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- The break from the Dark Ages with new ideas like humanism, secularism, individualism and classical influence.

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- Motives for Exploration - Wealth and Religion. The motives for Spanish, French and English explorers were all different, although in some ways, they were the same. They all wanted to find the Northwest Passage, which they believed was a direct and efficient route to the Orient - home of spices, silks and wealth.

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- Martin Luther wrote his 95 theses in 1517 as a protest against the selling of indulgences.

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-  temporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire of the religious conflict arising from the Reformation. Each prince was to determine whether Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism was to prevail in his lands

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- The Spanish Armada was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in late May 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.

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Peace of Westphalia; Execution of Charles I ~ 1648 ; 1649

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Peace of Westphalia; Execution of Charles I ~ 1648 ; 1649

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- European settlements of 1648, which brought to an end the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years' War. The peace was negotiated, from 1644, in the Westphalian towns of Münster and Osnabrück. The Spanish-Dutch treaty was signed on January 30, 1648.

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- It was the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange, who was James's nephew and son-in-law.

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- Steam engines were used in all sorts of applications including factories, mines, locomotives, and steamboats. Steam engines use hot steam from boiling water to drive a piston or pistons back and forth. The movement of the piston was then used to power a machine or turn a wheel.

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- The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies beginning in 1789

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This collection of French Revolution documents and primary sources has been selected and compiled by Alpha History authors.

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- It was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814.

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The Nationalist Revolutions (Liberalism) ~ 1848

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The Nationalist Revolutions (Liberalism) ~ 1848

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-  Following the re-establishment of conservative rule, the liberals began to revolt around Europe to get freedom and their own nation.