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Nama  : Desi Ratnasari
Nim     : E1041181075

The revolution in American

For almost a decade American defense planners have foreseen an impending revolution in military affairs, sometimes described as the military-technical revolution. Such a transformation would open the way for a fundamental reordering of American defense posture. It might lead, for example, to a drastic shrinking of the military, a casting aside of old forms of organization and creation of new ones, a slashing of current force structure, and the investment of unusually large sums in research and development.

Such a revolution would touch virtually all aspects of the military establishment. Cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles would replace fighter planes and tanks as chess pieces in the game of military power. Today's military organizations--divisions, fleets, and air wings--could disappear or give way to successors that would look very different. And if the forces themselves changed, so too would the people, as new career possibilities, educational requirements, and promotion paths became essential. New elites would gain in importance: "information warriors," for example, might supplant tankers and fighter pilots as groups from which the military establishment draws the bulk of its leaders.

The proponents of this view have turned to history to illustrate--and in some measure to create--their theory of radical change. It is, therefore, proper to ask whether the historical record substantiates their claims.ffi

Most soldiers, in their heart of hearts, would agree with Cyril Falls, a military historian of an older generation, who noted in his 1953 work A Hundred Years of War, 1850-1950:

Observers constantly describe the warfare of their own age as marking a revolutionary breach in the normal progress of methods of warfare. Their selection of their own age ought to put readers and listeners on their guard. . . . It is a fallacy, due to ignorance of technical and tactical military history, to suppose that methods of warfare have not made continuous and, on the whole, fairly even progress.

The cautious military historian (and even more cautious soldier) looks askance at prophets of radical change, although

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1996-03-01/revolution-warfare

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Nama : Marendra Pratama
NIM : E1041181064

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I was a relatively late convert to the e-reader, getting my Kindle five years ago when it became clear that reading 600-pages of A Suitable Boy while breastfeeding wasn’t going to work. After a frenzied few months of almost exclusive e-reading, I returned largely to the traditional printed book for a number of reasons: screen fatigue, a tendency to scrawl in margins, because I want my kids to see me reading, and because I’m a passionate supporter of bookshops and booksellers. Hachette Livre CEO Arnaud Nourry recently called ebooks “stupid” – but last summer, they changed my life.
My novel He Said/She Said, a psychological thriller about a couple who witness a 🤬, was a Sunday Times bestseller, but three months out of the trap, the hardback began the soft fall in sales that is the norm that period after publication. When the ebook edition began selling for 99p on Kindle for the summer, I’ll admit that I flinched, but – excluding a few days’ concession of my throne to Neil Gaiman – it topped the charts for six weeks and I was able to take my family on an overseas holiday for the first time. (On that trip, I took seven novels in a device that weighed less than a paperback, like something out of Star Trek.) I’d always had a core of loyal readers – but these numbers were something else.

Sumber : https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/books/2018/feb/21/ebooks-are-not-stupid-theyre-a-revolution-erin-kelly

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Rahmansyah (E1041161054)
For a nation of technology-loving avid readers, Japan has been slow to join the digital publishing revolution. While consumers in the US and Europe increasingly turn to e-readers, many Japanese have stubbornly refused to part with conventional reading matter.Look around the carriage of a packed commuter train and most people will still be immersed in a book, not flicking through the virtual pages of a Kindle.Manga comics that can be read on mobile phones are one of the country's few success stories in digital publishing.

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E-readers have been a rare sight on Japan's packed commuter trains until now, but that could be about to change. Photograph: Sutton-Hibbert/Rex Features

For a nation of technology-loving avid readers, Japan has been slow to join the digital publishing revolution. While consumers in the US and Europe increasingly turn to e-readers, many Japanese have stubbornly refused to part with conventional reading matter.

Look around the carriage of a packed commuter train and most people will still be immersed in a book, not flicking through the virtual pages of a Kindle.

Manga comics that can be read on mobile phones are one of the country's few success stories in digital publishing.

But that could all be about to change from Thursday, when the Japanese online retail giant Rakuten launches an e-reader it hopes will see off an expected challenge from Amazon's device later this year, and corner the world's second-biggest publishing market.

Japan's leading online retailer Rakuten is hoping to see off Amazon's Kindle and corner the world's second-largest publishing market

While several firms, including Sony, have already attempted to grow the digital market, Rakuten and Amazon are expected to be key - and bitter - rivals. At stake is a slice of a book market estimated to be worth $23.5bn (£15bn).

Rakuten's chief executive, Hiroshi Mikitani, has made no secret of his desire to take on Amazon. During a recent e-book fair in Tokyo, the 49-year-old entrepreneur brandished a T-shirt bearing the message: "Destroy Amazon."

To do so, he has enlisted hitherto sceptical Japanese publishers who appear to have overcome their fear of dramatic falls in physical book sales once Japanese consumers have made the shift to digital.

"In the last two months their attitude has completely changed," Mikitani said. "Before, they were sceptical or worried about the negative impact on their business. Now they have changed their mind. This is their opportunity."

Rakuten's device - priced at 7,980 yen ($99), the same as a US-bought Kindle - is 1cm thick and offers wireless internet connections. Rakuten says the gadget, developed in conjunction with Kobo, a Canadian e-book marketer acquired by Rakuten in January, will run for about a month on a single charge.

It quickly became the top-selling product on the firm's online store after pre-order sales were announced at the start of this month.

Rakuten, Japan's biggest online retailer with more than 8,000 employees, has a captive audience: more than 80% of Japan's 94 million internet users already have an account on its e-commerce site, it says, and are primed to snap up new product lines.

Amazon, meanwhile, has directed Japanese consumers to online information about its plans for a local launch, but has yet to name a date.

There are conflicting reports on how many Kobo titles will be available in Japan. Rakuten's bespoke store will start with a modest 30,000 titles in Japanese, rising to 300,000 by the end of the year. A new firm comprising major publishers and a government-funded investment agency will add an extra million titles over the next five years.

"I want to start the reading revolution in Japan and in the world with Kobo, Mikitani said. "Kobo is a global device, a global platform, which allows anyone in the world to enjoy a variety of content."

Despite the size of the publishing market in Japan, where 80,000 new books appear every year, the country has been slow to adopt the new medium. Very few novels and non-fiction titles have been digitised, and the closest many consumers come to the format is reading manga comics on their mobile phones.

After spirited resistance from publishers worried about the e-reader revolution's effect on physical sales, the industry appears primed for a change of direction.

And for good reason. According to Yano Research Institute, a market research firm in Tokyo, Japan's e-book market will be worth 150bn yen by 2015, compared with 67bn yen in 2010; the market for e-readers is expected to soar from 2bn yen to 70bn yen over the same period.

Roy Larke, professor of international marketing at Rikkyo University in Tokyo, said the shift to digital was inevitable. "The ease of use and low cost are just too appealing," he said. "Japan will follow, and follow fast."

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Japan finally embraces e-reader revolution

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For a nation of technology-loving avid readers, Japan has been slow to join the digital publishing revolution. While consumers in the US and Europe increasingly turn to e-readers, many Japanese have stubbornly refused to part with conventional reading matter.

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The companies that changed digital readings in Africa
The digital reading revolution will not look the same in developing countries as in the developing world but it will not mean that E-books do not have potential there. At the O'Reilly change tool conference last week in New York, Arthur Attwell and Paperight and Worldreader Michael Smith outlined the eddorts of several companies to bring new ways countries the first is digital pu lishing companies called Electric Book Works which was founded by Arthur Attwell. Second the worldreader, an NGO that provides kindles to students in Africa and is becoming icreasingly famous for its partnership with amazon. An companies operating on social networks namely Mxit and Siyavula that rely on instant mesaging and access to others content networks including books.

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The digital reading revolution is not going to look the same in developing countries as it has in the developing world - but that doesn't mean that ebooks don't have potential there. Efforts to get them into readers' hands, however, are complicated by low incomes, spotty or nonexistent internet access and lack of credit cards.

At the O'Reilly Tools of Change conference last week in New York, Paperight's Arthur Attwell and Worldreader's Michael Smith outlined several companies' efforts to bring new ways of reading to developing countries. Here's a brief introduction to each of those companies.

Arthur Attwell worked in educational and scholarly publishing in South Africa for several years while cofounding and running a digital publishing company called Electric Book Works. But, he said, "The more I worked in ebooks, I found that I was essentially making ebooks for rich people. I didn't think that was a very interesting challenge." South Africa's digital publishing market, he said, is supported by just one or two million wealthy people; the country's remaining 48 million residents can't afford it.

Digital wasn't the solution for Attwell: The most recent South African census found that 65 percent of the country's residents have no internet access at all. But, Attwell said, every South African village, town and city has at least one "photocopy shop" with copy machines and those buildings usually have internet access. His company Paperight, launched in May 2012, takes advantage of those shops to distribute books. A store registers on Paperight.com, opens a prepaid account of credits and instantly gets the legal right to download and print books for their customers. Over 200 South African shops, as well as a few in other African countries, are now using Paperight.

Worldreader, an NGO I've covered in the past, gives Kindles to students in sub-Saharan Africa and has become increasingly well-known in part because of its partnership with Amazon (s AMZN). (CEO David Risher was previously an Amazon executive.) The company has distributed 428,000 ebooks to 3,000 kids as of January 2013.

Worldreader is now pushing forward with reading on basic mobile phones. An app called biNu lets users download Worldreader books (and other content - including Facebook) over a basic feature phone's data signal. biNu is now enabled on 5 million subscriber phones, primarily in Nigeria. (The top five book searches, Worldreader's Smith said, were "sex," "romance," "the Bible," "Harry Potter" and "physics.") Worldreader is also working with students to self-publish their own writing on Amazon's KDP platform.

Right now, Worldreader is tied to Kindle. Smith said the company is "definitely looking to get beyond" it, but right now Kindle is the only e-reader that supports 3G. And in many countries where Worldreader operates, internet access isn't easily available. Smith said Worldreader also needs Amazon's Whispercast technology to push books onto devices, and other e-reading companies don't yet have that system in place.

Mxit is a social network for mobile phones, with about 50 million users across the African continent. The network relies primarily on instant messaging but also allows access to other kinds of content - including books. One of the first books distributed on Mxit's platform in 2009 was a novella called "Kontax." Aimed at teens and available in both English and Xhosa (one of South Africa's official languages), the book was distributed in parts, allowing readers to discuss it as unfolded. "Kontax" was read 34,000 times, and Yoza, the initiative behind it, has expanded to offer more cell phone novels (which it calls m-novels).

Now, the South African open-source creative commons textbook publisher Siyavula is distributing free math and science textbooks on Mxit. (Attwell's Shuttleworth Foundation is a backer of Siyavula.) In 2010, following teacher strikes, the South African government arranged to print copies of Siyavula's textbooks and distribute them to high school students. As a result, over 200,000 South African students have read Siyavula's content. Now corporations are sponsoring books in new subjects and for younger students.

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Four companies that are changing digital reading in Africa

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The digital reading revolution is not going to look the same in developing countries as it has in the developing world - but that doesn't mean that ebooks don't have potential there. Efforts to get them into readers' hands, however, are complicated by low incomes, spotty or nonexistent internet access and lack of credit cards.

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alfarizki nuur elfat eriyanto (E1041181041)

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alfarizki nuur elfat eriyanto (E1041181041)

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Unesco is pointing to a "mobile reading revolution" in developing countries after a year-long study found that adults and children are increasingly reading multiple books and stories on their phones.

Nearly 5,000 people in seven countries – Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan and Zimbabwe – took part in the research, the largest study of its kind to date, which found that 62% of respondents are reading more, now they can read on their mobile phones.

people read more when they read on mobile devices, that they enjoy reading more, and that people commonly read books and stories to children from mobile devices.

mobile devices can help people develop, sustain and enhance their literacy skills this is important because literacy opens the door to life-changing opportunities and benefits.

Reasons given by respondents for reading on mobiles were convenience, affordability and lack of access to books

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'Mobile reading revolution' takes off in developing world

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Unesco study reports huge growth in adults and children reading books on phones in Africa and the Indian subcontinent

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The first of the 1848 Revolution erupted in Palermo on January 9.
as a popular rebellion. The reforms gradually proved to be inadequate to satisfy revolutionaries, both nobles and bourgeois, who were determined to have a new and more liberal constitution. made strengthening his garrison in Lombardy-Venetia, capturing opposition leaders in Venice and Milan, and suppressing student demonstrations in the university cities of Padua and Pavia. a few days the Austrian army lost almost all of Lombardy-Venetia and retreated to Quadrilateral (the area between Mantua, Peschiera, Verona, and Legnago). After annexing Parma and Modena, whose rulers were expelled by the rebels, the Piedmont people won several more victories before experiencing a setback. After a series of defeats, Charles Albert's forces resigned from Milan and on August 6 left the city and its rebels to the mercy of returning Austria. Across Europe the reaction power won. In Rome minister Pellegrino Rossi, a former member of Carbonari who had promoted peace policy after returning from exile in France, was killed on November 15, 1848. This event triggered a democratic rebellion and caused Pius IX to flee to a safe place on Gaeta. The Italian Revolution seems to have been reborn. However, Charles Albert, who was pressured by Piedmont democrats to continue his war with Austria (March 20, 1849), saw his troops transferred to Novara three days later. On the same day, March 23, he abdicated and went into exile. again quickly set about canceling the constitution, dissolving parliament, and, especially in the south, filling the prison.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/The-rebellions-of-1831-and-their-aftermath

Kirim masukan

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Keefe Ray Jabin(E1041181029)

Explanation
With online bookselling giant Amazon.com having halted sales of its Kindle e-reader in Canada and dismissive messages awaiting Canadians who attempt to shop at Google's new online bookstore, it might seem that the Great White North is frozen out of the hottest trend of the shopping season.

But the truth is that Canadians are playing a big part both as customers and players in the e-book revolution that has upended sales of traditional books and is expected to vault past the 1 billion in sales it achieved in North America last year.
Not only is the Kobo e-reader currently the bestselling gift at the bricks and mortar bookstores of the device's corporate parent, Indigo Books and Music, but Toronto based Kobo Inc. is already selling books worldwide through an online store that pioneered many of the features touted at this week's launch of the U.S only Google eBooks service.

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With online bookselling giant Amazon.com having halted sales of its Kindle e-reader in Canada and dismissive messages awaiting Canadians who attempt to shop at Google's new online bookstore, it might seem that the Great White North is frozen out of the hottest trend of the shopping season.

But the truth is that Canadians are playing a big part - both as customers and players - in the e-book revolution that has upended sales of traditional books and is expected to vault past the $1-billion in sales it achieved in North America last year.

Not only is the Kobo e-reader currently the bestselling gift at the bricks-and-mortar bookstores of the device's corporate parent, Indigo Books and Music, but Toronto-based Kobo Inc. is already selling books worldwide through an online store that pioneered many of the features touted at this week's launch of the U.S.-only Google eBooks service.

The most interesting feature of the latest e-bookstore is that "Google isn't bringing anything new to the party," Kobo CEO Michael Serbinis said in an interview. "Customers around the world can already access millions of books, newspapers and magazines on Kobo."

The Google eBooks service has drawn praise for its openness as it permits access by users of many different devices. By contrast, Amazon.com sells ebooks for exclusive use on the Kindle, which cannot be used to buy books at other online stores.

But the Kobo service has been "device agnostic" since its inception, Serbinis said. "We've had an open model from day 1. That's been our focus and that's what why we are where we are."

The company is already selling e-readers through Wal-Mart, the world's biggest retailer, as well as stores operated in the United States by the Borders Group, which partnered with Indigo to launch Kobo one year ago. It has also signed deals to preload its application onto new gadgets from such leading electronics manufacturers as Samsung, BlackBerry and HTC, and is "top-ranked on the Apple app store," Serbinis said.

