg/kg/day.30,53

In a developmental study, scientists exposed pregnant rabbits to glyphosate by gavage on gestation days 6-27 at doses of 0, 75, 175, or 350 mg/kg/day. They detected no developmental effects. At the highest dose tested, the animals exhibited diarrhea, nasal discharge, and increased mortality; too many animals died in this group to assess developmental effects at this dose. The NOEL for maternal effects was 175 mg/kg/day.30,54

After reviewing the toxicological database, EPA found no evidence of increased susceptibility of young rats and rabbits to in utero exposures of glyphosate.30

Dietary concentrations of up to 10,000 ppm or 293 mg/kg/day of glyphosate given to rats over two generations had no effect on male or female sexuality and fertility. The NOAEL for parental and offspring toxicity is 3000 ppm, based upon a reduction of body weight at 10,000 ppm.31,55

Researchers reviewed the scientific literature on glyphosate, its major metabolite AMPA, formulated Roundup® products manufactured by Monsanto, and the surfactant POEA. They concluded that neither glyphosate, AMPA, nor POEA caused reproductive effects in various animal studies.13

Humans

Questionnaires filled out by farm operators and eligible couples collected during the Ontario Farm Family Health Study suggested that there was an association between preconception exposure to pesticide products containing glyphosate and elevated risks of late spontaneous abortion.56

Absorption

Animal studies have indicated that 30-36% of glyphosate is absorbed after ingestion.11,13,57

Dermal absorption of glyphosate is poor.6 An in vitro experiment with human skin resulted in a maximum of 2.2% of 2.6 μg/cm² glyphosate was absorbed across the skin. Absorption peaked 8 hours after administration.58

Researchers applied glyphosate to abdominal skin of monkeys at doses of 5400 μg or 500 μg over 20 cm² of skin. Over a 7 day period, 73.5% and 77.1% of the applied dose remained on the skin.58

Distribution

Rats dosed orally with 10 mg/kg glyphosate attained peak concentrations in their tissues 6 hours following dosing. The gastrointestinal tract contents accounted for 50% of the dose, with the tissue of the small intestine accounting for an additional 18%. Approximately 5% of the dose was found in bone and 6% in the carcass, with 1% or less of the dose distributed to abdominal fat, blood, colon, kidney, liver, and stomach.57

Researchers gave rats a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg of glyphosate. Seven days after administration, the absorbed dose had distributed throughout the body, although it was primarily concentrated in the bone.59

Researchers fed hens and goats glyphosate and found glyphosate and its major metabolite AMPA in eggs, milk, and the animals' body tissues.13,60,61

Metabolism

Glyphosate undergoes little metabolism and is excreted mostly unchanged in the feces and secondarily in the urine.3,13,62

Samples taken from goats and hens fed glyphosate contained the parent compound and AMPA, but there was no evidence of other glyphosate metabolites in body tissues, eggs, or milk.6

High ratios of glyphosate to AMPA were detected in a human patient's blood serum 8 hrs (22.6 μg/mL glyphosate to 0.18 μg/mL AMPA) and 16 hrs (4.4 μg/mL glyphosate to 0.03 μg/mL AMPA) post-ingestion, as well as in the patient's total amount of urine. This indicates that glyphosate metabolism was minimal.63

Excretion

Animal studies indicate that glyphosate is primarily excreted through the urine and feces.3,13,62

A rat given a single oral dose of glyphosate eliminated 0.27% of the administered dose as carbon dioxide, and excreted 97.5% as glyphosate in urine and feces. Researchers detected AMPA in urine (0.2-0.3% of administered dose) and feces (0.2-0.4% of administered dose).64,65

Glyphosate is cleared from the body of rats 168 hours after administration.11

Two human patients who were poisoned with glyphosate had peak plasma glyphosate concentrations within 4 hours of ingestion. After 12 hours, glyphosate was almost undetectable.66

Soil

The median half-life of glyphosate in soil has been widely studied; values between 2 and 197 days have been reported in the literature.7,62 A typical field half-life of 47 days has been suggested.4 Soil and climate conditions affect glyphosate's persistence in soil.1 See the text box onHalf-life.

The "half-life" is the time required for half of the compound to break down in the environment.

1 half-life = 50% remaining
2 half-lives = 25% remaining
3 half-lives = 12% remaining
4 half-lives = 6% remaining
5 half-lives = 3% remaining

Half-lives can vary widely based on environmental factors. The amount of chemical remaining after a half-life will always depend on the amount of the chemical originally applied. It should be noted that some chemicals may degrade into compounds of toxicological significance.

Glyphosate adsorbs tightly to soil. Glyphosate and its residues are expected to be immobile in soil.6

Water

The median half-life of glyphosate in water varies from a few days to 91 days.1

Glyphosate did not undergo hydrolysis in buffered solution with a pH of 3, 6, or 9 at 35 °C. Photodegradation of glyphosate in water was insignificant under natural light in a pH 5, 7, and 9 buffered solution.72,73

Glyphosate in the form of the product Roundup® was applied to aquatic plants in fresh and brackish water. Glyphosate concentrations in both ponds declined rapidly, although the binding of glyphosate to bottom sediments depended heavily on the metals in the sediments. If chelating cations are present, the sediment half-life of glyphosate may be greatly increased.74

Glyphosate has a low potential to contaminate groundwater due to its strong adsorptive properties. However, there is potential for surface water contamination from aquatic uses of glyphosate and soil erosion.6

Volatilization of glyphosate is not expected to be significant due to its low vapor pressure.6

Air

Glyphosate and all its salts are very low in volatility with vapor pressures ranging from 1.84 x 10⁻⁷ mmHg to 6.75 x 10⁻⁸ mmHg at 25 °C.1,4,8

Glyphosate is stable in air.1

Plants

Glyphosate is absorbed by plant foliage and transported throughout the plant through the phloem.3 Glyphosate absorption across the cuticle is moderate, and transport across the cell membrane is slower than for most herbicides.4 Because glyphosate binds to the soil, plant uptake of glyphosate from soil is negligible.3

Glyphosate accumulates in meristems, immature leaves, and underground tissues.4

Very little glyphosate is metabolized in plants, with AMPA as the only significant degradation product.3

Lettuce, carrots, and barley contained glyphosate residues up to one year after the soil was treated with 3.71 pounds of glyphosate per acre.75,76

Glyphosate had a median half-life of 8 to 9 days in leaf litter of red alder and salmonberry sprayed with Roundup®.62

Indoor

All surface wipe and dust samples collected from five farm households in Iowa contained detectable levels of glyphosate ranging from 0.0081-2.7 ng/cm². In six non-farm households, 28 out of 33 samples collected contained detectable levels of glyphosate ranging from 0.0012-13 ng/cm².77

Food Residue

Glyphosate was not included in compounds tested for by the Food and Drug Adminstration's (FDA) Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program (PRMP), nor in the United States Department of Agriculture's Pesticide Data Program (PDP).

Birds

Glyphosate is not expected to cause reproductive impairment in birds at dietary levels of up to 1000 ppm.6

An ecological risk assessment concluded that the greatest risk posed by glyphosate and its formulated products to birds and other wildlife results from alteration of habitat.7

Fish and Aquatic Life

The preparation of the surfactant POEA known as MON 0818 is used in some glyphosate formulations.7 POEA is moderately toxic to very highly toxic to freshwater fish. The 96-hour LC₅₀ values ranged from 0.65 mg/L to 13 mg/L. Products containing MON 0818 state on the label "This pesticide is toxic to fish".6

The LC₅₀ of glyphosate for rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) was 140 mg/L, for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) was 97 mg/L, for channel catfish (Icalurus punctatus) was 130 mg/L and for bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) was 150 mg/L. When they were exposed to Roundup®, the LC₅₀s for these same fish were 8.3, 2.4, 13.0, and 6.4 mg/L, respectively.80

Technical grade glyphosate is slightly toxic to practically non-toxic to freshwater invertebrates, with a 48-hour LC₅₀ ranging from 55 ppm to 780 ppm.6 The 48-hour LC₅₀ for Daphnids was 3.0 mg/L and the LC₅₀ for midge larvae was 16 mg/L when exposed to the formulated product Roundup®.80

Researchers calculated LC₅₀ values for four species of amphibians (the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens), the wood frog (R. sylvatica), the green frog (R. clamitans), and the American toad (Bufo americanus)) exposed to the original Roundup® formulation of glyphosate. The 24-hour LC₅₀ values for the different species ranged from 6.6 to 18.1 mg/L.81

Green frogs (R. clamitans) were exposed to technical glyphosate in the form of the isopropylamine salt, the surfactant POEA, and six formulated products containing glyphosate. The surfactant was most toxic to R. clamitans with a 24 and 96- hour LC₅₀ of 1.1 mg/L (95% CI 1.1-1.2) and 1.1 mg/L (95% CI 1.0-1.1), respectively. Technical glyphosate was least toxic, with 24 and 96-hour LC₅₀ of >38.9 g/L. The toxicity of the formulated products fell between these values.81