But record growth may not be enough in a market as cutthroat as it is booming. Despite Kobo's confidence in the face of Google's advance, the share price of its corporate parent, Indigo, fell precipitately this week on news of a potential merger between Borders and archrival Barnes and Noble. Analysts speculated that any surviving company would likely bury Kobo in favour of Barnes and Noble's own online store and its Nook e-reader.

The Nook has never been available in Canada, and Google eBooks greets Canadians with a message telling them they can't buy any books. As for Amazon, it stopped all pre-Christmas Kindle shipments to Canada last week, citing supply problems.

Such problems do not affect U.S. customers, Serbinis noted. "Unfortunately, they treat Canadian customers as second-class citizens."

Last year at this time, e-books accounted for about 1 per cent of the sales at major U.S. publishers. A few months after Christmas, however, the share had jumped to 9 per cent. "I think we're going to see the same kind of pop at the beginning of this year," Serbinis said.

While Kobo keeps its more traditional corporate parents in the new game, independent Canadian bookstores are looking to Google to help them earn a piece of the same action, according to Mark Lefebvre, president of the Canadian Booksellers Association.

"The thing I like about this is that Google's not trying to go it all alone," he said, adding that he initiated discussions with the information giant after learning it planned to allow established retailers to use its service to power their own online offerings. "They're trying to collaborate with retailers."

The promised partnerships will benefit both parties as well as customers, he added. "It will give them yet another option."

The Google service closely resembles the model pioneered by Kobo, "which is something I really admire," Lefebvre said. "Talk about a Canadian success story."

Doug Minett, owner of The Bookshelf in Guelph, is likewise enthusiastic about the proliferation of e-bookstores and potentially cannibalistic e-readers. "I think it's great that there may be a number of choices for those of us who want to sell e-books but don't have the pocket to start up distribution companies," he said. "At least it allows us to play."

By contrast, Amazon revealed its attitude toward traditional retailers earlier this year by releasing an application that allows shoppers to scan titles they find in bookstores and buy them immediately from Amazon.com or the Kindle bookstore.

Google has already announced partnerships with several U.S. retailers, but has yet to enter negotiations with any Canadian bookstore. The company did not return calls requesting information on its plans in Canada.

Rather than independents, Kobo is targeting "major tier-one partners worldwide" to help with distribution, according to Serbinis. "Some independent booksellers may find Google sufficient for their needs, but the majority of major players worldwide are choosing Kobo," he said, citing partnerships with leading chains in the United States, Hong Kong and Australia.

"Customer experience really matters here," he added. "Anyone who thinks that just providing a big pile of books is enough is going to have a tough time in this market."

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Kobo is keeping Canada in the vanguard of the e-book revolution - for now

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With online bookselling giant Amazon.com having halted sales of its Kindle e-reader in Canada and dismissive messages awaiting Canadians who attempt to shop at Google's new online bookstore, it might seem that the Great White North is frozen out of the hottest trend of the shopping season.

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Nama : ema yunita
Nim : E1041181050

The United States Revolution was basically an attempt by British colonies in North America to gain independence. The English people who came to America had a trade union background. The British people who carried out the colony basically still had loyalty to their home country, England.But because the British government issued many regulations which essentially included colonies to share the country's debt, the colonies began to react and make opposition.
The new policy from the British government was protested because they felt that the colonists did not have representation in parliament. The refusal then gave birth to the term notaxation without Representation or means "Reject Taxes Without Representatives".The colonists then boycotted British goods. One of the most famous radical events was the incident in Bostan, known as The Bostan Tea Party, which was the event of the seizure of a British ship that was carrying the colonies and dumping them into the sea.

The Process of the American Revolution.
The above events then finally further strained the relationship between Britain and the colonies. This then made Britain suppress the colony with its military strength.To deal with the pressure from the British military, the colonies agreed to unite the colony militia commanded by George Washington. The conflict that continued to spread further strengthened the desire of the colony to separate from Britain and become an independent country.The pioneering figures included Thomas Jefersno, John Adam, James Wilson, and Alexander Hamilton. Their campaigns finally succeeded in making the congress agree to independence.On July 4, 17 thirteen British colonies in America declared independence as the United States of America. The location of the declaration of independence carried out by the 13 colonies was carried out in Philadelphia.

Impact of the American Revolution.
Independence of the United States is called the Bill of Right which contains the recognition of human rights. America's independence became an inspiration for nations and countries that were still colonized to demand independence.It is from this American Revolution that the understanding of democracy in government is increasingly being developed, namely government from and for the people. With a democratic government, the people will be guaranteed in terms of sovereignty and rights.

https://sumbersejarah1.blogspot.com/2018/09/revolusi-amerika.html?m=1

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Paulus widianto
E1041181028
"Tablets and e-readers represent a revolution in learning: We just need to make sure the most deprived children can benefit"

ipads, e-readers and other tablet computers frequently top polls of children's most wanted presents at Christmas. Inevitably, this trend worries traditionalist concerned about the decline of the Physical book, and the impact the technologies have on children's educations. However, there is now significant evidence to suggest that many children particularly reluctant readers- develop literacy skill more quickly trought the use of tablets e-readers and educations technology. It found that, far for being freiolous way to pass the time, ebooks in creases children's enjoyment of reading across all social groups, Gender and age. More significantly, boy and children's from less well-of background prefer reading using technology like e-readers and display more educational progress as a result. The popularity of reading technology among children has wider educational benefits as enables children to take their learning home with them.

https://www.tes.com/news/tablets-and-e-readers-represent-revolution-learning-we-just-need-make-sure-most-deprived

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iPads, e-readers and other tablet computers frequently top polls of children's most wanted presents at Christmas. Inevitably, this trend worries traditionalists concerned about the decline of the physical book, and the impact these technologies have on children's education. However, there is now significant evidence to suggest that many children - particularly reluctant readers - develop literacy skills more quickly through the use of tablets, e-readers and education technology.

The National Literacy Trust last week published the findings of a study into children's reading habits and educational attainment. It found that, far from being a frivolous way to pass the time, e-books increases children's enjoyment of reading across all social groups, genders and ages. More significantly, boys and children from less well-off backgrounds prefer reading using technology like e-readers and display more educational progress as a result.

The positive effect of e-readers echoes the findings of other research into the role of education technology, such as online quizzes of books read electronically or in print, to both motivate and engage reluctant readers. Sometimes termed the "gamification" of learning, it makes the essential practice element of reading development more enjoyable.

The popularity of reading technology among children has wider educational benefits as it enables children to take their learning home with them. A recent study by the University of Hull found that children who take technology home with them are more likely to put extra effort into their learning. It also found that children are more willing to finish their work at home when using technology. Using education technology, enthused young readers can log into a reading portal at home and continue to develop literacy skills outside of school hours. As this is not "homework" in the classic sense, it will have not add to their stress levels, and formative quizzes can add to enjoyment levels.

These programmes can be linked to teachers' devices to help them understand who in their class is making progress and who needs a bit of extra support. At Renaissance Learning we find that reading regularly is the best way to ensure that children hone their reading skills and develop a life-long love of the written word. However, given the strains on teacher workloads, it is understandable that this cannot always be fitted into the school day. Therefore, tablets, e-readers and education technology can be used to build regular teacher-supported reading into children's daily routines.

However, it is important to remember that reading books which are either too easy or too difficult for a child's developmental stage can hinder the development of literacy skills, and discourage a child from reading regularly in the long term. Therefore, the use of computer-adaptive assessment technology can help solve this challenge by accurately identifying a child's a reading age and recommending books of sufficient difficulty that they will optimise their reading growth. With this in mind, e-books' generic covers can avoid the problem of less advanced children feeling embarrassed about reading at a lower level than their friends.

Given the benefits of education technology, it is sadly ironic that children in receipt of free school meals show a clear preference for reading using a tablet or e-reader and yet are less likely to be able to afford access to the technology when compared with their more affluent peers. Schools can have an important role to play here in ensuring that children who are unable to make the most of these technological advancements are not left behind. As a 2009 study by Programme for International Student Assessment revealed, "on average, students who read daily for enjoyment score the equivalent of one-and-a-half-years of schooling better than those who do not" - so anything that encourages struggling readers and those from less affluent backgrounds to read for pleasure should be encouraged whenever possible.

For now, printed books are a cheaper option for schools and enthusiasm for them remains strong ( one survey found that 62 per cent of youngsters still prefer reading books). But, as the NLT's research shows, e-books and education technology are useful tools for engaging boys and other reluctant readers. As a sector, we need to respond by weighing up these benefits and continue to work on perfecting a model in which technology and the written word can merge to raise literacy levels for all children regardless of background.
Dirk Foch is managing director of Renaissance Learning UK
Want to keep up with the latest education news and opinion? Follow TES on Twitter and like TES on Facebook

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'Tablets and e-readers represent a revolution in learning: we just need to make sure the most deprived children can benefit'

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iPads, e-readers and other tablet computers frequently top polls of children's most wanted presents at Christmas. Inevitably, this trend worries traditionalists concerned about the decline of the physical book, and the impact these technologies have on children's education.

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Maria Magdalena Susan
Nim: E1041181043

Revolution E-Reader in Indian

10 years of Kindle: What sells - ebooks or physical ones? Tracking the market trends
It was back in 2006 at the Frankfurt Book Fair, the world’s largest trade fair for books, that a lot of Indian publishers first heard about an e-reader, picking up on the buzz around the newly-launched Sony E-Reader, one of the first to use the famous E-Ink technology. It seemed like reading was at the brink of changing at a very fundamental level.
Ananth Padmanabhan, the CEO of HarperCollins India (HCI)c, was there too. “My then colleague from the US had the device”, recounts Padmanabham. “I very vividly remember seeing the first ebook download onto it. The sheer convenience… it was revolutionary!”.
Indian publishers predicted that over the next few years ebooks would contribute to between 15-20 per cent of their total revenue, tracing the path that publishers had seen internationally. And gradually, the ebooks market did grow. Content became accessible on more platforms, including smartphones and tablets, especially with the increase in their screen sizes. The self-publishing market grew as budding authors could now easily upload their works on platforms like Scribd, Wattpad, Smashwords and Amazon’s Digital Text Platform.
The first hitch in the largely positive predictions came in 2015, when, the American Association of Publishers (AAP) and UK’s Publishers’ Association reported a dip in the sale of ebooks. With no equivalent of the AAP or UK’s Publishers’ Association in India (Nielsen only tracks the sale of physical books), the dip in the numbers was projected for the Indian market too. But Amazon, one of the largest platforms for ebooks, in its annual report, recorded an increase in both their revenue and the numbers of ebooks they sold that year.
And then, earlier this year in February, AAP once again reported that the sale of ebooks in the US had dropped by 18.7 per cent in the first nine months of 2016. Fans of the physical book rejoiced. There was a sense of joy, especially among the purists, that readers still took pleasure in the traditional form of reading.
But while considering the surveys conducted by these associations, it is important to remember a few aspects that might be affecting the figures. For example, both AAP and the UK’s Publishers’ Association do not consider subscription based platforms such as Scribd and Kindle Unlimited, which were launched in 2013 and 2014 respectively. Additionally, trends like the adult colouring book gave rise to physical sales last year.
Even then, it is clear that the two most common and early predictions about the ebook did not come to pass – neither did they cannibalise the physical book, nor did the ebook market grow at the rate that Indian publishers had predicted they would. What seems to have happened, though, is that ebooks managed to find their own comfortable space in the market - despite the rampant piracy prevailing in the country. And there is no data to support that they are on the decline. In fact, quite the contrary.
Over the years, digital platforms have significantly improved and offered a wide range of accessibility to their readers. Kindle for example, from the time it was first introduced, has got rid of its bulky body and its clunky keyboard and has designed for itself a much more user-friendly and stylish interface, introducing advanced ergonomic design.

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It was back in 2006 at the Frankfurt Book Fair, the world's largest trade fair for books, that a lot of Indian publishers first heard about an e-reader, picking up on the buzz around the newly-launched Sony E-Reader, one of the first to use the famous E-Ink technology. It seemed like reading was at the brink of changing at a very fundamental level.

Ananth Padmanabhan, the CEO of HarperCollins India (HCI), was there too. "My then colleague from the US had the device", recounts Padmanabham. "I very vividly remember seeing the first ebook download onto it. The sheer convenience... it was revolutionary!"

A year later, and exactly ten years ago from today, Amazon's Kindle launched in the US, both beginning, and spearheading the ebook movement. Soon, other e-readers like Barnes & Nobles' Nook and the Kobo eReader would follow, launching in 2009 and 2010 respectively (the iPad was launched at the start of 2010 as well).

"In 2009, on an editor's trip organised by the German Book Office, I was taking a train from Munich to Berlin with Ravi DeeCee (managing partner of DC Books), who had a Kindle with him. That was the first time I'd handled one", recalls Arpita Das, the co-founder of Yoda Press. "I was blown away by the fact that I could flip a book! I kept flipping and flipping the book for so many minutes that Ravi took it away from me for the fear that I might do it some damage."

But as it is with almost every new technology, the e-reader had its share of critics, and not everyone was quite as impressed. The most common question was - 'Why would we read on this?' A publisher I spoke to remembers how, when confronted by the e-reader, panel discussions across the country emphasised on the tactility of the book - the touch, the smell and the pleasure of turning the page. Would a device that offered you a reading experience devoid of all these aspects really work? There were doubts.

And yet, the idea caught on, and before long, India had launched its own set of e-readers. Infibeam's Pi hit the market in the early 2010 and EC Media's Wink was launched later that same year. Neither could really make their mark though, and with the gradual rise of smartphones and tablets, both exited the market before 2012 rolled around.

And then, in the August of 2012, Amazon first made the Kindle available in India, at the starting price of Rs. 6,999. Before that, Indians looking to own a Kindle had to have the device internationally shipped and sometimes pay up to $80 in shipping and import fee deposits alone. The Kindle's entry in the Indian market meant that the movement had well and truly reached us. By November Flipkart too started selling its own ebooks.

Of course, with this movement came both the concerns and the challenges associated with it. Would ebooks cannibalise the space and sale of physical books? Interestingly, despite ebooks posing a threat to brick and mortar bookstores, Indian publishers largely thought of the format as just another platform to capture their tech-savvy young readers. Perhaps this was how they'd get back the readers they were losing to the screen.

Indian publishers predicted that over the next few years ebooks would contribute to between 15-20 per cent of their total revenue, tracing the path that publishers had seen internationally. And gradually, the ebooks market did grow. Content became accessible on more platforms, including smartphones and tablets, especially with the increase in their screen sizes. The self-publishing market grew as budding authors could now easily upload their works on platforms like Scribd, Wattpad, Smashwords and Amazon's Digital Text Platform.

The first hitch in the largely positive predictions came in 2015, when, the American Association of Publishers (AAP) and UK's Publishers' Association reported a dip in the sale of ebooks. With no equivalent of the AAP or UK's Publishers' Association in India (Nielsen only tracks the sale of physical books), the dip in the numbers was projected for the Indian market too. But Amazon, one of the largest platforms for ebooks, in its annual report, recorded an increase in both their revenue and the numbers of ebooks they sold that year.

And then, earlier this year in February, AAP once again reported that the sale of ebooks in the US had dropped by 18.7 per cent in the first nine months of 2016. Fans of the physical book rejoiced. There was a sense of joy, especially among the purists, that readers still took pleasure in the traditional form of reading.

But while considering the surveys conducted by these associations, it is important to remember a few aspects that might be affecting the figures. For example, both AAP and the UK's Publishers' Association do not consider subscription based platforms such as Scribd and Kindle Unlimited, which were launched in 2013 and 2014 respectively. Additionally, trends like the adult colouring book gave rise to physical sales last year.

Even then, it is clear that the two most common and early predictions about the ebook did not come to pass - neither did they cannibalise the physical book, nor did the ebook market grow at the rate that Indian publishers had predicted they would. What seems to have happened, though, is that ebooks managed to find their own comfortable space in the market - despite the rampant piracy prevailing in the country.

And there is no data to support that they are on the decline. In fact, quite the contrary.

Over the years, digital platforms have significantly improved and offered a wide range of accessibility to their readers. Kindle for example, from the time it was first introduced, has got rid of its bulky body and its clunky keyboard and has designed for itself a much more user-friendly and stylish interface, introducing advanced ergonomic design

The 2015 Nielsen India Book Market Report said that 70 per cent publishers had digitised their content. Amazon, after launching Kindle Unlimited in September of 2015 in the country, reported later that year that it had tripled its Kindle India business and was looking at a "200% year-on-year" growth. The year also saw a rise in digital publishing for regional language publishers such as Dailyhunt, Pratilipi and Matrubharti.

In the September of 2016, Juggernaut, India's first "phone publisher", was founded by Chiki Sarkar and Durga Raghunath. Juggernaut entered the market as a digital publisher that aimed to sell books via its mobile app and target the country's vast pool of smartphone readers.

Last year Amazon further expanded its reach by launching ebooks in five regional languages - Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati, and Malayalam and later that year, reported 80 per cent growth in sales due to this, adding that ebooks had outstripped physical books for Amazon.

As far as the numbers for the current Indian ebook market go, they seem to vary depending on who you ask. "Over the last few years we've seen ebooks growing at a steady higher double digit growth - directly attributed to the increase in device sales," says Padmanabhan, adding that ebooks contribute 8 per cent to the overall sales at HCI and that the overall market seems to be at 7-8 per cent. Multiple publishers confirm this figure, while a few others seem surprised by it.

Yogesh Sharma, vice-president, sales and marketing, Bloomsbury India, told me that they have seen significant growth in ebooks in the last years. From nothing to them contributing 2.5-3 per cent of their overall revenue. "Last year we grew by approximately 30 per cent", adding that the overall Indian market seems to be 2-3 per cent as well.

Rukun Kaul, the digital head at Penguin Random House India (PRHI), says that the growth in ebooks has been incremental for the company. "Not just for PRHI, but for the industry in general", she adds, but keeps from divulging any numbers.

Anish Chandy, the business development and sales head at Juggernaut tells me, that ebook growth has been 'exponential' for them in the last year. But for a publisher whose primary target are smartphone users, the company still publishes some physical books and that is where it gets most of its revenue from.

Over the years, digital platforms have significantly improved and offered a wide range of accessibility to their readers. Kindle for example, from the time it was first introduced, has got rid of its bulky body and its clunky keyboard and has designed for itself a much more user-friendly and stylish interface, introducing advanced ergonomic design. Adding facility for wifi and 3G along the way, to the breakthrough of adding backlight in 1st Generation Kindle Paperwhite (2012) to the latest sleek 2nd Generation Kindle Oasis with water resistancy, so that you can actually read inside your shower if you want.

Access to the Kindle bookstore also means that now, readers have access to books from across the world, and at more or less uniform prices; not to mention the classics, which are available for free. The device also lets you change fonts, increase text size (a feature especially useful for older readers), and carry your entire library with you, no matter where you go. In fact, you don't even have to buy a Kindle any more. Now, you have several apps available on your smartphone that allow you access to ebooks - from the official Kindle app to Google Books, Juggernaut and Scribd.

Despite all this, there are various factors that affect the growth of ebooks to their full potential, not just in our country but worldwide. "People still enjoy reading a physical book", points out Chandy. "It is perceived to be an escape from being constantly connected." A form of 'digital detox', bringing with it a sense of being 'unplugged'.

Moreover, the physical quality of books has also improved appreciably in the last decade. Readers haven't failed to notice that publishers are now paying more attention to aesthetics.

On Instagram one can find millions of pictures with the hashtag "#bookstagram" dedicated to good-looking books. A popular Indian run account @thebooksatchel by book blogger Resh Susan has a following of over 25k and one can't help but covet the books in the beautiful photographs Resh uploads.

Even readers who do read ebooks on a regular basis still prefer some books in their physical form - graphic novels and comics being the obvious ones, as their experience is not replicated well across e-versions.

One can find a few pictures of Kindles in her posts as well. When I ask her to compare the two, she admits that she prefers to read books in the physical form. But adds that when travelling, she only carries the Kindle. It can especially be a life-saver, she says, when the physical book is expensive and/or is a door-stopper. "It helps me cheat myself into thinking the book isn't that large since I cannot physically view the size."

Like Resh, several people have discovered a new joy in reading through this technology, but there are still many who find it hard to read on a screen. After all, there are still a large number of readers that have known a world without social media and a screen in every pocket.

And even readers who do read ebooks on a regular basis still prefer some books in their physical form - graphic novels and comics being the obvious ones, as their experience is not replicated well across e-versions.

Apart from the usual bestsellers, ebooks tend to do slightly better with genres such as self-help and romance. Chandy tells me that the genres that do well for Juggernaut includes "non-fiction that's trending, classics and erotica". He also adds that the new literary fiction sells the least.

To especially target e-readers, publishers are releasing micro content. "We have an e-imprint called Penguin Petite for our short form content", says Kaul. The books in the e-imprint are priced at Rs. 15. Juggernaut too has books under 30 pages and a list categorised under "Love Shorts". Another example is Westland's Short Reads comprising of short essays and extracts. Some publishers are also looking at releasing chapters in a serialised form, reminiscent of the origin of the novel itself, going all the way back to Charles Dickens.

Meanwhile, free online reading communities such as Wattpad, where people can readily upload their written work and read those by others, are changing our perception of what publishing can be. Juggernaut too offers writers a platform to upload their work and feature it alongside other published writers, and offers to give them author contracts once they receive a certain number of views and positive reviews.

Though by far one of the largest untapped markets still remains regional language publishing. With Kindle's introduction to regional languages, things have started to change for some. Manjul Publishing House, which publishes international bestseller translations in about 10 different Indian languages, is one such example. "Around 15% of our sales are from ebooks these days", their editorial director Manoj Kulkarni informs me.

Of course, this isn't the case with every regional publisher. Some are yet to make use of the opportunities this format offers. One of the biggest Gujarati language publishers, Navbharat Sahitya Mandir, for example, hasn't yet started selling ebooks. "There is still no awareness about ebooks here", explains Ronak Shah, their head of marketing, adding that one of the biggest problem for regional languages readers is that that they cannot search using the script of their own language online.

So, almost a decade and some revised predictions later, what does the future of ebooks in India look like? When I ask publishers, almost every one of them talks unanimously about better reach, accessibility, affordability and greater convenience. As for whether the format itself will change, it seems harder to predict. Opinions vary, but most believe that it won't.

For now, the ebook still remains a format that tries to mirror the physical book, trying to replicate feel and the turn of the page digitally - a sure sign that we are still early in its evolution, and still thinking of it as an offshoot or extension of the physical book, giving ourselves a box to think inside.

But we know that with time, technology tends to break the limits we set for it. I agree with Das when she explains that there were centuries in between the time that the Guttenberg printing press was invented and the time we first got paperbacks book. "The ebook, too, is going to take some time to find a different shape."

And while the physical book still dominates the Indian book market, it's safe to say that given the rapid rise in the use of technology, ebooks will only rise in this country. Albeit, at its own pace.

First Published: Nov 18, 2017 23:38 IST

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10 years of Kindle: What sells - ebooks or physical ones? Tracking the market trends

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The Kindle was launched in the US on November 19, 2007, spearheading a new revolution in digital reading. Amazon made the device available in India in 2012. 10 years after the launch of Kindle, while the physical book still dominates the Indian book market, the future of ebook looks promising

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Nama:Zery Al Fandi
Nim:E1041181065
People started paying attention to to the e-reader industry in 2007 when Amazon released the Kindle. The industry exploded in the ensuing years and many other companies started to make their own models, with varying degrees of success.  There are a few different companies that have been at the forefront of the e-reading revolution and today we are going to look at some of the most pivotal moments in history.

E-Ink has been at the forefront of the e-reader revolution and there have only been a few models that used different kinds of e-paper. The most notable was the Wexler Flex One out of Russia that used an LG display and the Kyobo, which used Mirasol color e-paper and was only sold in South Korea. E-Ink has released Vizplex in 2007, which was what the Kindle used for many years. In 2010 E-Ink released Pearl and many other companies entered the e-reader space.  It offered a higher contrast screen built with E Ink Pearl imaging film. The first e-reader to incorporate this new technology was the Amazon Kindle DX  and the Kindle Keyboard, Kindle 4, and Kindle Touch also incorporate the Pearl display.  Amazon still uses this display, in all of the Kindles except the Voyage and Oasis.

Sumber:https://www.google.com/amp/s/goodereader.com/blog/electronic-readers/a-short-history-of-e-ink-and-the-ereader-revolution/amp

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Nama :Markos ejos canratama
Nim    :E1041181020

Kottayam and Ahmedabad seem unlikely places to set off India’s e-book evolution. Yet they were. In 2010, Ahmedabad-headquartered online retailer Infibeam was first off the block with its Pi e-book reader. By mid-2011, Wink had been pulled off the market as tablets and smartphones began to pour into India. The country is considered one of the top 10 markets for books and the third largest market for English books. E-books are tapping into this market, aided by an expanding youth demographic. And everything from pulp fiction to serious literature, non-fiction and even comic books, is turning digital. Hachette was the first to laun ch its e-book titles in India. According to industry sources, an e-book version is typically 15-20% cheaper to produce than the paperback title.

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Kottayam and Ahmedabad seem unlikely places to set off India's e-book evolution. Yet they were. In 2010, Ahmedabad-headquartered online retailer Infibeam was first off the block with its Pi e-book reader. Soon after, Kottayam, Kerala-based publisher DC Books introduced the Wink e-reader. Both were just a little bit ahead of their time. By mid-2011, Wink had been pulled off the market as tablets and smartphones began to pour into India. The Pi continues to list on the Infibeam website as a 'sold out' product.

But these two homegrown businesses were forerunners to an e-books frenzy that now has top global e-reader brands, publishers and online retailers lining up big plans for India. The country is considered one of the top 10 markets for books and the third largest market for English books. E-books are tapping into this market, aided by an expanding youth demographic. And everything from pulp fiction to serious literature, non-fiction and even comic books, is turning digital. But how big is the opportunity, really?

"The Indian e-book market is less than 1% of the overall books market by value," says Ananth Padmanabhan, vice-president, sales, Penguin India, and vice-president of the Association of Publishers in India, an industry body. Estimates for the print publishing market peg it at ₹10,000 crore, but reliable figures are hard to come by. This has to do primarily with the fragmented reporting of sales by India's publishing houses, dominated by small and mid-size businesses. There are global pointers, though, that e-books are well on their way to change how books are read and experienced. In early 2011, Amazon's worldwide e-book sales surpassed its physical book sales for the first time, and continue to be among its fastest growing categories, even as its print books sales shows sluggish growth. At Penguin Random House, e-books contribute a third of total book sales in the US and 21% of global book revenues, both numbers up a couple of percentage points from 2012. And in its results for the quarter ended September 2013, HarperCollins reported that sales from its 30,000-odd e-book titles accounted for 22% of publishing revenues, up 30% y-o-y. Similarly, says Padmanabhan, "Publishers in a growing market such as India will definitely see a 3X-5X growth y-o-y in e-book sales for at least the next three to five years."
Between the lines
"E-books in India are at a very early stage," concedes Vinutha Mallya, founder of Linespace, a Bengaluru-based publishing advisory and consulting firm. But while they have arrived in a big way in India nearly a decade after the West, the ecosystem here is getting created faster. "We have more or less leapfrogged the e-book evolution in terms of devices," says Haja Sheriff, country director, India, for Canada's Kobo, the latest entrant into the e-book and e-reader business in India. So instead of the e-reader first and the tablet and smartphone later, India's digital reading opportunity cuts across these devices, and operating systems all at once.

Leading the charge is Flipkart, which launched e-books in November 2012 across major mobile platforms, Android, Windows and iOS. "We have rights for half a million titles," says Anil Goteti, director, retail, Flipkart. Already the largest seller of books in India, Flipkart has ambitions to do the same with e-books. Goteti observes: "Easier access to technology and content is making e-books popular. Over 90% of people who buy an e-book read it." Moreover, from bookmarks to social media sharing and reading across multiple devices, e-books offer a far more interactive reading experience that appeals to a younger generation of readers. Much of the initial traction in e-books has come from free offerings, and that's hardly surprising, given the 'everything's free on the internet' mindset that is associated with written content. Flipkart has over 10,000 free titles, and has priced many of its e-books at under ₹99 to induce first-time buyers. It has also partnered with Sony and Nokia to have its e-book app pre-burned on some of their mobile handset models.

Makers of e-book readers such as Amazon and Kobo point to the benefits of reading on a dedicated device - the e-ink that gives a real printed word feel, massive battery life of one to two months and the fact that they are less distracting than multi-function devices such as tablets and smartphones. Amazon's iconic Kindle e-book reader, which launched last year in India, comes with a library of around 2 million e-books, and over 325,000 titles exclusive to its Kindle Store, according to a company spokesperson. Of these, over 600,000 e-books are priced at ₹200 or less. Kobo, now owned by Tokyo-based Rakuten, claims to have 16 million registered users across 190 countries, and a library of nearly 4 million titles, including more than 1 million free books.

Kobo's distribution strategy has centred on the bookstore, the very business e-books threaten to diminish. It launched a few months ago and now has over 100 retail outlets, including Crossword, Croma and WHSmith across 14 cities. Kindle e-readers are available both online and offline in over 200 outlets. But e-readers might not be the key to e-book consumption in the third largest smartphone market in the world after the US and China. IDC reports that smartphone shipments by vendors to India nearly quadrupled to 12.8 million units in the third quarter of 2013 on a y-o-y basis, with large screen phablets (5 inch - 6.99 inch screen size) growing to contribute 23% to the overall market in volume terms during this period. It's hardly a mystery, then, where most Indians will be doing their digital reading.
Paper v/s tech
The books industry is divided into two categories - trade books, which comprise the popular genres of fiction and non-fiction, and educational and academic books. Much of the action so far has been on educational books that came in from outside, says Linespace's Mallya: "These were early adopters of e-books, and they got distributed through the library network." The current buzz around e-books began with popular categories even as some, such as coffee table books and box-sets, continue to be print-led.

Hachette was the first to launch its e-book titles in India last year. Penguin India started with 250 titles as e-books in July 2012, converting past titles or backlists, and also simultaneously introducing new titles, both in print and as e-books. Of Penguin India's 2,000-odd titles, half are now available as e-books. While Penguin, among others, publishes both print and e-books at the same price, the end price of a book in India, whether physical or electronic, is determined by retailers. Already, trade margins, known as discounts to trade on the cover price of a book, are up, from 40% five years ago, to more than 50% currently. The retailer could then further discount it by up to 10%. Discounts to retailers on e-books are even higher, and they further discount the books to customers even more, making losses on e-books higher than that on print.

So, can e-books be more economical to produce and more profitable for publishers? According to industry sources, an e-book version is typically 15-20% cheaper to produce than the paperback title. And unlike a printed book, which has a production and warehousing cost each time its printed and distributed, producing an e-book is a one-time affair with minimal storage and distribution costs. "There are other costs - costs of technology, costs of storing an e-book, DRM [digital rights management] etc," says Padmanabhan. "Yet they are more profitable in the long run."

Indeed, publishers are also only too happy to grow their market beyond physical boundaries of each country. "Physical books are typically sold within a region while e-books can go on sale around the world instantly. They are about convenience. You publish once, and sell many times," says Padmanabhan. There is also the problem of rising costs in the print publishing business. "Physical production and distribution costs have been increasing 15-18% every year on account of raw material cost increases, VAT and other taxes and distributor margins. But book prices have stayed flat for the past three to five years. We could manage because of economies of scale," he adds.