A chronic toxicity study with technical grade glyphosate reported reduced reproductive capacity in Daphnia magna with a maximum acceptable toxicant concentration of 50 to 96 ppm.82

Technical grade glyphosate is practically non-toxic to slightly toxic to estuarine and marine organisms. The 96-hour LC₅₀ is 281 ppm for grass shrimp (Palaemonetas vulgaris) and 934 ppm for fiddler crab (Uca pagilator).83 The 48-hour median lethal time (TL₅₀) is greater than 10 mg/L for Atlantic oyster (Crassostrea virginica).84

Terrestrial Invertebrates

An ecological risk assessment of Roundup® concluded that the greatest risks to arthropods were from altered habitat structure and food availability.7

Reference Dose (RfD): The RfD is an estimate of the quantity of chemical that a person could be exposed to every day for the rest of their life with no appreciable risk of adverse health effects. The reference dose is typically measured in milligrams (mg) of chemical per kilogram (kg) of body weight per day.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Notebook Glossary, 2019. https://www.epa.gov/haps/health-effects-notebook-glossary

The U.S. EPA classified glyphosate as "not likely to be carcinogenic to humans."30,39

The reference dose (RfD) for glyphosate is 1.75 mg/kg/day.33 See the text box on Reference Dose (RfD).

The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of a combination of glyphosate and certain metabolites (AMPA, N-acetyl glyphosate, and N-acetyl AMPA) for humans is 1.0 mg/kg.31,32

The U.S. EPA has set a One-Day Health Advisory of 20 mg/L.86

The U.S. EPA has set a Ten-day Health Advisory of 20 mg/L.86

The maximum contaminant level (MCL) is 0.7 mg/L.86 See the text box on Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL).

Date Reviewed: September 2010; limited revisions made: March 2019

Please cite as: Henderson, A. M.; Gervais, J. A.; Luukinen, B.; Buhl, K.; Stone, D.; Strid, A.; Cross, A.; Jenkins, J. 2010. Glyphosate Technical Fact Sheet; National Pesticide Information Center, Oregon State University Extension Services. http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/archive/glyphotech.html.

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1. Tomlin, C. D. S. The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium, 14th ed.; British Crop Protection Council: Hampshire, UK, 2006; pp 545- 548.

2. RED Facts: Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

3. Roberts, T. R. Metabolic Pathways of Agrochemicals-Part 1: Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators; The Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, UK, 1998; pp 396-399.

4. Herbicide Handbook, 8th ed.; Vencill, W. K. Ed.; Weed Science Society of America: Lawrence, KS, 2002; p 231-234.

5. Roundup herbicide bulletin Number 1; Monsanto Agricultural Products Company: St. Louis, MO, 1980.

6. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate; EPA-738-R-93-014; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

7. Giesey, J. P.; Dobson, S.; Solomon, K. R. Ecotoxicological risk assessment for Roundup herbicide. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2000, 167, 35-120.

8. SRC PhysProp Database: Glyphosate; Syracuse Research Corporation. http://www.syrres.com/what-we-do/databaseforms.aspx?id=386 (accessed Dec 2007), updated Jan 2010.

9. Shaner, D. L. The impact of glyphosate-tolerant crops on the use of other herbicides and on resistance management. Pest Manag. Sci. 2000, 56, 320-326.

10. Franz, J. E.; Mao, M. K.; Sikorski, J. A. Glyphosate: A Unique Global Herbicide; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997; pp 521-527, 604-605, 615.

11. WHO. Data Sheets on Pesticides: Glyphosate; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1996.

12. Wu, J. Y.; Chang, S. S.; Tseng, C. P.; Deng, J. F.; Lee, C. C. Parenteral glyphosate-surfactant herbicide intoxication. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2006, 24 (4), 504-506.

13. Williams, G. M.; Kroes, R.; Munro, I. C. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2000, 31, 117-165.

14. Bradberry, S. M.; Proudfoot, A. T.; Vale, J. A. Glyphosate poisoning. Toxicol. Rev. 2004, 23 (3), 159-167..

15. Bates, N.; Campbell, A. Handbook of Poisoning in Dogs and Cats - Glyphosate; Campbell, A.; Chapman, M., Eds.; Blackwell Science Ltd: Oxford, England, 2000; pp 135-138.

16. Monsanto Department of Medical and Health Sciences. Roundup and other gyphosate/tallowamine surfactant-containing herbicides: The clinical effects and their managment. Unpublished report, 1994, cited in Burgat, V.; Keck, G.; Guerre, P.; Bigorre, V.; Pineau, X. Glyphosate toxicosis in domestic animals: A survey from the data of the Centre National d'Informations Toxicologiques Veterinaires (CNITV). Vet. Hum.Toxicol. 1998, 40 (6), 363-367.

17. Birch, M. Toxicological investigation of CP 67573-3. Unpublished Report no. 4-70-90, 1970, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Corporation, prepared by Younger Laboratories, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

18. Blaszcak, D., Primary dermal irritation study in rabbits for glyphosate technical (wetcake). Unpublished Report no. BD-88- 114, project number 4887, 1988, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Corporation, prepared by BioDynamics, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

19. Blaszcak, D. Eye irritation study in rabbits for glyphosate technical (wetcake). Unpublished Report no. BD-88-114, project no. 4888-88, 1988, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Corporation, prepared by BioDynamics, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

20. Maibach, H. I. Irritation, sensitization, photoirritation and photosensitization assays with a glyphosate herbicide. Contact Derm. 1986, 15, 152-156.

21. Rattray, N. J. Glyphosate acid: 4-hour acute inhalation toxicity study in rats. Unpublished Report no. CTL/P/4882, study no. HR2884, 1996, submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Basel, Switzerland, prepared by Zeneca Agrochemicals, Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Maccelsfield, Cheshire, England. Pesticide Residues in Food - 2004: Toxicological evaluations; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1996.

22. Welch, S. Glyphosate. Clinical Veterinary Toxicology; Plumlee, K. H., Ed.; Mosby: St. Louis, 2004; pp 162-163.

23. Burgat, V.; Keck, G.; Guerre, P.; Bigorre, V.; Pineau, X. Glyphosate toxicosis in domestic animals: A survey from the data of the Centre National d'Informations Toxicologiques Veterinaires (CNITV). Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1998, 40 (6), 363-367.

24. Talbot, A. R.; Shiaw, M. H.; Huang, J. S.; Yang, S. F.; Goo, T. S.; Wang, S. H.; Chen, C. L.; Sanford, T. R. Acute poisoning with a glyphosatesurfactant herbicide ('Roundup'): A review of 93 cases. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 1991, 10 (1), 1-8.

25. Acquavella, J. F.; Weber, J. A.; Cullen, M. R.; Cruz, O. A.; Martens, M. A.; Holden, L. R.; Riordan, S.; Thompson, M.; Farmer, D. Human ocular effects from self-reported exposures to Roundup herbicides. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 1999, 18 (8), 479-486.

26. Reyna, M. Twelve month study of glyphosate administered by gelatin capsule to beagle dogs. Unpublished Report no. 830116, project no. ML-83-137, 1985, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company Environmental Health. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

27. Stout, L.; Ruecker, F. Chronic study of glyphosate administered in feed to albino rats. Unpublished Report no. MSL-10495 R.D. 1014, 1990, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Agricultural Company. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

28. Atkinson, C.; Strutt, A.V.; Henderson, W.; Finch, J.; Hudson, P. Glyphosate: 104 week combined chronic feeding/oncogenicity study in rats with 52 week interim kill (results after 104 weeks). Unpublished report No. 7867, IRI project no. 438623, 1993, submitted to World Health Organization by Cheminova A/S, Lemvig, Denmark, prepared by Inveresk Research International, Tranent, Scotland. Pesticide Residues in Food - 2004: Toxicological evaluations; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2004.

29. Haas, M.C. Glyphosate- 28-Day Oral (Dietary) Immunotoxicity Study in Female B6C3F1 Mice. Unpublished Report No. 48934207, Project No WIL-50393, 2012, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by WIL Research. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2013.

30. Glyphosate. Draft Human Health Risk Assessment in Support of Registration Review; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2017.

31. FAO. Pesticide Residues in Food - 2004: Toxicological evaluations; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization: Rome, Italy, 2004.

32. FAO. Pesticide Residues in Food - 2011: Toxicological evaluations; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2011; pp. 373-385.

33. Human-Health Assessment Scoping Document in Support of Registration Review: Glyphosate; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2009.

34. Lavy, T. L. Conifer seedling nursery worker exposure to glyphosate. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1992, 22, 6-13.

35. Jauhiainen, A.; Rasanen, K.; Sarantila, R.; Nuutinen, J.; Kangas, J. Occupational exposure of forest workers to glyphosate during brush saw spraying work. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1991, 52 (2), 61-64.

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65. Howe, R.; Chott, R.; McClanahan, R. Metabolism of glyphosate in Sprague-Dawley rats. Part II: Identification, characterization, and quantitation of glyphosate and its metabolites after intravenous and oral administration. Unpublished report no. MSL-7206, RD No. 877, 1988, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

66. Talbot, A.; Ku, T. S.; Chen, C. L.; Li, G. C.; Li, H. P. Glyphosate levels in acute Roundup herbicide poisoning. 1994 Toxicology World Congress Abstracts. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1995, 26, 717.