Then, marketing expenses on promoting e-books tend to be high, but the reach is exponential. "If I run one promotion with Flipkart, I have the ability to reach a customer base of 5 million. I could never reach so many people unless I carried a full page ad in The Times of India," says a senior publishing executive, who did not wish to be named. He adds that five years ago, even large publishing houses barely spent on digital. "Today it's 20-30% of the marketing spends of even small publishers," he adds. Such spends are justified, as the conversion rates are said to be at least 12-15% (usually much higher) in case of e-books, compared with 2-5% for a physical book. Why? E-books are promptly downloadable, the transaction is quick, and money gets credited instantly to the seller and publisher.
Future tense
While e-books are growing at about 12-15% annually, and could well overtake their physical counterpart, for now printed books continue to sell the most. "There remains a significant demand for print in India and it's growing," points out Mallya, who sees e-books picking up over the next three to five years. Some e-book sellers have tried bundling of print and e-books but this hasn't worked, simply because readers prefer either one of the formats: "They are different audiences."

Publishers and e-book sellers, meanwhile, are addressing the digital space through innovative offerings. Among them is a new category known as e-singles. Essentially, these are stories or chapters from a full-length book in fiction or non-fiction, or a collection of plays or poetry that a reader can buy separately, instead of the entire book, and consume in a shorter time. "It's like buying an audio single," says Padmanabhan. The idea is to provide choice and the option to pay as per need, he adds. Typically between 3,000 and 5,000 words, Padmanabhan says Penguin's 120 e-singles released so far, in the fiction and non-fiction genres, are priced at ₹25-99 each.

Self-publishing offers another opportunity for e-book sellers by creating a new breed of authors and readers. The revenue model here is different, with authors setting their own price. Smashwords, the world's largest distributor of self-published e-books, for instance, works on the agency model, making money entirely on the commissions from e-book sales. Smashwords is a self-serve platform, which means the author or publisher is entirely responsible for writing and editing the book as well as creating the e-book cover. Smashword's technology converts the manuscript into multiple formats so the book can be read on any e-reading device. Under the revenue share model, says Mark Coker, founder, Smashwords, the retailer earns 30% of the listed price on every sale, Smashwords earns 10% while the author gets the rest. It entered into a distribution agreement with Flipkart in August 2013 for supplying from its catalogue of over 200,000 e-book titles sourced from over 80,000 authors and small independent publishers across the world.

Clearly, in what promises to be among the largest e-book markets worldwide, the battle lines have been drawn. While Penguin's Padmanabhan hopes to take e-book sales to 10-15% of total book sales for his company in three years, others too are bringing global networks and experience to bear on their India plans. Kobo is targeting to sell almost 250,000 of its e-readers by December 2014, Sheriff points out. With relationships with more than 11,000 publishers and about 1.3 million authors, Kobo is reportedly the biggest foil to Amazon and Apple's quest for dominance in e-books. Its entry into India only signifies that the e-books business is going to see intense competition.

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Kottayam and Ahmedabad seem unlikely places to set off India's e-book evolution. Yet they were. In 2010, Ahmedabad-headquartered online retailer Infibeam was first off the block with its Pi e-book reader. Soon after, Kottayam, Kerala-based publisher DC Books introduced the Wink e-reader. Both were just a little bit ahead of their time.

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Eror!!

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The French Revolution (1789) was a radical social period and political upheaval in France which had a lasting impact on French history, and more broadly, towards Europe as a whole. The French Revolution began in 1789 with the meeting of the Etats-Généraux in May. The first years of the French Revolution began with the proclamation of the Tennis Court Oath in June by the Third Etats, followed by an attack on the Bastille in July. The French Revolutionary War began in 1792 and ended in a spectacular French victory. France succeeded in conquering the Italian Peninsula, the Low Countries, and most of the area to the west of the Rhine, it was France's greatest achievement for centuries. Internally, the radical sentiment of the Revolution culminated in the rise in power of Maximilien Robespierre, Jacobin, and virtual dictatorship by the Committee on Public Safety during the Government of Terror.

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Revolusi Prancis - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

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Revolusi Prancis ( bahasa Prancis: Révolution française; 1789-1799), adalah suatu periode sosial radikal dan pergolakan politik di Prancis yang memiliki dampak abadi terhadap sejarah Prancis, dan lebih luas lagi, terhadap Eropa secara keseluruhan. Monarki absolut yang telah memerintah Prancis selama berabad-abad runtuh dalam waktu tiga tahun.

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Febriana Yulianti
E1041181003
Sosiologi
https://www.amazon.com/eReader-Revolution-Replacement-Technology-Publishing-ebook/dp/B004YKVLF0

About this item

Description

The sale of eReaders is exploding, and with it the entire market for paper books is collapsing. This analysis of the replacement process, and its consequences, is by one of the b est-known market analysts in America – the founder of Harris Interactive. This is a must-read for everyone who is affected by this revolution, which appears to be the fastest growing technology replacement in history.

Dr. Black argues that the current data on eReader sales indicate that we are witnessing the single fastest growing replacement technology in history -- from four million eReaders of all types at the end of 2009 to more than 120 million units by the end of 2012 in the United States alone. He predicts that fiction paper books will decline to less than half the market during the middle of next year, with profound disruption for the retail store segment of the market.

The report also maps out likely new areas of opportunity for everyone (and investment) in the industry -- both new and established authors, agents, publishers and even retail. He also believes that the failure to act will doom many old line publishers and retailers to bandruptcy. This is a must-read for anyone who wishes to stay ahead of the effects of this revolution in reading throughout the world.

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Nama : Dhorif
NIM    : E1041181046
Evolution of reading in the age of digitisation (E-READ)  is a COST Action with the goal to improve scientific understanding of the implications of digitization, hence helping individuals, disciplines, societies and sectors across Europe to cope optimally with the effects. International assessments (e.g., PISA 2009, 2012; PIRLS 2011) have underlined that the increasing literacy demands of everyday life demand improvement of the reading skills of all students, not just those in difficulty. Developmental aspects of reading Today’s children are steeped in digitally dominated media. Deep reading is a complex process that builds on the efficiency of lower level linguistic skills, such as orthographic, phonological, semantic, morphological and syntactic knowledge. Experiential and emotional aspects of reading, yields potentially unique cognitive and emotional benefits (enhancing the capacity for empathy, social inference, emotional self-regulation, verbal abilities and intelligence). Reading has usually been considered as a purely cognitive process, only based on visual perception, and not really involving body actions except eye movements.
http://ereadcost.eu/

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It was back in 2006 at the Frankfurt Book Fair, the world's largest trade fair for books, that a lot of Indian publishers first heard about an e-reader, picking up on the buzz around the newly-launched Sony E-Reader, one of the first to use the famous E-Ink technology. It seemed like reading was at the brink of changing at a very fundamental level.

Ananth Padmanabhan, the CEO of HarperCollins India (HCI), was there too. "My then colleague from the US had the device", recounts Padmanabham. "I very vividly remember seeing the first ebook download onto it. The sheer convenience... it was revolutionary!"

A year later, and exactly ten years ago from today, Amazon's Kindle launched in the US, both beginning, and spearheading the ebook movement. Soon, other e-readers like Barnes & Nobles' Nook and the Kobo eReader would follow, launching in 2009 and 2010 respectively (the iPad was launched at the start of 2010 as well).

"In 2009, on an editor's trip organised by the German Book Office, I was taking a train from Munich to Berlin with Ravi DeeCee (managing partner of DC Books), who had a Kindle with him. That was the first time I'd handled one", recalls Arpita Das, the co-founder of Yoda Press. "I was blown away by the fact that I could flip a book! I kept flipping and flipping the book for so many minutes that Ravi took it away from me for the fear that I might do it some damage."

But as it is with almost every new technology, the e-reader had its share of critics, and not everyone was quite as impressed. The most common question was - 'Why would we read on this?' A publisher I spoke to remembers how, when confronted by the e-reader, panel discussions across the country emphasised on the tactility of the book - the touch, the smell and the pleasure of turning the page. Would a device that offered you a reading experience devoid of all these aspects really work? There were doubts.

And yet, the idea caught on, and before long, India had launched its own set of e-readers. Infibeam's Pi hit the market in the early 2010 and EC Media's Wink was launched later that same year. Neither could really make their mark though, and with the gradual rise of smartphones and tablets, both exited the market before 2012 rolled around.

And then, in the August of 2012, Amazon first made the Kindle available in India, at the starting price of Rs. 6,999. Before that, Indians looking to own a Kindle had to have the device internationally shipped and sometimes pay up to $80 in shipping and import fee deposits alone. The Kindle's entry in the Indian market meant that the movement had well and truly reached us. By November Flipkart too started selling its own ebooks.

Of course, with this movement came both the concerns and the challenges associated with it. Would ebooks cannibalise the space and sale of physical books? Interestingly, despite ebooks posing a threat to brick and mortar bookstores, Indian publishers largely thought of the format as just another platform to capture their tech-savvy young readers. Perhaps this was how they'd get back the readers they were losing to the screen.

Indian publishers predicted that over the next few years ebooks would contribute to between 15-20 per cent of their total revenue, tracing the path that publishers had seen internationally. And gradually, the ebooks market did grow. Content became accessible on more platforms, including smartphones and tablets, especially with the increase in their screen sizes. The self-publishing market grew as budding authors could now easily upload their works on platforms like Scribd, Wattpad, Smashwords and Amazon's Digital Text Platform.

The first hitch in the largely positive predictions came in 2015, when, the American Association of Publishers (AAP) and UK's Publishers' Association reported a dip in the sale of ebooks. With no equivalent of the AAP or UK's Publishers' Association in India (Nielsen only tracks the sale of physical books), the dip in the numbers was projected for the Indian market too. But Amazon, one of the largest platforms for ebooks, in its annual report, recorded an increase in both their revenue and the numbers of ebooks they sold that year.

And then, earlier this year in February, AAP once again reported that the sale of ebooks in the US had dropped by 18.7 per cent in the first nine months of 2016. Fans of the physical book rejoiced. There was a sense of joy, especially among the purists, that readers still took pleasure in the traditional form of reading.

But while considering the surveys conducted by these associations, it is important to remember a few aspects that might be affecting the figures. For example, both AAP and the UK's Publishers' Association do not consider subscription based platforms such as Scribd and Kindle Unlimited, which were launched in 2013 and 2014 respectively. Additionally, trends like the adult colouring book gave rise to physical sales last year.

Even then, it is clear that the two most common and early predictions about the ebook did not come to pass - neither did they cannibalise the physical book, nor did the ebook market grow at the rate that Indian publishers had predicted they would. What seems to have happened, though, is that ebooks managed to find their own comfortable space in the market - despite the rampant piracy prevailing in the country.

And there is no data to support that they are on the decline. In fact, quite the contrary.

Over the years, digital platforms have significantly improved and offered a wide range of accessibility to their readers. Kindle for example, from the time it was first introduced, has got rid of its bulky body and its clunky keyboard and has designed for itself a much more user-friendly and stylish interface, introducing advanced ergonomic design

The 2015 Nielsen India Book Market Report said that 70 per cent publishers had digitised their content. Amazon, after launching Kindle Unlimited in September of 2015 in the country, reported later that year that it had tripled its Kindle India business and was looking at a "200% year-on-year" growth. The year also saw a rise in digital publishing for regional language publishers such as Dailyhunt, Pratilipi and Matrubharti.

In the September of 2016, Juggernaut, India's first "phone publisher", was founded by Chiki Sarkar and Durga Raghunath. Juggernaut entered the market as a digital publisher that aimed to sell books via its mobile app and target the country's vast pool of smartphone readers.

Last year Amazon further expanded its reach by launching ebooks in five regional languages - Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati, and Malayalam and later that year, reported 80 per cent growth in sales due to this, adding that ebooks had outstripped physical books for Amazon.

As far as the numbers for the current Indian ebook market go, they seem to vary depending on who you ask. "Over the last few years we've seen ebooks growing at a steady higher double digit growth - directly attributed to the increase in device sales," says Padmanabhan, adding that ebooks contribute 8 per cent to the overall sales at HCI and that the overall market seems to be at 7-8 per cent. Multiple publishers confirm this figure, while a few others seem surprised by it.

Yogesh Sharma, vice-president, sales and marketing, Bloomsbury India, told me that they have seen significant growth in ebooks in the last years. From nothing to them contributing 2.5-3 per cent of their overall revenue. "Last year we grew by approximately 30 per cent", adding that the overall Indian market seems to be 2-3 per cent as well.

Rukun Kaul, the digital head at Penguin Random House India (PRHI), says that the growth in ebooks has been incremental for the company. "Not just for PRHI, but for the industry in general", she adds, but keeps from divulging any numbers.

Anish Chandy, the business development and sales head at Juggernaut tells me, that ebook growth has been 'exponential' for them in the last year. But for a publisher whose primary target are smartphone users, the company still publishes some physical books and that is where it gets most of its revenue from.

Over the years, digital platforms have significantly improved and offered a wide range of accessibility to their readers. Kindle for example, from the time it was first introduced, has got rid of its bulky body and its clunky keyboard and has designed for itself a much more user-friendly and stylish interface, introducing advanced ergonomic design. Adding facility for wifi and 3G along the way, to the breakthrough of adding backlight in 1st Generation Kindle Paperwhite (2012) to the latest sleek 2nd Generation Kindle Oasis with water resistancy, so that you can actually read inside your shower if you want.

Access to the Kindle bookstore also means that now, readers have access to books from across the world, and at more or less uniform prices; not to mention the classics, which are available for free. The device also lets you change fonts, increase text size (a feature especially useful for older readers), and carry your entire library with you, no matter where you go. In fact, you don't even have to buy a Kindle any more. Now, you have several apps available on your smartphone that allow you access to ebooks - from the official Kindle app to Google Books, Juggernaut and Scribd.

Despite all this, there are various factors that affect the growth of ebooks to their full potential, not just in our country but worldwide. "People still enjoy reading a physical book", points out Chandy. "It is perceived to be an escape from being constantly connected." A form of 'digital detox', bringing with it a sense of being 'unplugged'.

Moreover, the physical quality of books has also improved appreciably in the last decade. Readers haven't failed to notice that publishers are now paying more attention to aesthetics.

On Instagram one can find millions of pictures with the hashtag "#bookstagram" dedicated to good-looking books. A popular Indian run account @thebooksatchel by book blogger Resh Susan has a following of over 25k and one can't help but covet the books in the beautiful photographs Resh uploads.

Even readers who do read ebooks on a regular basis still prefer some books in their physical form - graphic novels and comics being the obvious ones, as their experience is not replicated well across e-versions.

One can find a few pictures of Kindles in her posts as well. When I ask her to compare the two, she admits that she prefers to read books in the physical form. But adds that when travelling, she only carries the Kindle. It can especially be a life-saver, she says, when the physical book is expensive and/or is a door-stopper. "It helps me cheat myself into thinking the book isn't that large since I cannot physically view the size."

Like Resh, several people have discovered a new joy in reading through this technology, but there are still many who find it hard to read on a screen. After all, there are still a large number of readers that have known a world without social media and a screen in every pocket.

And even readers who do read ebooks on a regular basis still prefer some books in their physical form - graphic novels and comics being the obvious ones, as their experience is not replicated well across e-versions.

Apart from the usual bestsellers, ebooks tend to do slightly better with genres such as self-help and romance. Chandy tells me that the genres that do well for Juggernaut includes "non-fiction that's trending, classics and erotica". He also adds that the new literary fiction sells the least.

To especially target e-readers, publishers are releasing micro content. "We have an e-imprint called Penguin Petite for our short form content", says Kaul. The books in the e-imprint are priced at Rs. 15. Juggernaut too has books under 30 pages and a list categorised under "Love Shorts". Another example is Westland's Short Reads comprising of short essays and extracts. Some publishers are also looking at releasing chapters in a serialised form, reminiscent of the origin of the novel itself, going all the way back to Charles Dickens.

Meanwhile, free online reading communities such as Wattpad, where people can readily upload their written work and read those by others, are changing our perception of what publishing can be. Juggernaut too offers writers a platform to upload their work and feature it alongside other published writers, and offers to give them author contracts once they receive a certain number of views and positive reviews.