67. Aprea, C.; Colosio, C.; Mammone, T.; Minoia, C.; Maroni, M. Biological monitoring of pesticide exposure: a review of analytical methods. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2002, 769 (2), 191-219.

68. Motojyuku, M.; Saito, T.; Akieda, K.; Otsuka, H.; Yamamoto, I.; Inokuchi, S. Determination of glyphosate, glyphosate metabolites, and glufosinate in human serum by gas chromatography-mass spectometry. J. Chromatogr. B 2008, 875, 509-514.

69. Sato, K.; Jin, J. Y.; Takeuchi, T.; Miwa, T.; Suenami, K.; Takekoshi, Y.; Kanno, S., Integrated pulsed amperometric detection of glufosinate, bialaphos and glyphosate at gold electrodes in anion-exchange chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A. 2001, 919 (2), 313-320.

70. Biagini, R. E.; Smith, J. P.; Sammons, D. L.; MacKenzie, B. A.; Striley, C. A.; Robertson, S. K.; Snawder, J. E. Development of a sensitivity enhanced multiplexed fluorescence covalent microbead immunosorbent assay (FCMIA) for the measurement of glyphosate, atrazine and metolachlor mercapturate in water and urine. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2004, 379 (3), 368-374.

71. Curwin, B. D.; Hein, M. J.; Sanderson, W. T.; Striley, C.; Heederik, D.; Kromhout, H.; Reynolds, S. J.; Alavanja, M. C. Urinary pesticide concentrations among children, mothers and fathers living in farm and non-farm households in iowa. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2007, 51 (1), 53-65.

72. Castle, S.; Ruzo, L.; Katheryn, S. Degradation study: photodegradation of carbon 14 glyphosate in a buffered aqueous solution at pH 5, 7, and 9 by natural sunlight. Unpublished report no. 233W-1, 233W:1020, 1990, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protections Agency, prepared by Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

73. Brightwell, B.; Malik, J. Solubility, volatility, absorption, and partition coefficients, leaching and aquatic metabolism of MON 0573 and MON 0101. Unpublished report no. MSL-0207, 1978, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

74. Tsui, M. T. 60. K.; Chu, L. M. Environmental fate and non-target impact of glyphosate-based herbicide (Roundup) in a subtropical wetland. Chemosphere 2008, 71, 439-446.

75. Nicholls, R. Confined rotational crop study of glyphosate Part I: In-field portion. Unpublished report no. EF-88-22, 1990, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Pan-Agricultural Labs, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA- 738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

76. McMullan, P.; Honeggar, J.; Logusch, E. Confined rotational crop study of glyphosate Part II. Quantitation, characterization and identification of glyphosate and its metabolites in rotational crops. Unpublished report no. MSL-981, 1990, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Agricultural Labs. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA- 738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

77. Curwin, B. D.; Hein, M. J.; Sanderson, W. T.; Nishioka, M. G.; Reynolds, S. J.; Ward, E. M.; Alavanja, M. C. Pesticide contamination inside farm and nonfarm homes. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2005, 2 (7), 357-67.

78. Fink, R.; Beavers, J. One-generation reproduction study in bobwhite quail: glyphosate technical. Unbpublished report no. 139- 141. 1978, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company, prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

79. Fink, R.; Beavers, J. Final report: One-generation reproduction study in mallard ducks: glyphosate technical. Unpublished report no. 139-143, 1978, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company, prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

80. Folmar, L. C.; Sanders, H. O.; Julin, A. M. Toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate and several of its formulations to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1979, 8, 269-278.

81. Howe, C. M.; Berrill, M.; Pauli, B. D.; Helbing, C. C.; Werry, K.; Veldhoen, N., Toxicity of glyphosate-based pesticides to four North American frog species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2004, 23 (8), 1928-1938.

82. McAllister, W.; McKee, M.; Schofield, M.; et al. Chronic toxicity of glyphosate (AB-82-036) to Daphnia magna under flow-through test conditions. Chronic toxicity final report ABC 28742. Unpublished report, 1982, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company , prepared by Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

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84. Bentley, R. Acute toxicity of roundup (technical) to Atlantic oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Unpublished report no. SF1536, 1974, submitted to study U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company , prepared by Bionomics, Inc., CDL 094171-L.Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

85. Frasier, W. D.; Jenkins, G. The acute contact and oral toxicities of CP67573 and MON2139 to worker honey bees. Unpublished report no. 4G1444, 1972, submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Monsanto Company , prepared by Huntingdon Research Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Glyphosate; EPA-738-F-93-011; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1993.

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Technical Fact Sheet As of 2011, NPIC stopped creating technical pesticide fact sheets. The old collection of technical fact sheets will remain available in this archive, but they may contain out-of-date material. NPIC no longer has the capacity to consistently update them. To visit our general fact sheets, click here.

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Rich in Natural resources
Resources as of 2010:

Ferroalloys, increased by 54%

Silicon metal, increased by 40%

Alumina, increased by 38%

Secondary aluminum, increased by 33%

Pig iron, increased by 25%

Crude steel, increased by 20%

Primary aluminum, increased by 3.1%

Stable production of fossil fuels, though most energy is supplied through nuclear power.

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The use of the Ventis® Pro Series Gas Sensor eliminates the need for industry workers to carry multiple gas detection instruments at once, as these highly configurable gas sensors offer users with the ability to detect four or five gases, depending upon which sensor option has been chosen.

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France: Mining, Minerals and Fuel Resources

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The use of the Ventis® Pro Series Gas Sensor eliminates the need for industry workers to carry multiple gas detection instruments at once, as these highly configurable gas sensors offer users with the ability to detect four or five gases, depending upon which sensor option has been chosen.

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France is rich in natural resources, both in terms of minerals and fertile soil for agriculture. Their population growth has slowed, and most heavily populated urban areas have not created much of a "suburbia." If France gains immigrants from those fleeing conflict in the Middle East and surrounding regions, there will be a serious need for France to develop a smart growth plan. This plan should include relying less on oil, as evidence on my previous project found, and focus more in incorporating solar and wind energy into future infrastructure. Additionally, mining land use must be controlled, as France contains rich and fertile soil that is good for growing a variety of crops. The one way that their agricultural methods could be improved would be by using less chemical pesticides and fertilizers. The land there is very fertile, and they could turn to organic methods of fertilization (cow manure from the large population of cows for milk) and pesticides. If the land for crops is taken away for mining, the land will be useless and a large amount of food production will be lost. This can be regulated through legislation passed by the French Legislature, or through provisions in international agreements such as the Paris Agreement. These provisions should restrict mining in areas of fertile land, or areas where there are sources of drinking water so as not to pollute them. Mining should also not infringe on the land of endangered resources. Another issue is waste of water and energy that comes with population growth. Much of France's infrastructure is old, so renovations would be required in many places to bring buildings up to code to be more efficient. New buildings should be constructed with systems that can recycle water, or with faucets that are sensor based. Lights should be LED and also motion sensored so that they are only functioning when someone is in the area.
National Parks and protected land should be continued to be preserved, especially in the mountainous region where many endangered and rare species live. More legislation could be created to allocate more protected land. This land should mainly be focused around areas where there is clean drinking water, endangered species, and fertile land.

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More than 25 percent of its territory is covered with forest, and another 50 percent is countryside or farmland.
https://www.natgeokids.com/za/discover/geography/countries/facts-about-france/

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The French government has made a broad commitment to preserving open spaces and the wildlife they contain. In fact, about ten percent of the country has been set aside as national or regional parklands and nature reserves.
https://www.natgeokids.com/za/discover/geography/countries/facts-about-france/

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Environment - Droughts, floods and the cost of energy are all factors which are making agriculture an increasingly difficult trade. FRANCE 24 INTERNATIONAL NEWS 24/7 http://www.france24.com/en ENVIRONMENT All you need to know about the planet and all its facets http://www.france24.com

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Biodiversity is maintained in areas of conserved land. In these areas, endangered species are protected. Additionally, natural resources such as plants and clean water are also protected.

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Popular activities in the national parks include skiing in the winter, hiking, mountain biking. Many people also go to spot the wildlife that roams the national parks.

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Mercantour National Park - An Active Holiday Guide
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Activity Holidays in the Mercantour National Park

The spectacular Mercantour National Park is a haven for thrill seekers and nature lovers alike. Hike the 1700 km of trails, bike through deep forested valleys, get the adrenalin pumping with some whitewater rafting, or explore remote high altitude terrain on a ski touring trip.

The valleys of Roya, Bevera, Vesubie, Tinee, Haut Var, Cians, Verdon and Ubaye fill the central uninhabited zone and are surrounded by around 28 Provencal villages. These dwellings ooze with architectural gold with churches decorated by primitive Nicois painters and charming rustic cottages.

Discover 3,000 year old rock carvings after a 10 km hike to the Vallée des Merveilles. Walk along lower meadows and woodland while spotting tremendous amounts of wildlife including; stags, roebucks, hares, wild boars, eagles, partridges and maybe even a wolf. If you're feeling like a challenge, take on one of the parks many imposing peaks, with the Brec du Chambeyron being one of the tallest at 3000 metres.