Though by far one of the largest untapped markets still remains regional language publishing. With Kindle's introduction to regional languages, things have started to change for some. Manjul Publishing House, which publishes international bestseller translations in about 10 different Indian languages, is one such example. "Around 15% of our sales are from ebooks these days", their editorial director Manoj Kulkarni informs me.

Of course, this isn't the case with every regional publisher. Some are yet to make use of the opportunities this format offers. One of the biggest Gujarati language publishers, Navbharat Sahitya Mandir, for example, hasn't yet started selling ebooks. "There is still no awareness about ebooks here", explains Ronak Shah, their head of marketing, adding that one of the biggest problem for regional languages readers is that that they cannot search using the script of their own language online.

So, almost a decade and some revised predictions later, what does the future of ebooks in India look like? When I ask publishers, almost every one of them talks unanimously about better reach, accessibility, affordability and greater convenience. As for whether the format itself will change, it seems harder to predict. Opinions vary, but most believe that it won't.

For now, the ebook still remains a format that tries to mirror the physical book, trying to replicate feel and the turn of the page digitally - a sure sign that we are still early in its evolution, and still thinking of it as an offshoot or extension of the physical book, giving ourselves a box to think inside.

But we know that with time, technology tends to break the limits we set for it. I agree with Das when she explains that there were centuries in between the time that the Guttenberg printing press was invented and the time we first got paperbacks book. "The ebook, too, is going to take some time to find a different shape."

And while the physical book still dominates the Indian book market, it's safe to say that given the rapid rise in the use of technology, ebooks will only rise in this country. Albeit, at its own pace.

First Published: Nov 18, 2017 23:38 IST

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10 years of Kindle: What sells - ebooks or physical ones? Tracking the market trends

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The Kindle was launched in the US on November 19, 2007, spearheading a new revolution in digital reading. Amazon made the device available in India in 2012. 10 years after the launch of Kindle, while the physical book still dominates the Indian book market, the future of ebook looks promising

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Oktovians Sanputrawang

(E1041151075)

Sosiologi

Juvenile delinquency in the melenial era is now increasingly becoming, given the influence of the environment and the understanding of children about globalization that we are currently using is very poorly understood. They are more self-actualizing and imitating the political styles of figures they idolize with their appearance, hairstyle, way of getting along, and dating methods which are currently more open in public places than in the 90s when teenagers were embarrassed to be seen dating by older people.

Juvenile delinquency is a social deviation that occurs in individuals with weak self control and identity crises that occur in children, this occurs because of the lack of interference of parents in educating children. This happens because in the melenial era, parents are more busy working and also many parents prefer to entrust their children to child caregivers so that teenagers will be difficult to educate by their parents, remembering that from the beginning educating their parents is not the guardian.

This kind of thing needs to be underlined by parents at this time of age so that in the future teenagers will not experience social deviations because children's character is better educated by both people than other people.

http://pengertianparaahli.com/kenakalan-remaja/

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In my opinion, the presence of E-Book is a new breakthrough in education and it has a huge influence to facilitate the consumption of books where we do not need to save and buy too many books because it is very troublesome and takes up a lot of places to store. We are also easier to access and search for more books with E-Book, hopefully this new breakthrough can become a program in our education in Indonesia so that the world of Indonesian education can be more effective and facilitate access of teachers to search for material in teaching students in remote areas. Thank you

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a, b, c, d, ... E?!

Back in 2008, a World Bank study on Textbooks and School Library Provision in Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa [pdf] noted that "There is little or no evidence in any of the 19 countries reviewed of any systematic approach to, or consideration of, the full range of secondary textbook cost reduction strategies", adding that "Only 1 out of 19 countries studied (Botswana) had adequate textbook provision at close to a 1:1 ratio for all subjects and all grades."

In other words: There aren't enough textbooks for most students in Africa, and what is available is too expensive.

A number of groups are looking at this reality and wondering if the use of inexpensive e-book readers may be able to help. One such group at the World Bank is exploring an e-book pilot initiative in Nigeria (which has been examined previously on the EduTech blog). This pilot is looking at what it might take to deliver textbooks in digital formats for reading by secondary school students on dedicated e-readers, and what might happen as a result. It is not just looking at the use of official textbooks, however. The project team is also seeking to investigate the potential impact on educational achievement of making small libraries of digital books available to students on e-readers. In doing so, it is intrigued by studies such as Family scholarly culture and educational success: Books and schooling in 27 nations, which found that

"Children growing up in homes with many books get 3 years more schooling than children from bookless homes, independent of their parents' education, occupation, and class. This is as great an advantage as having university educated rather than unschooled parents, and twice the advantage of having a professional rather than an unskilled father. It holds equally in rich nations and in poor; in the past and in the present; under Communism, capitalism, and Apartheid; and most strongly in China. Data are from representative national samples in 27 nations, with over 70,000 cases, analyzed using multi-level linear and probit models with multiple imputation of missing data."

(If you are interested in this study's findings but don't want to read the full academic paper, you might be interested in the related press release on the University of Nevada, Reno web site, Books in the home as important as parents' education level.)

This twenty year comparative study of course looked at 'old-fashioned' books -- i.e. the kind made of paper and which often are grouped together on shelves. As the world moves slowly but steadily toward increasing consumption of materials in digital formats, would we expect such findings to still hold? Might there be a difference in the potential impact of the type of 'scholarly culture' identified in this thought-provoking paper when we talk about e-books? These will no doubt be interesting questions to explore going forward.

(For what it's worth: I do wonder about the potential signalling effect of having lots of books visible on shelves in the home, and of children seeing their parents read books regularly -- and how this might change with the widespread use and availability of e-books. In reading cultures where the consumption of digital materials is predominant and where the 'shelves' are virtual, some of the most obvious superficial markers of a 'scholarly culture' within the home -- shelves full of books -- are absent. If these shelves disappear, and if it is difficult for children to tell whether their parents are reading a book, or an email, or the cricket scores, or playing a game, on their electronic media consumption device, would the same effects still be observable?)

The small World Bank e-book pilot (which will potentially be replicated in countries from Tanzania to the Philippines) is far from the only project exploring the potential for e-reading in Africa. The Yoza (m4lit) initiative in South Africa, for example, is making an important contribution to our understanding of the potential for 'reading cultures' to be supported and enabled through the use of digital texts on mobile phones. Another group exploring the potential for more 'traditional' e-readers (if one can even make such a statement about such a new class of devices) in Africa is the Worldreader NGO, which was founded by a former executive who helped oversee Amazon's very successful foray into e-books (the results of which today are most associated with its Kindle e-reading software and device). Worldreader was the recent focus at one of USAID's excellent learning events exploring issues related to the use of mobile devices in education sponsored by the development agency's 'Mobiles for Education for Development' (m4Ed4Dev) initiative (in which the World Bank also participates).

The working hypotheses behind the work of Worldreader are that:

E-readers will increase access to books due to lower distribution costs and immediate visibility of millions of books available online.

This will result in a larger number and greater variety of books read, and increased excitement and exchange of ideas around these books.

The result will be a higher value placed on reading within the classroom, family, and community.

The results will be specific and measurable, and will, in the long term, increase literacy and opportunity for those involved.

As a way to begin to test such hypotheses, the group is engaging in some small scale pilots, including a year-long pilot study in Ghana (a popular place for pilot projects). A recent progress report from the iRead trial [pdf] available on the Worldreader web site -- and a companion report [pdf] detailing the intervention in the OrphanAid Africa School in Ayenyah -- make for very interesting reading. A final report is expected in October 2011; you may wish to monitor the well-maintained Worldreader blog to track progress.

(embedded video courtesy of YouTube)

It is perhaps worth noting that e-books are attractive to many ministries of education in developing countries -- and schools and teachers and parents -- in ways that laptops, for example, are not. Laptops are attractive too, of course (!), but in many quarters, it is thought that e-books are a better fit with the current technical infrastructure (that, for example, ensures that people are able to charge their mobile phones) and are less 'distracting' than computers and phones (which, after all, allow students to play games, text each other, and offer access to the myriad 'distractions' of the Internet). My point here isn't to start a debate about the potential merits of various devices or educational philosophies, but rather simply to observe that, for certain groups of education policymakers (and not a few of their counterparts in international development agencies), the use of e-book readers often fits rather comfortably within their existing view of educational delivery ("in the end it's just a book, and we understand books", an African education official remarked once to me) in ways that potentially 'disruptive' and 'connected' technologies like laptops and phones do not.

Many people (rightly) cite the falling costs of e-book readers as a reason to be optimistic about the potential for the widespread adoption of e-readers over time in developing countries in Africa and Asia. This is certainly a trend that is very exciting. That said, I have been involved in more than a few presentations where the projected costs for physical textbooks and the costs for e-readers are graphed over time. With the costs for e-readers projected to continue to fall, at some stage a point of intersection is achieved. It is at this juncture, advocates say, that the costs for using e-readers will help ministries of education achieve significant cost savings. This is potentially true ... assuming a whole set of other things are in place that ensure that locally relevant content is available at affordable prices to put on the (increasingly low cost) devices. While end user device costs are important, they are only one piece of the puzzle.

Even if the news that emerges from the pilots sponsored by the World Bank, Worldreader, USAID and other groups is encouraging, much work will have to be done if the necessary 'ecosystems' are to be in place to ensure that there are (to cite just a few examples) relevant, inexpensive digital texts in local languages and efficient distribution networks for related hardware and digital content -- to say nothing of vibrant markets in which firms, civil society organizations, education institutions and social entrepreneurs can participate to ensure that local needs and demands for reading materials are met. As with any potentially disruptive innovation, there are also entrenched interests that may, um, 'complicate' things. Traditional publishers, for example -- including, in some places, affiliated arms of ministries of education themselves -- are not disinterested actors here.

Questions about whether -- and how -- e-books can help bridge achievement gaps are certainly not limited to Ghana, Nigeria or South Africa. But it may be from such places that some of the most interesting answers emerge.

Also of potential interest:

For another take on Worldreader, see this article in the Stanford Social Innovation Review

Many discussions of the potential for digital textbooks on e-readers draw inspiration from the movement to create 'open textbooks'. Here's a useful review [pdf] of what's happening in that area.

: The public domain image of some young readers and their teacher in Djibouti used at the top of this blog post ("a, b, c, d, ... E?!") comes via Wikimedia Commons. The embedded video of the Worldreader pilot in Ghana comes via YouTube.

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a, b, c, d, ... E?! Back in 2008, a World Bank study on Textbooks and School Library Provision in Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa [pdf] noted that "There is little or no evidence in any of the 19 countries reviewed of any systematic approach to, or consideration of, the full range of secondary textbook cost reduction strategies", adding that "Only 1 out of 19 countries studied (Botswana) had adequate textbook provision at close to a 1:1 ratio for all subjects and all grades."

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The presence of an E-reader is not something that will make the reader stupid but it is very helpful for a reader to bring reading material and even looking for reading material is very easy. Supported by technological advances in the development of E-readers is very beneficial for the author where the author publishes his work or a synopsis of his book so that it helps to promote and sell books much easier. The things that I really like about E-readers are that this technology is like an online library as well as file storage where we can learn to store material or read material both can be done together. So reading a book is no longer boring when we can read wherever and whenever it is. Besides that, the E-reader of the revolution in my opinion is indeed not a fooling thing. Thank you

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The german genius

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The german genius

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An outstanding new anthology of one of history's greatest orators Here, at last, is a comprehensive anthology presenting the voice of one of history's greatest orators, Fidel Castro. Love him or hate him, there is no denying he is a "master of the spoken word," as Gabriel García Márquez has described him.

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The Germain genius
Name Dodi hartono
Nim E1041181059
I think peter watson is good idea for knowledge with watson thought many change to happend good from live and culture. A compilation of essential german contributions to phylosophy,theologi,mathematics,natural and social science.

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An outstanding new anthology of one of history's greatest orators Here, at last, is a comprehensive anthology presenting the voice of one of history's greatest orators, Fidel Castro. Love him or hate him, there is no denying he is a "master of the spoken word," as Gabriel García Márquez has described him.

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Japan is one of the developed countries in the Asian continent, Japanese people are very fond of reading comics or manga, but Japanese citizens prefer to read comics conventionally. Japan lags far behind from America and Europe about the progress of digital e-readers because Japanese people prefer to read conventionally. But all that changed after the company from Japan named Rakuten. Rakuten is a Japanese company that introduced digital e-readers to Japanese society. Rakuten also wants to defeat Amazon in the digital market competition in the world. To defeat the Amazon company in the digital market competition. Rakuten has devised a strategy to defeat Amazon, Rakuten is working with Kobo, a marketing e-book from Canada that has been acquired by Rakuten. It quickly became the best-selling product in the company's online store after pre-order sales were announced at the beginning of the month.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/18/japan-rakuten-e-reader-evolution

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TITI FAJRIATI
( E1041181076 )

REVOLUTION ( E- READER) IN AMERICA

The number of users of e-books in America is increasing, even the penetration of users of e-book readers is well received and can even cause many print media and book publishers to go out of business. According to a report published by the Pew Internet & American Life Project, in early 2014 there were still seven out of ten people in America reading printed books.

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Dengan perkembangan inovasi buku elektronik (e-book) dalam bentuk komputer tablet seperti Apple iPad dan Amazon Kindle, ternyata teknologi terkini belum mampu menggantikan kepopuleran buku cetak. Menurut sebuah laporan yang dipublikasikan oleh Pew Internet & American Life Project, awal tahun 2014 ini masih ada tujuh dari sepuluh orang di Amerika membaca buku cetak. Walaupun persentase orang Amerika yang membaca buku cetak sempat merosot ke 65 persen pada 2012, ternyata awal tahun 2014 kembali naik 4 poin, menjadi 69 persen. Laporan Pew berdasarkan sebuah survei lewat telepon atas 1.005 orang dewasa di Amerika yang dilakukan pada tanggal 2 sampai 5 Januari 2014.

Proporsi orang Amerika yang membaca buku melalui e-book mengalami pertumbuhan dari tahun ke tahun. Hanya 17 persen orang Amerika memakai e-book pada tahun 2011, kemudian meningkat menjadi 23 persen pada tahun 2012. Awal tahun 2014 ini, proporsi orang Amerika menggunakan e-book untuk membaca sudah mencapai 28 persen.

Walaupun bermunculan teknologi games yang dapat dimainkan dengan ponsel pintar dan tablet, dimana menyita sebagian waktu orang Amerika, untungnya minat untuk membaca buku di Amerika masih stabil. Ada 79 persen orang Amerika membaca setidaknya satu buku pada tahun 2011, kemudian merosot menjadi 74 persen pada tahun 2012. Sedangkan awal tahun 2014 ini, proporsi orang Amerika yang membaca minimal satu buku mencapai 76 persen.

(Image: middle left, Pew Internet & American Life Project page 1, January 2014)

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Sebagian besar orang Amerika masih membaca buku cetak sedangkan jumlah pemakai buku elektronik (e-book) semakin naik

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Dengan perkembangan inovasi buku elektronik (e-book) dalam bentuk komputer tablet seperti Apple iPad dan Amazon Kindle, ternyata teknologi terkini belum mampu menggantikan kepopuleran buku cetak. Menurut sebuah laporan yang dipublikasikan oleh Pew Internet & American Life Project, awal tahun 2014 ini masih ada tujuh dari sepuluh orang di Amerika membaca buku cetak.

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Jeny Fardela Verthika
https://mbherald.com/e-reader-revolution/
Imagine that you’re nearly finished packing for a well-earned rest at the lake and it strikes you to bring a book along. Should you bring something light and fun, or deeply spiritual? Unable to anticipate what you’ll be in the mood for, you grab a half dozen books, most of which go unread, and every title weighs you down a little bit more.