Mercantour National Park Map

Stretching for 90 km along the Italian border from Barcelonnette to the Côte d'Azur, the Mercantour National Park is nature on steroids, with 3000 m peaks, ferocious valleys, raging whitewater torrents, and abundant flora and fauna including ibex and wolves. The dark green area in the map represents the heart of the National Park and the light green zone is the boundary of the protected area.

Mercantour National Park Map (View Printable Version) | © Parc National du Mercantour

Getting to the Mercantour National Park

The majority of visitors travel to the park from Nice either by car, bus or train. Day trips are possible due to it taking just over an hour by car, around 2.5 hours by bus and 90 minutes by train. The train journey takes you to Tende, where you can access the Valley of Marvels. The journey in itself will be an adventure, taking you through dramatic mountains, isolated hilltops, pretty villages, river valleys and steep cliff faces.

Driving will be a hair-raising experience but definitely worth it. There will be plenty of picture worthy pit-stops to drink in the sublime views and breathe in that fresh mountain air. If you plan to stay overnight, it's recommended to book ahead due to the popularity of the Mercantour National Park year round.

Organise Your Active Holiday to the Mercantour National Park

We've teamed up with the best active holiday companies to help you organise an unforgettable trip to the Mercantour:

Mercantour Summer Activities

In summer the Mercantour National Park becomes a playground for adventure sports enthusiasts of every stripe. Hike the Vallée des Merveilles, mountain bike through deep forested valleys, explore hidden canyons and climb the highest 3000 m peaks. Mountain resorts like Auron, Isola 2000, Valberg, Roubion and Pra Loup are geared up to make sure the hyper-active need never pause, and have an unforgettable active holiday.

Hiking

People flock to the Mercantour National Park to hike through wild trails and traverse impressive peaks with breathtaking views. If you're just visiting for the day try out the Valley and Lake of Lauzanier hike. An easy half days walk starting from Larche; you will get to enjoy one of the most beautiful glacial, U-shaped valleys in the park. The Vallee des Merveilles is an impressive day hike, with numerous lakes and bronze aged carvings to discover.

For those wanting more than a day of meandering, fill that rucksack with 12 days of supplies and tackle the Meije to Mediterranean hike. This 200km trek starts at Le Chazelet-La Grave in the Ecrins National Park and heads South through the Cerces, Queyras and Mercantour Parks. Along the way you will experience stunning, varied terrain and arrive at the Promenade des Anglais Nice, on the azure Mediterranean coast.

If that isn't enough to wear out your hiking boots, take on the mother of all hiking challenges with the 16 day expedition - the Grande Traversee du Mercantour. This epic trail starts in the upper valley of the Var, crosses the valleys of Tinee and Vesubie, then descends from des Merveilles to Menton. Expect challenging terrain, unbelievable scenery and your physical and emotional attributes to be pushed to their limits.

Canyoning

With its wild and rocky mountainscape, the Mercantour National Park is a place to try out canyoning. Head to the Vallee de la Roya to the Maglia Canyon for a day of climbing, caving, sliding down waterfalls and abseiling off cliff faces.

Take a day out at the Bollenne Canyon in the Vesubie Valley, to experience two huge natural water slides and tons of other high energy canyoning favourites. Experience jumps, white water and abseiling down waterfalls - definitely a day out to remember.

Rock Climbing

From May - October enjoy rock climbing at Valdeblore La Colmiane. This stunning area is around an hour from the Cote d'Azur and offers challenging terrain. Make sure you reserve equipment and get there early in peak summer season to avoid crowds.

Via Ferrata

La Ciappea - La Brigue is a technical and physically demanding via ferrata. The eight rope bridges and 120 metre zip line add in some lighthearted fun. Situated 59km inland from Menton in the Roya Valley, climbing here will challenge the best.

Les Heretiques - Tende is situated north of Breil-Sur-Roya, around 80km from Nice. Views along the route are magnificent with vertical ladders and a zip line ramping up the fun factor.
La Traditonnelle - Auron is situated 90km inland from Nice. Here you will find a challenging course, with the Pilier a` Strates traverse being of particular note. Around 1800m in length, you will find very little vertical ascent here.

One of the busiest spots in the summer is the Le Baus de la Frema - La Colmiane. Situated 80km inland from Nice this via Ferrata offers an impressive, challenging mountain route. Enjoy rope ladders, high rope crossings and vertical slabs - not for the faint hearted!

Paragliding

Experience the rush of flight with a day out paragliding. At the paragliding school; Wings Mercantour, you can take on a tandem paraglide with an experienced instructor over the stunning landscape of Lam Colmiane, Valdeblore, Roquebrune Cap Martin and Monaco.

Mercantour Winter Activities

From December the April, the high mountain terrain in the Mercantour becomes a snowy wonderland bathed in glorious sunshine. Ski resorts like resorts like Isola 2000 and Valberg offer 3000 m peaks less than 2 hours transfer time from Nice airport. The mountain terrain isn't as steep as the Northern Alps and is ideal for ski touring, snowshoeing and winter mountaineering. For the intrepid, multi-day ski touring itineraries can take you hut to hut, criss-crossing between France and Italy. A jaw-dropping panorama awaits. On clear days you can north to the mighty Mont Blanc and south to the Mediterranean and the Côte d'Azur.

Ski Touring

If you're a capable skier and fancy yourself a challenge, try out a ski touring trip. The Mercantour National Park offers some epic ski touring, pushing even the most proficient skiers to the limit. Day trips can be taken descending through the valley of the Maisonette, which is around 1000 metres in altitude.

If you have more time and energy, take on a longer ski tour. Companies will take you on 4 - 7 day ski tours through various challenging routes. Experienced mountain guides will make sure you have all equipment for the trip, arrange accommodation and food throughout. The best itineraries include the Baisse Margot and the north side of the Gelas with its epic descent to the Lago Bianco. All you have to do is get yourself there and make sure you have the fitness to complete the route!

Snowshoeing

Enjoy a challenging and fun way to view the beauty of the Mercantour in winter, by participating in a snowshoeing tour. Day tours can be found if you don't have much time, but to really shake off the cobwebs from the city, consider taking on an eight day, seven night tour. You can skirt around the impressive bowl of the Lacs des Prals, in the shadow of the Cime de Gale - the highest peak in the Mercantour.

Visit the village of Mollieres which is totally cut off from motorised transport in the winter, by trekking over from the Col de Salese. Snowshoeing over to camp Soubrane to Lac Negre, will allow you to witness a myriad of wild animal tracks in the snow. Beautiful forest tracks, mountainous paths and traditional local villages can all be experienced while snowshoeing.

Accommodation, transportation and home cooked meals can all be arranged with a tour.

Accommodation in the Mercantour National Park

A good place to base yourself for all the Mercantour highlights, is in one of the towns on or near the Barcelonnette to Sospel road. A range of budget and luxury hotels can be found to suit all budgets. For a longer stay, a self-contained gite or villa may be the best option, with you being able to choose location and amenities needed in your lodgings to suit your itinerary.

Serious outdoor lovers can get even closer to nature camping in the grounds of the Mercantour National Park. Several campsites are found in the park, with some offering 'specialty lodging'. These small chalets are pretty cosy and self-contained giving you a comfortable protection from the elements. Campsites of note with great reputations are; Camping Le Cians, Camping Azur et Merveilles, A La Ferme Saint Joseph, Les Cahmpouns and Le Merio.

Where to eat in the Mercantour National Park

The Mercantour National Park has no shortage of top quality French restaurants, cafes and bars to keep your energy levels up. La Treille in Saint Martin-Vesubie serves up a tasty selection of French, Mediterranean and European cuisine and benefits from a lovely terrace area. Enjoy a laid-back ambience and the skills of a Michelin Star Chef at the Auberge Le Robur restaurant. Locally sourced ingredients and great views over the valleys make this gem well worth a visit.

If you're hanging around in the Colmiane area and you're feeling peckish, Le Blanc Gourmand should be a priority stop off. A popular delicatessen for small plates, larger meals and sweet treats arranged on the plate to an impressive standard, get there early for a seat.

In Summary

In the Mercantour National Park opportunities for hiking, biking, climbing, skiing and hurling yourself about in water are endless. An activity holiday here has to be the perfect antidote to the bustle of city life. Its location, an easy drive from Nice and on the border with Italy, makes it both accessible and culturally interesting. Whether you're a summer or winter visitor, the Mercantour National Park will keep you busy with all the activities on offer and enchant you with its spectacular mountain scenery.

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Please leave a comment below if you need specific advice for your trip to the Mercantour National Park, or if you have any recommendations to help us improve this guide. Happy holidays!

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Mercantour National Park - An Active Holiday Guide * ACTIVE AZUR

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This message is only visible to admins Please connect a business account on the Instagram Feed settings page in order to display hashtag feedsPlease see this post for more information. The spectacular Mercantour National Park is a haven for thrill seekers and nature lovers alike.

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