Amazon, Sony, and other companies are trying to solve that problem with electronic books (e-readers). These devices are as small and light as one book, yet can hold an entire library. Most e-readers use a special black and white display that’s much easier on the eyes than a computer screen. It’s called e-ink and looks like a high-resolution Etch A Sketch.

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Nama : abas
Nim     : E1041181040
Prodi   : Sosiologi
The presence of an E-reader is not something that will make the reader stupid but it is very helpful for a reader to bring reading material and even looking for reading material is very easy. Supported by technological advances in the development of E-readers is very beneficial for the author where the author publishes his work or a synopsis of his book so that it helps to promote and sell books much easier. The things that I really like about E-readers are that this technology is like an online library as well as file storage where we can learn to store material or read material both can be done together. So reading a book is no longer boring when we can read wherever and whenever it is. Besides that, the E-reader of the revolution in my opinion is indeed not a fooling thing. Thank you

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Ebooks are not 'stupid' - they're a revolution

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The head of publisher Hachette has claimed ebooks are a failure - but as an author and a reader, they've completely changed my life

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An outstanding new anthology of one of history's greatest orators Here, at last, is a comprehensive anthology presenting the voice of one of history's greatest orators, Fidel Castro. Love him or hate him, there is no denying he is a "master of the spoken word," as Gabriel García Márquez has described him.

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Nur Yahya

Not-eReader: Monitor Mobile Phones - First E-ink Phones
Tablet E-ink 7.8 "New Revolutionary. Protect your eyes from LCD. More interesting than eReaderOverview
Mobile phones are office tools and learning that we cannot leave now, but make our eyes tired.  Why can't we design cellphone monitors with E-ink screens?  As the inventor of the E-ink PC monitor, we want this to be true.  That is "No-eReader"
90 percent of people experience eye discomfort when staring at an LCD / OLED screen for more than 3 hours.  Modern life has many people who suffer from myopia (nearsightedness), dry eyes, and damage to the retina.
E-ink is the best light reflection display technology in the world.  It is displayed like a sheet of paper instead of emitting a loud backlight.  You can use it for very long periods of time without eye pain, fatigue, headaches, and other problems.

https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/not-ereader-first-e-ink-mobile-phone-monitor#/

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THAILAND REVOLUTION 1932 AND THE IMPACT

In my opinion this is a situation that cannot continue. On the one hand, the government has lost control in the streets, and has lost their courage. On the other hand, the red-shirt leaders (anti-government coalition) were unable to gather the courage to call for a general strike and move to seize power.The lack of firm initiative from protest leaders has enabled Abhisit to regain his courage. In the end, the government, pressured by the reactionaries, decided to carry out an offensive.Abhisit revealed his decision to end the protest and warned that sacrifices "must be accepted". This means that the green light has been given to the armed forces to crush the demonstrators - no matter the casualties. The army has surrounded the protest site. The demonstrators were asked to leave, with priority given to women, children and parents. Those who live face an uncertain fate.The situation faced by the demonstrators was very difficult. Food and water supplies were decreasing, and outside aid demonstrators were prevented from entering the protest site. But the mass of the people had one weapon that was far more serious: their willingness to die. This hard determination gave fear to the subordinate army and made them doubt.

http://deviciptyasari.blogspot.com/2014/05/revolusi-thailand-1932-dan-dampaknya.html?m=1

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Bilal Hasyidin
(E1041181077)

Revolusi Industri 5.0 ala Jepang: Human-Centered SocietySociety

We have just heard the concept of 4.0 industrial revolution by utilizing data, blockchain technology, and artificial intelligence, Japan has been present with the concept of Society 5.0. The industrial revolution with this new concept is considered to replace the previous 4 versions which only focus on the production of goods or services.Industrial Patternthis era occurred in ancient times where technology and civilization were still very minimal. Therefore, almost all residents in this era live by hunting and make use of what they find. In the language of history, we are more familiar with this civilization with the term food gathering.Industrial RevolutionAlong with the increase of human knowledge, the way to get food has changed, from what was previously collected, now it has turned into food production (agriculture). This is the first industrial revolution that took place especially in the agrarian sector.Industrial RevolutionActually, it was during this era that the industrial revolution was first popularized. Starting from England, changes in the pattern of work from those who used human power switched to using machines.Industrial RevolutionYou could say, this is the era that we are entering now, where the joints of human life are dominated by advances in information technology. Internet, data, and artificial intelligence are a series of technologies that support this revolution.Revolution of CivilizationRapid technological developments, including the existence of human roles replaced by the presence of intelligent robots, are considered to be able to degrade the role of humans. This is the background of the birth of the 5.0 Society which was introduced at the Office of the Prime Minister of Japan on Monday, January 21, 2019. Through Society 5.0, artificial intelligence will transform big data in all walks of life and the Internet of Things will become a new wisdom, which will be dedicated to enhancing human capabilities to open opportunities for humanity.So with this transformation it will help people to live more meaningful lives.

https://karinov.co.id/revolusi-industri-5-jepang/

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The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 1700s, manufacturing was often done in people’s homes, using hand tools or basic machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking. While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes.
Before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines.
The textile industry, in particular, was transformed by industrialization. Before mechanization and factories, textiles were made mainly in people’s homes (giving rise to the term cottage industry), with merchants often providing the raw materials and basic equipment, and then picking up the finished product. Workers set their own schedules under this system, which proved difficult for merchants to regulate and resulted in numerous inefficiencies. In the 1700s, a series of innovations led to ever-increasing productivity, while requiring less human energy.
For example, around 1764, Englishman James Hargreaves (1722-1778) invented the spinning jenny (“jenny” was an early abbreviation of the word “engine”), a machine that enabled an individual to produce multiple spools of threads simultaneously. By the time of Hargreaves’ death, there were over 20,000 spinning jennys in use across Britain. The spinning jenny was improved upon by British inventor Samuel Compton’s (1753-1827) spinning mule, as well as later machines. Another key innovation in textiles, the power loom, which mechanized the process of weaving cloth, was developed in the 1780s by English inventor Edmund Cartwright (1743-1823).

Developments in the iron industry also played a central role in the Industrial Revolution. In the early 18th century, Englishman Abraham Darby (1678-1717) discovered a cheaper, easier method to produce cast iron, using a coke-fueled (as opposed to charcoal-fired) furnace. In the 1850s, British engineer Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) developed the first inexpensive process for mass-producing steel. Both iron and steel became essential materials, used to make everything from appliances, tools and machines, to ships, buildings and infrastructure.

The steam engine was also integral to industrialization. In 1712, Englishman Thomas Newcomen (1664-1729) developed the first practical steam engine (which was used primarily to pump water out of mines). By the 1770s, Scottish inventor James Watt (1736-1819) had improved on Newcomen’s work, and the steam engine went on to power machinery, locomotives and ships during the Industrial Revolution

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/industrial-revolution/industrial-revolution&ved=2ahUKEwi0iquKoYziAhVumK0KHZ2dCrMQFjABegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw2friaouNWQMPpuUdz5Ew3f&ampcf=1

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http://www.hariansejarah.id/2017/01/revolusi-perancis-1789-1799.html?m=1

The French Revolution (1789-1799) was a time when political and social upheaval took place in France which had an impact on changes in the social and political structure of France. Absolute Monarchy which had stood for hundreds of years had run aground by the movement of the people in just three years. Various social stratifications such as feudalism, aristocracy, and monarchy were carried out by the left wing radical group, by times on the street, and by rural peasant communities which established Paris. The social and political conditions before the French Revolution were marked by absolute power held by the King in this era Louis XIV. Louis upheld his authority, and said that "La Etat C'est Moi! ´ (the country is me). The power of the king was not limited by the law by the legislature or council since the time of Louis XIV. The existing legislative body, Etats Generaux, has been disabled. King Louis XIV and his empress, Marie Antoinette carried out a waste of royal finance in the midst of the economic crisis that had engulfed France as a result of funding the Seven Years' War against Britain and helping the American Revolution. The French Revolution brought King Louis XIV on January 17, 1793, charged with the death penalty. King Louis also faced execution on January 21, 1793 by beheading the guillotine. The execution caused war with other European countries.
The special cause of the French Revolution was the emergence of people's hatred of the royal family which was considered the main cause of the destruction of the French economy
One of the laws that applies in history is causality (causal relationship) of continuity between one event and another. Similarly, the French revolution itself erupted because of several factors as follows:
The emergence of thought ideas about freedom and democracy by Voltaire (1694-1778) was a fighter of French humanism who fought for various rights of freedom for the hugenots (French Protestants). He also condemned the hypocrisy of church leaders who carried out repression against the people of Perancins. He opposed many of the religious dogmas
Montesquieu (1689-1755) Monstesquieu's thoughts on the constitutional system (Trias Politica) in his book L'Esprit des Lois which was translated in English as The Spirit of Law. In it he proposed his constitutional monarchy government system with the existence of: Separation of state institutions (legislative, judicial and executive), division of power, and balance of power including the three institutions

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INDONESIAN NATIONAL REVOLUTION
Indonesian war of independence was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal Social Revolution during postward and postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesis's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands recognition of indonesia's independence at the end of 1949.

The four-year struggle involved sporadic but bloody armed conflict, internal Indonesian political and communal upheavals, and two major international diplomatic interventions. Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces of the world War II allies) were able to control the major towns, cities and industrial assets in Republican heartlands on Java and Sumatra but could not control the countryside. By 1949, international pressure on the Netherlands and the partial military Stalemate became such that it recognised Indonesian independence.

The revolution marked the end of the colonial administration of the dutch East Indies, except for  Netherland New Guinea . It also significantly changed ethnic castes as well as reducing the power of many of the local rulers . It did not significantly improve the economic or political fortune of the majority of the population, although a few Indonesians were able to gain a larger role in commerce.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution

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No power or running water - but digital books abound
Children are the first to see everything in cassava fields to make them: reading electronics, Wi-Fi, smartphones and many digital books, ranging from Dickens to Dante and Dostoevsky. Called Come and Play. His English is getting better. The previous generation was sick because of a lack of chronic physical books, but John had more than 150 digital titles to choose from.
One of Worldreader's founders, Colin McElwee, said that of course there are obstacles in the operation - the lack of availability of books in local languages ​​is one of them, such as uneven connectivity in several places.
But since Worldreader was launched six years ago. This article was changed on August 3, 2016 because World Reader has 39,000 titles, not 5,000 as the previous version said. The name of the website has also been fixed.
https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/02/e-reader-revolution-rwandans-switching-on-to-books

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Ebooks are not 'stupid' - they are a revolution
Chief publisher Hachette claims ebooks are a failure - but as a writer and reader, they really changed my life
Erin Kelly "The way electronic readers improve accessibility to books is not an improvement, it is a gift," said Erin Kelly Photo: Amazon
'A stupid ebook,' said the head of one of the largest publishers in the world.
Lyra's Oxford is as attractive as e-ink like when it is tied and typed in carbon black.
the reader's mind. And the Whispersync facility from the Kindle allows readers to smoothly alternate between reading books and listening to them
And then there is the simplest improvement, most important of all: in any e-reader, you can enlarge the text. That in itself is a calm revolution. Ebooks have given them access to the pleasure they think has been lost along with the best from their view. Finally, Nourry claims there is no digital experience.

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Ebooks are not 'stupid' - they're a revolution

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The head of publisher Hachette has claimed ebooks are a failure - but as an author and a reader, they've completely changed my life

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Why Japanese readers don't like e-book

E-book enthusiasts are still a bit in Japan. For the  Japanese is too difficult to accept the existence of e-book. Although they already have fastest internet connection in the world, they prefer books in physical form.  Japan has also been slow in getting the machinery of Japanese e-books whirring. In addition, they argue that the lack of content for e-books is also their reason for choosing to use books in physical form. There are just 40.000 titles available in most digital bookstores. Only 8% of Japanese readers have downloaded and paid for an e-books compared with 20% in the U.S. So, to attract Japanese readers to read using e-book technology is to add book content and add the facilities needed by readers.

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Japan has some of the fastest internet connections in the world, but physical media such as books and DVDs still remain popular.

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The kindle 2 hit the market in februari of 2009 for fairy expensive price point of $359 dollars. It was the first e-Reader to have the text-to speech option to read the text aloud. Amazon decided to forgo the inclusion of the SD card, because it kept princes down in this era.
To promote the new kindle, author stephen king made UR, his then. New novella, avilable exclusively through the kindle store. On october 22,2009, amazon stopped selling the original kindle 2 in favor of the intetnational version it had introduced earlier in the month. A few short mont later in october 2009, amazon finally brought more carries innvoved and issued an international edition. It was able to download eBooks via 3G internet acces in 100 different countries.

https://goodereader.com/blog/electronic-readers/the-evolution-of-the-kindle-e-reader-in-pictures

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Throughout the 1900s, David Risher helped in making high-tech history. As an early executive at Microsoft. Then Risher ran the booming Amazone retail business and watched the company and took his first steps to the world of free digital readers to children in Africa. With worldreader organization to present 1 million digital devices. Worldreader brings the revolution of eBooks to Africa so that in the short term that is providing 1 million electronic books for children in a country mostly in Ghana, Uganda and Kenya. Worldreader also donates special software so that every week the e-book can be sent wirelessly via cellular to children's devices. Risher hopes that government programs will eventually occur and Kindle offers the best connectivity options outside the US. "I think 20 years from now we have to live in a world where every child must have the book that he wants to improve."

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In many ways, Suhum primary school is a typical Ghanaian school. As the sun rises over the lush green hills of Ghana's eastern region, dozens of children wearing yellow and brown uniforms line up in the dusty school yard, their voices becoming a deafening roar as they perform marching drills into their classroom.

Like many schools in Ghana, Suhum has struggled with a chronic lack of textbooks and poor literacy among students. But now, beside the knobbly tree trunks and in the densely packed classrooms , something unusual is happening. Children are sitting down quietly, reading the books of their choice.

Jessie, eight, sits beside a large black Polytank, which provides water when the taps run dry. She is reading Looking at the Weather, a story about children playing and helping their parents with household chores when they notice the skies darken and a storm approaching over the savannah.

The Kindle gives Jessie access to 140 titles, including textbooks, but mostly stories. Looking at the Weather is her favourite. "I really like this story," Jessie says. "The reader makes things better. It helps me to read and spell.

The Kindles at Jessie's school have been distributed as part of the iRead 2 programme by Worldreader, a charity conceived by a former Amazon executive and book enthusiast David Risher who, during a volunteer trip at an orphanage in Ecuador, was disturbed to find the library locked and abandoned.

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Kindles makes up for lack of books in Ghana's reading revolution

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Guardian Christmas appeal: school turns to technology to tackle poor literacy among students - and achieves remarkable results

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Jessy Saputri

While the inventor of the first E-Book seems to be up for debate, what is unquestionable is that electronic books and readers have revolutionized reading and learning forever. The most widely considered first e-book is credited to Michael S. Hart, who photocopied the Declaration of Independence into computer plain text available for download in 1971.

Since then, the e-book business has boomed, along with compatible devices like Kindles, Nooks, and iPads. They tend to be more portable, readable, and have longer-lasting batteries, ironically due to their limited capabilities. Many e-readers also utilize ‘E-Ink.’ E-ink uses actual microcapsules of alternately charged black and white ink, causing the screen to read more like a physical book and minimizing glare while simultaneously utilizing less energy than LCD screens.

Instead, readers of books have been found combining the two formats and more carefully selecting which physical books can take real estate on their shelves. E-readers have also had many positive impacts on students around the world.

https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/daily-bite/e-reading-revolution

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The education system in Indonesia is still fairly poor, it does not mean bad, but it is urgent and mandatory for the education revolution in our beloved country. Why? Because we have to follow the times, not even stagnation. Technology is developing very rapidly, schools in Indonesia must start innovating a lot. Maybe we can study or imitate the education system in other countries, say Singapore, and Japan.One of the things that must be changed in the education system in Indonesia is the role between students and teachers.It might sound difficult if students are required to do something without learning it first. But this trains students to think critically.the most important thing in revolutionizing education we must prioritize the time span for studying, researching and analyzing new education systems.it should not be rushed, and even after a long process, there must be massive and mature socialization, such as the announcement of changes in the education system, carried out in stages in several regions / cities, conducting training / training for all HR teachers and school staff, socializing students and parents, etc. Do not just focus on urban areas, see also in some underdeveloped areas where there are still many schools that are damaged, some even go unworthy to be used as a school even to the point where school cases have collapsed in our beloved country.

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The education system in Indonesia is still fairly poor, it does not mean bad, but it is urgent and mandatory for the education revolution in our beloved country. Why? Because we have to follow the times, not even stagnation. Technology is developing very rapidly, schools in Indonesia must start innovating a lot. Maybe we can study or imitate the education system in other countries, say Singapore, and Japan.One of the things that must be changed in the education system in Indonesia is the role between students and teachers.It might sound difficult if students are required to do something without learning it first. But this trains students to think critically.the most important thing in revolutionizing education we must prioritize the time span for studying, researching and analyzing new education systems.it should not be rushed, and even after a long process, there must be massive and mature socialization, such as the announcement of changes in the education system, carried out in stages in several regions / cities, conducting training / training for all HR teachers and school staff, socializing students and parents, etc. Do not just focus on urban areas, see also in some underdeveloped areas where there are still many schools that are damaged, some even go unworthy to be used as a school even to the point where school cases have collapsed in our beloved country.

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https://www.kompasiana.com/ray_indra/58de10e034977353149dc02f/revolusi-pendidikan-di-indonesia-dari-metode-belajar-hingga-mata-pelajarannya

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Karmilawati
The evolution of the kobo e reader -in pictures
Kobo has been making e-readers since 2010 and diversified into tablets in 2011.
The kobo e-reader
First available in canada and Us. What is quite impressive is that at that time indigo chapters were the initial investors of kobo to contribute almost 150 million dolars to help them develop e-readers and online bookstores.
Kobo wifi
The edition of kobo wifi was released on october 15, 2010 featuring a slightly improved processor and support for cards up to SD 32 GB. E reader is visually a copy og their first e reader.
Touch of kobo
The kobo touch wa released on july 2011 and was the first time a touch screen was used in the kobo reader.
Kobo Glo
Is very popular reader.
Mini kobo
Launched on the same day as kobo Glo.
Kobo aura
Referred to as a limited edition.

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Kobo has been making e-readers since 2010 and diversified into tablets in 2011. Their earliest e-ink devices were fairly basic and through dedication to reading their latest models are very solid. Today, we look at the evolution of the Kobo brand and how their e-Readers have changed overtime.

The first Kobo e-Reader became available in Canada and the US on May 1 2010. It featured a 6 inch with a resolution of 600 x 800 pixels. This translates to a display pixel density of 170 (dpi), which is quite impressive at the time. It did not have WIFI or a built in store. Customers were encouraged to load in their own books manually, which hampered its ability to compete against Amazon. The pricing strategy of the original Kobo, at USD$ 149, was to rival the Amazon Kindle, which was USD$ 110 more expensive. However, in June 2010, just after the Kobo was released, Amazon dropped the price of the Kindle to USD$189.

Chapters Indigo was an early investor of Kobo, contributing close to $150 million to assist them in developing e-readers and an online bookstore.

The Kobo WIFI edition was released on October 15th 2010. This was only a few months after the original Kobo e-Reader launched and the company had to bow to customer demands to buy eBooks right on the device. It featured a slightly improved processor and support for a 32 GB SD Card. This marked the first time Kobo experimented with different colors, offering a white, black and lilac version with a quilted cover on the back.

The e-reader visually was a carbon copy of their first e-reader. It had a rather flimsy D-Pad that was used to navigate settings menus. It also had physical buttons all over the unit. The addition of wireless internet access allowed people to buy books from Kobo directly, which simplified the process.

When I reviewed this unit the week it came out I summarized "The one drawback of this device, is that it feels sluggish and unresponsive when you are navigating all of the menus and eBook store. You might click down, and it won't refresh for over 8 seconds. This makes it so you end up double clicking, then your e-reader will jump menu to menu or screen to screen. This is one of the most frustrating aspects of both iterations of the Kobo reader. For us, its a deal breaker."

The Kobo Touch was released in June 2011 and was the first time a touchscreen was employed in a Kobo e-reader. The Touch had a resolution of 800×600, which was the exact same as prior models. When it came to interacting with the screen, things were slightly more robust with the inclusion of an e Ink Pearl display.

Aside from the touchscreen which was the major selling point of the Touch, a number of software improvements were quite evident. Kobo really marketed their new social media platform called Reading life. It allowed you to share book passages via Twitter and Facebook. It also gives you statistics of your reading patterns, how much you read, how often, and how many books you have read. There was also a reward system where you earned badges and achievements for reading.

When the Touch first came out my summary of the hardware review stated "Kobo hit a homerun with the Kobo Touch due to the quality build design and the robust functionality! I had the original Kobo e-Reader and the Kobo Wireless. This model seriously puts those two to shame! The touchscreen display should be easier for your average user to wrap their heads around, since almost all hand held mobile devices are touch screen. I found the older Kobo models to have flimsy design and the DPAD was awful, not to mention you would hit a key and 12 seconds later the command would go through. I hardly experienced ANY LAG at all when using this e-reader extensively.

The Kobo GLO was released in September of 2012. This was the first e-reader that really really hit the mainstream. It surpassed their prior models in responsiveness and design. The big selling point was the illuminated display screen, which borrowed a page of the Nook Simple Touch with Glowlight and the Kindle Paperwhite.

The Kobo Glo eliminated all physical buttons and relied in a capacitive touchscreen with a resolution of 1024 x 758.. This marked the first major advancement in resolution, which really made text and PDF files look amazing. It was hampered a bit by the same processor used on the Kobo Touch, a year prior. Kobo also amped up the processor, which raised it to 1 GHZ, over the 800 MHZ of the Touch model.

When this first came out, my review summarized "This e-reader feels like a modern device and has solid hardware. The back of the unit has a different quilted pattern than previous models. Advanced users may dig the fact that there is a ton of control over your reading experience and it allows you to load in your own fonts. The Kobo development team is also fairly active on the MobileRead forums and often directly answers questions and employs many people in testing out beta firmware builds. They also use this fiendishly obsessed e-Reader community to farm ideas on future features they might employ in automatic firmware updates."

The Kobo Mini was originally launched the exact same day as the Kobo Glo at the first major unveiling Kobo produced in Toronto. In 2012 Kobo really stepped up their promotional and marketing campaign as the intention was to be the #2 ereader and eBook company in the world, next to Amazon.

The Mini bucked the trend of the standard six inch e-Reader and instead went with a more pocket friendly five inch model. It used e Ink Vizplex technology and had a resolution of of 800×600 pixels. Underneath the hood was a 800 MHZ processor, which was the exact same as the Kobo Touch employed years prior.

The intention behind the Mini was to offer a cheap and cheerful device at $99 and was discounted heavily during its lifecycle to $29.99. When the e-reader first came out I mentioned "It will be interesting to see how the market responds to a strongly marketed five inch ereader. For the last four years all of the major players have released six inch or larger e-readers. Other companies have released smaller models, but never saw any traction because of poor retail distribution channels and brand awareness. The Kobo Mini is one of the best bangs for your buck if you are on a budget and still want a fully featured e-reader. The company does a great job in appealing to international customers, something the other major players don't do very well. Most lock you into specific regional variants of their stores and exclude anyone living outside a specific geographical region."

The Kobo Aura HD was billed as a limited edition e-reader that was released April 25th 2013. It featured a 6.8 inch screen with a tremendous resolution of 1440×1080 with 265 ppi. The front-lite technology also received an elevated boost and put Kobo on par with Kindle in terms of screen technology.

The Aura HD was a runaway success and quickly accounted for 25% of Kobos international hardware sales. Readers loved the fact they had almost an extra inch to read their eBooks, magazines, newspapers or PDF content.

One of the best aspects of the Aura HD was the responsive main menu. The new screen has three main segments that displays icons for everything you have done in the last 12 processes. This gives you shortcuts to your most commonly accessed features, such as the web-browser, custom shelves, Reading Life, and ebooks. The Sync feature to fetch new content is now on the main screen, too, which is the only element that remains persistent. I actually like the more effective use of screen real estate. Rather than browsing four different sub-menus to access the internet browser, it will appear on your main screen if you have recently used it.

When this first came out, I mentioned during my review "When it comes to high resolution displays, customers often gravitate towards full color tablets instead of e-readers. This has been the growing trend in the last few years, and it's completely amazing to see a brand stay loyal and committed to its e-ink line of devices. Simply put, the Kobo Aura HD has the highest resolution out of any six or seven inch tablet or e-reader in the world. If images and clarity of text matter to you, this is a must purchase."

The AURA HD is still currently the flagship e-reader from Kobo and is currently my favorite dedicated e-reader on the market. It taps into an ecosystem of over 3 million eBooks and is relevant in every major country in the world. Simply put, this was the best, most complete product Kobo produced in their entire company history.

In September 2013 Kobo released a six inch iteration of the Kobo Aura. It featured a 6-inch e-ink ClarityScreen display with 1014×758 resolution, 16 level grey scale and a built-in LED front-light. It has 4 GB of storage, weighs 6.1 ounces, has 2 months of battery life, a Freescale i.MX507 1 GHz processor, and a microSD expansion slot.

Kobo employed a new PDF rendering engine in the Aura HD and the Aura. It allowed readers to have better navigation on the document by giving a small preview window to help keep you oriented.

When the Kobo Aura was released I stated "The Aura is amazing, one of the best e-readers ever released. One of the best features is the capacitive multi-touch display and the ability to really make reading shine. The screen is flush with the bezel and not sunken like every other e-reader currently on the market. The internet and PDF experience is the best you will get on a six inch device, trouncing Sony."

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The Evolution of the Kobo eReader - In Pictures

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Kobo has been making e-readers since 2010 and diversified into tablets in 2011. Their earliest e-ink devices were fairly basic and through dedication to reading their latest models are very solid. Today, we look at the evolution of the Kobo brand and how their e-Readers have changed overtime.

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Hana Muafiroh- E-reader revolution
Japan finally embraces e reader revolution

Japan is a country with people who love to read, but there are still many readers who use conventional reading, and have not switched to digital books. Japan is a country left behind using digital books compared to the US and Europe. Until finally japan published digital books on thursday by a large company in japan. The company named is Rakuten. Rakuten is expected to be able to complete with other large companies such as Sony and Amazone. Sales of merchants jumped high and were sold in online stores after pre order was announced at the beginning of the month of publication. Thanks to the existance of the company, the japanese people switched from book to conventional to digital books.

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Japan finally embraces e-reader revolution

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Japan's leading online retailer Rakuten is hoping to see off Amazon's Kindle and corner the world's second-largest publishing market

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Fitri
Conclusion
It can be bad can be good.
Bad:
1. Many spread of information between technology derices is not fitered anymore. As a result, many teens are accessing 🤬 and even addicted to access that bad content.
2. The addiction to the internet and games, makes the teens forget that they are social creatures who must interact with others.this is a contrary ideology for us, the people of Indonesia we should create a society that is tolerant and caring with each other.
Good:
1. Technology is a device that is able to increase the speed and effectiveness of information flow. We are able to send message using email and sms within a few seconds.
2. Technology is a very good business media campaign. We just need to utilize their mobile phones to sell and make mony.

Http://www.belajarbahasainggrisku.id/2015/06/contoh-artikel-bahasa-inggris-tentang-pendidikan-remaja-dan-artinya.html.

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it turns out that in this e-book there are many books in digital form. E-books can also be read with special devices that have a controllable display, for example mobile phones. In 2000, print and e-book sales moved to the internet and used websites with e-commerce systems. With e-books users can explore titles. And here are also a number of reasons why people hate e-books because of cheaper, more convenient prices, bigger titles, easier references and readers can use and annotate pages. With the ease of using e-books the increase in readers increased from 2013 which was only 23% to 25% in 2014.

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An electronic book, also known as an e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. Although sometimes defined as "an electronic version of a printed book", some e-books exist without a printed equivalent.

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The year 1917 Russia revolution can be divided into two stages, namely the 1917 February Revolution and the October revolution 1917.

the February revolution of 1917 a.

This revolution started from Petrograd (now Leningrad) with demonstrations demanding food, followed by strikes in companies. The digerakan revolution by the Cadet, Menshewiki, and Bolshewiki is then successfully overthrew Tsar Nicholas II. The lead government controlled by the Cadet with the shape of the interim Government.

However, the Cadets were not immediately hold changes as required by the people. The House of Menshewiki under the leadership of Cadet Karensky then topple the House and holds the position of Government. The program Menshewiki is first of all the House upheld the honor of Russia back in the eyes of the world (because of the defeat-defeat Russia in war), after it recently held a change of Government in the country.

Massive attack against Germany (World War I) soon took place, but failed. This resulted in the loss of confidence of the people against the Government of Menshewiki. This opportunity is used by the Bolshewiki carefully to assemble the power to seize the Government.

b. the October revolution 1917

When the Government Menshewiki to lose confidence in the eyes of the people, the Bolshewiki soon be approaching people and promising the existence of peace and sharing of the ground. In this way the House Bolshewiki get the sympathy and support of the people. The House of Bolshewiki which was originally to have been preparing themselves by organising compulsory military service to the workers (who later became red guards) under the leadership of Trotsky, ready to seize power.

The revolution began in Petrograd again under the leadership of Lenin who called for to establish a Soviet Republic. The army and Navy in Petrograd sided with Lenin. On 25 October 1917 Menshewiki Government under Kerensky was overthrown successfully. The House of Bolshewiki finally succeeded in holding the position of the new Government in Russia

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Colleges are required to be able to print educated, qualified, skilled and dynamic human resources, and become students who are able to learn and pursue new things.

JAKARTA - The 4th Industrial Revolution has created various new innovative business models. This certainly affects all aspects of human life and determines development globally. The Director General of Learning and Student Affairs of the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (Kemenristekdikti), Intan Ahmad, said that in his scientific speech entitled "Strengthening Nation's Competitiveness through Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Welcoming the 4th Industrial Revolution" at the Pancasila University Graduation Ceremony , in Jakarta, Tuesday (3/10).

He said, in the 21st century it is now an open and integrated era that has entered the Internet of Things era, wirelessly or expanded the benefits of internet connectivity that is connected continuously automatically without knowing distance. "The world of education faces the development of new challenges known as the 4th industrial revolution," he said.

He explained the first industrial revolution (1784) the commencement of new products with the help of water and steam powered engines. The second revolution was characterized by mass production with the use of electrical energy. Like an assembly line, a conveyor system operated by Henry Ford in 1870.

Furthermore, the 3rd industrial revolution (1969) created programmable logic based on information technology, where the production process became increasingly sophisticated and automatic. Currently, he continued, the 4th industrial revolution is the era of ubiquitous, mobile supercomputing, intelligent robot, self-driving cars, neuro-technical brain enhancement. Experts, said Intan Ahmad, said that this revolution had created various new business models that were able to change old businesses.

For example, ordering a taxi, buying airplane tickets, buying products, booking a hotel room can all be done online or online through the mobile phone that we have. For that, he added, universities are required to be able to produce quality, skilled and dynamic educated human resources and become students who are able to learn and pursue new things.

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The French Revolution (French: Révolution française; 1789–1799), was a radical social period and political upheaval in France which had a lasting impact on French history, and more broadly, towards Europe as a whole. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed within three years. The French people experience epic social political transformation; feudalism, aristocracy, and absolute monarchy were torn down by leftist radical political groups, by the masses on the streets, and by rural peasant communities. [1] Old ideas related to tradition and monarchical, aristocratic, and Catholic Church hierarchies were suddenly overthrown and replaced by new principles; Liberté, égalité, fraternité (freedom, equality and brotherhood). Fear of the overthrow spread to other monarchies throughout Europe, who sought to restore the traditions of the old monarchy to prevent popular uprisings. The conflict between supporters and opponents of the Revolution continued to occur for the next two centuries.

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Revolusi Perancis (1789-1799) merupakan suatu masa dimana pergolakan politik dan sosial terjadi di Perancis yang berdampak pada perubahan struktur sosial politik Perancis. Monarki Absolut yang selama ratusan tahun tegak berdiri harus kandas oleh pergerakan rakyat hanya dalam waktu tiga tahun. Berbagai stratifikasi sosial seperti feodalisme, aristokrasi, dan monarki diruntukhlan oleh kelompok radikl sayap kiri, oleh masa-masa dijalan, dan oleh masyarakat petani di pedesaan yang melululantahkan Paris.

Kondisi Sosial politik sebelum Revolusi Perancis ditandai oleh kekuasaan absolute yang pada era ini dipegang oleh Raja Louis XIV. Louis menjunjung tinggi kekuasaannya, dan berkata bahwa "La Etat C'est Moi!´ (negara adalah saya). Kekuasaan raja tidak terbatasi oleh undang-undang oleh atau lembaha dewan legislatif sejak masa Louis XIV. Badan legislatif yang ada yaitu Etats Generaux telah dinonaktifkan.

Sifat Absolut dijalankan oleh Raja Raja Perancis ini terinspirasi oleh pemikiran niccolo machiavelli yang menulis buku yang berjudul "Il principe" (sang pangeran) yang diterjemahkan dalam bahasa Inggris dengan judul "the prince."

Raja Louis XIV dan permaisurinya, Marie Antoinette melakukan pemborosan keuangan kerajaan ditengah krisi ekonomi yang melanda Perancis yang diakibatkan membiayai Perang Tujuh Tahun melawan Inggris dan membantu Revolusi Amerika.

Revolusi Perancis mengakibarkan Raja Louis XIV pada tanggal 17 Januari 1793, dituntut hukuman mati. Raja Louis pun menghadapi eksekusi mati pada tanggal 21 Januari 1793 lewat pemenggalan kepala dengan guillotine.

Eksekusi tersebut menimbulkan peperangan dengan negara-negara Eropa lain. Kemudian pada tanggal 16 Oktober 1793, Marie Antoinette yang merupakan permaisuri Raja Louis juga dipenggal dengan guillotine.

Pembagian Golongan Masyarakat

Golongan masyarakat di Perancis sebelum Revolusi Perancis :

1. Golongan Pertama : Kaum Bangsawan (Aristokrat)

2. Golongan Kedua : Pendeta dan Biarawan (Kaum Rohaniawan)

3. Golongan Ketiga : Kaum Borjuis (Pedagang dan Pengusaha) dan Rakyat Jelata (Petani dan Buruh)

Golongan pertama dan kedua merupakan kelas elit yang mendapatkan hak-hak istimewa, seperti bebas pajak bahkan mendapat sebagian persentase pajak yang dipungut dari rakyat

Louis XVI naik takhta menjadi raja Perancis di tengah-tengah krisis keuangan; negara sudah hampir bangkrut dan pengeluaran negara melebihi pendapatan. Krisis ini terutama sekali disebabkan oleh keterlibatan Perancis dalam Perang Tujuh Tahun dan Perang Revolusi Amerika.Pada bulan Mei 1776, menteri keuangan Turgot dipecat setelah ia gagal melaksanakan reformasi keuangan.

Kehancuran perekonomian Perancis terjadi karena banya membiayai peperangan, seperti peperangan dengan Austria, Perang Tujuh Tahun melawan Inggris, termasuk peperangan yang dilakukan membantu Revolusi Amerika melawan Inggris. Peperangan peperangan tersebut banyak menguras keuangan negara, selain itu pemborosan keuangan para pejabat kerajaan juga menyebabkan perekonomian memburuk diantaranya adalah pemborosan yang dilakukan oleh istri Louis ke 16 Marie Antoinette, yang mendapat julukan "madame defisit"

Sebab Terjadinya Revolusi Prancis

Sebab khusus terjadinya Revolusi Perancis adalah muncul lah kebencian rakyat kepada keluarga kerajaan yang dianggap sebagai penyebab utama kehancuran perekonomian Perancis

Salah satu hukum yang berlaku di dalam sejarah adalah kausalitas (hubungan sebab akibat) adanya kontinuitas antara satu peristiwa dengan peristiwa lainnya. Begitu pula dengan revolusi Perancis itu sendiri yang meletus karena beberapa faktor sebagai berikut :

Munculnya pemikiran pemikiran tentang kebebasan dan demokrasi oleh Voltaire (1694-1778) merupakan pejuang humanisme Perancis yang banyak memperjuangkan hak-hak kebebasan beragam bagi kaum hugenot(Protestan Perancis). Ia juga mengutuk kemunafikan para pemuka gereja yang banyak melakukan penindasan terhadap rakyat Perancins. Ia banyak menentang sebagian besar dogma agama

Montesquieu(1689-1755) Pemikiran Monstesquieu tentang sistem ketatanegaraan (Trias Politica) dalam buku karangannya L'Esprit des Lois yang diterjemahkan dalam bahasa Inggris dengan judul The Spirit of Law. Di dalamnya ia mengajukan sistem pemerintahan monarki konstitusionalnya dengan adanya: Pemisahan lembaga kenegaraan(legislatif, yudikatif, dan eksekutif), pembagian kekuasaan, dan perimbangan kekuasaan diantaranya ketiga lembaga tersebut

Jean - Jasques Rousseau (1712 - 1778) melalui tulisannya "Du Contract Social" (1762) mengajukan teori tentang sistem pemerintahan demokrasi yang menempatkan rakyat sebagai pemenangn kedaulatan tertinggi. Pemikiran ini kemudian dinamakan sebagi teori kedaulatan rakyat, yang mencoba mengantikan Teori Kedaultan Tuhan yang dianut oleh Perancis sebelum revolusi.

Perlawanan terhadap Absolutisme Kerjaan

Lord acton mengatakan bahwa kekuasaan biasanya memiliki kecenderungan korup, sedangkan kekuasaan Tanpa Batas sudah pasti akan melakukan tindakan korupsi. Itulah yang terjadi di Prancis menjelang revolusi, Raja berserta aparaturnya sering bertindak sewenang-wenang terhadap rakyat baik dengan membebani pajak maupun dengan menghilangkan hak-hak politik rakyat seperti membungkam pemikiran-pemikiran kebebasan dan demokrasi.

Pengaruh Revolusi Amerika

Pasca Revolusi di Amerika berakhir dan Amerika Serikat muncul sebagai sebuah negara Demokrasi, yang sejalan dengan pemikiran filsuf Perancis seperti Voltaire dan Montesquieu. Jenderal Lafayette yang sebelumnya adalah pemimpin pasukan Perancis dalam Revolusi Amerika pulang kembali ke Perancis dan menyebarkan ide pembaharuan dan paham demokrasi yang dianggap jauh lebih baik dibanding sistem monarki absolut yang dijalankan oleh Perancis.

Kronologis Jalannya Revolusi Prancis

1. Sidang Etats Generaux (lembaga perwakilan)

Karena mengalami krisis keuangan maka Raja Perancis pada waktu itu, louis XVI berencana untuk memberlakukan pajak bagi kalangan bangsawan. Mereka menentang rencana tersebut dan mengusulkan pembentukan etat generaux. Pada tahun 1789 Louis XVI mulai menghidupkan kembali etat generaux yang selama ini di nonaktifkan. Lembaga ini difungsikan kembali sebagai lembaga perwakilan yang bertugas memutuskan kebijakan-kebijakan yang terkait dengan upaya penyelamatan perekonomian Perancis. Tetapi Lembaga ini kemudian dianggap oleh rakyat golongan III Tidak Efektif karena terlihat hanya sebagai badan yang memperjuangkan kepentingan golongan bangsawan dan gereja

2. Dibentuknya Assemble Nationale

Ketidakpuasan golongan III terhadap sistem pemungutan suara didalam Etats Generaux yang lebih menguntungkan Golongan I dan II menyebabkan mereka menarik diri keluar lembaga tersebut dan mendirikan lembaga perwakilan tandingan yang bernama asambel nationale. Dengan pembentukan lembaga ini pada tanggal 20 Juni 1789 maka jalan menuju revolusi semakin terbuka lebar.

Pada tanggal 14 Juli, para pemberontak mengincar sejumlah besar senjata dan amunisi yang diyakini berada di benteng dan penjara Bastille, yang juga dianggap sebagai simbol kekuasaan monarki. Setelah beberapa jam pertempuran, benteng jatuh ke tangan pemberontak pada sore harinya. Meskipun terjadi gencatan senjata untuk mencegah pembantaian massal, Gubernur Marquis Bernard de Launay dipukuli, ditusuk, dan dipenggal, kepalanya diletakkan di ujung tombak dan diarak ke sekeliling kota.

Setelah kejatuhan Bastille, kemudian rakyat membentuk pemerintahan kota yang bernama pemerintah Commune Paris.

4. Pembentukan Dewan Nasional

Dewan Nasional kemudian terbentuk dengan nama Asamblee Nationale Constituante. Perwakilan Dewan Konstituante diantaranya, Mirabeau (bangsawan), Lafayette (bangsawan), dan Sieyes (kaum agama). Asamblee Nationale Constituante kemudian menyusunan deklarasi hak asasi manusia Prancis (1789-1791).

Pada tanggal 27 Agustus 1789, Dewan Konstituante mengumumkan Hak Asasi Manusia dan Warga (Declaration des Droits de l'homme et du Citoyen) sebagai dasar dari pemerintah baru. Pada tanggal 14 juli 1790 UUD Perancis disahkan. Dengan demikian pemerintahan Perancis berubah menjadi Monarki Konstituonal yang membatasi kekuasaan Raja.

Salah satu dokumen penting yang dihasilkan pada saat terjadi Revolusi Perancis adalah

"Pernyataan Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia danWarga" Hak-hak asasi manusia yang dianggap telah dimiliki manusia dan warga sejak lahir adalah sebagai berikut.

1. Hak atas kemerdekaan pribadi

2. Hak diperlakuan sama dengan hukum

3. Hak kebebasan bertempat tinggal

4. Hak atas milik pribadi

5. Hak atas keamanan pribadi

6. Hak untuk membela diri

7. Hak kebebasan menyatakan pendapat

8. Hak kebebasan memeluk agama.

Semenjak itu Prancis menjadi negara monarki konstitusional, dimana Louis XVI diharuskan untuk bersumpah serta untuk melaksanakan UUD tersebut.

5. Perpecahan Golongan Ketiga

Perpecahan Golongan Ketiga (1791 1792) setelah UUD selesai disahkan, golongan ketiga mulai mengalami perpecahan. kelompok borjuis dalam golongan ketiga tetap mempertahankan bentuk monarki konstitusional Perancis. Mereka bergabung dalam partai girodin, sedangkan kelompok rakyat jelata yang tergabung dalam partai montagne, memilih tuntutan radikal. Mereka menginginkan Prancis berbentuk republik. Persaingan antara keduanya berakhir dengan kemenangan montagne yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pembentukan pemerintah rakyat jelata yang bernama pemerintah konvensional

6. Pemerintahan Konvensi Nasional

Pemerintah Konvensi nasional (1792-1795) pemerintah Konvensi nasional ini dipimpin oleh Robespierre pada masa pemerintahannya Iya menjalankan pemerintahan teror dengan melakukan serangkaian pembunuhan massal terhadap orang-orang yang menentang revolusi. Banyak kaum bangsawan yang dibunuh karena alasan tersebut bahkan pada 21 Januari 1793 louis XVI di Gillotin(pancung) dihukum mati di place de la Concorde Paris. selain itu harta pribadi milik kaum bangsawan dan milik gereja juga disita oleh pemerintah. Dalam upaya menghadapi ancaman dari luar berupa perang Koalisi Robespierre ia berusaha memobilisasi rakyat untuk menjadi tentara hingga terkumpul sekitar 6 juta Tentara.

Maximilien Robespierre, Jacobin, dan kediktatoran virtual oleh Komite Keamanan Publik selama Pemerintahan Teror dari tahun 1793 hingga 1794. Selama periode ini, antara 16.000 hingga 40.000 rakyat Perancis tewas. Setelah jatuhnya Jacobin dan pengeksekusian Robespierre, Direktori mengambilalih kendali negara pada 1795 hingga 1799, lalu ia digantikan oleh Konsulat di bawah pimpinan Napoleon Bonaparte pada tahun 1799.

Pemerintah Directoire (1795-1799) kaum bangsawan mulai memberikan reaksi terhadap pemerintahan teror robespierre kaum bangsawan di dalam partai Girodin lalu mengadakan pemberontakan terhadap pemerintah Convention pimpinan robespierre. Setelah pemerintah robespierre jatuh dan robespierre sendiri kemudian di guillotine come Geraldine lalu membentuk pemerintahan baru yang bernama directoire. Pemerintah ini adalah pemerintah kolektif dengan kekuasaan eksekutif ada ditangan 5 orang direktur salah satu direktur pada pemerintahan ini adalah Napoleon Bonaparte yang namanya mulai terkenal sejak memperoleh kemenangan dalam perang koalisi 1 yang terjadi antara Prancis dan negara-negara monarki absolut Eropa seperti Austria dan prusia pada masa pemerintahan Konvensi nasional.

Pemerintahan Konsulat (1799-1804) jalannya pemerintahan direktori Tidak Efektif mendorong Napoleon melakukan kudeta dengan membubarkan pemerintah directoire 1799 dan menggantikannya dengan pemerintahan yang baru bernama pemerintahan konsulat, dan Napoleon Bonaparte mengangkat dirinya menjadi konsul pertama.

Kekaisaran Prancis (1804-1815) dibubarkannya directoire oleh Napoleon menandakan berakhirnya revolusi Prancis siklus revolusi mulai mengalami titik balik setelah Napoleon Bonaparte kemudian mengangkat dirinya sebagai Kaisar Prancis yang dinobatkan oleh Paus Pius VII pada tahun 1804. Setelah penobatan tersebut maka Perancis kembali berbentuk monarki.

1. Undang-undang dijadikan sebagai kekuasaan tertinggi yang menjadikan pengawasan kekuasaan eksekutif.

2. Sistem pemerintahan Republik muncul sebagai sistem baru dalam pemerintahan

3. Paham demokrasi modern timbul secara lebih nyata

4. Berkembangnya Nasionalisme

5. Menimbulkan ide untuk aksi-aksi revolusioner menentang setiap kekuasaan Absolute

1. Penghapusan sistem Feodalisme dan penguasana tanah

2. Petani memiliki hak milik tanah dan lahan pertanian

3. Penghapusan gilda (Perkumpulan dari pengusaha yang mendapat monopoli dan perlindungan usaha dari pemerintah) karena bertentangan dengan suasana liberalisme

4. Industrialisasi

1. Terbentuknya tatanan sosial baru

2. Monopoli pendidikan oleh kaum bangsawan dihapuskan dan pendidikan dapat dirasakan oleh setiap golongan masyarakat karena Feodalisme telah ditumpas.

3. Terbentuknya kode Napoleon yang merupakan hasil dari upaya Napoleon untuk melakukan penyeragaman hukum di Perancis, Kode Napoleon ini kemudian digunakan oleh beberapa negara sebagai produk hukum mereka seperti Belanda. Jepang dan Republik Turki pada masa Mustafa Kemal Atartuk.

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Harian Sejarah: Revolusi Perancis (1789-1799)

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Revolusi Perancis (1789-1799) merupakan suatu masa dimana pergolakan politik dan sosial terjadi di Perancis yang berdampak pada perubahan struktur sosial politik Perancis. Monarki Absolut yang selama ratusan tahun tegak berdiri harus kandas oleh pergerakan rakyat hanya dalam waktu tiga tahun.

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