# data[].attributes.body
Leísmo es cuando algunas personas se refieren a personas con mas respeto con le en vez de otros pronombres. Se pasa en lugares rurales en España y otros paises. Nunca usan le para referir a animales.

# data[].attributes.body
Este video describe las coneciones y diferencias entre las tres. Fonemas son cosas abstractas y son minimas. Es decir que no se puede segmentarlas en partes mas pequeñas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Fonos, alófonos y fonemas - Lengua - Educatina

# data[].attributes.body
Este video describe las diferencias en la fonética de español in diferentes lugares.  Describa como los de España pronuncian diferente el “s” y su “c” y “z”.  También se refiere con las personas del caribe y como cambian su “r” a “l” al final parte de una palabra.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Are There Differences Between Spanish In Latin America And Spain?

# data[].attributes.body
Pares minimos son dos palabras que son muy similares. No son similares en significado pero son similares en estructura. Tienen el mismo numero de sonidos y todos los sonidos son los mismos menos uno. Pares minimos muestran como solo un sonido puede cambiar el significado de una palabra completamente.

# data[].attributes.body
Todo español viene de Castilla. En el español americano se puede dividir en 3 grupos.  El primero es rioplatense que es argentina y chile.  Tiene influencias de Italia. El segundo es caribeño y es de las islas en el caribe. El tercer grupo es los latino. Este grupo es el mas grande y es el parte norte de Suramerica y Centroamerica.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Dialectos del español | Dialects of Spanish

# data[].attributes.body
En ingles hay una diferencia entre la pronunciación de la letra "b" y la letra "v". En español se pronuncian los dos completamente lo mismo. Hay diferentes maneras de pronunciar este sonido. Dependiendo en las otras letras en una palabra se cambia el sonido a ser mas como el "b" o el "v" de ingles pero no importa a hispanohablantes si es un "b" o "v".

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The most important thing to remember about pronouncing the Spanish b and v is that in standard Spanish they are pronounced exactly alike. Although English makes a clear distinction in how the two letters are pronounced, Spanish does not. The sound of the English "v" such as in the word "victory" does not exist in standard Spanish.

The sound of the letters varies, however, depending on the sounds around them. Most of the time, the b and v are what are called voiced fricatives - in this case, a sound somewhat like the English "v" but with the two lips touching instead of the lower lip and upper teeth. Think of it something like the English "b" but quite a bit softer.

When the b or v comes at the beginning of a word or phrase, that is, when spoken after a pause, the sound becomes more like the English "b." This also holds true when the b or v comes after an or (which in that case both have a sound similar to the English "m"). However, the Spanish b or v sound in such cases is not as explosive as the English sound; in other words, it is softer.

Because the v and b sound alike, spelling problems with these two letters are very common among native Spanish speakers. And a few words - one of them being ceviche or cebiche, a type of seafood dish - can be spelled with either letter.

When spelling out loud in Spanish, the b is sometimes referred to as be alta, be grande or be larga in order to distinguish it from the v, sometimes called uve (which became its official name a few years ago), ve baja, ve chica or ve corta.

Words and phrases spoken by native speakers in the accompanying brief ​ audio lesson on b and v are buenos días (good morning), centavos (cents) and trabajar (to work).

Final note: Over the years, I have received occasional emails from people who tell me that they have noticed some native speakers pronouncing the b and v differently (not as in English, though, but differently from each other). I don't doubt that under some circumstances this is true; there very well be some areas of relative linguistic isolation where past distinctions still exist, or perhaps where some speakers have adopted them from indigenous languages. But any distinction between the two letters is the exception rather than the rule, and if you follow the rules of pronunciation given in this lesson you will not be misunderstood.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The most important thing to remember about pronouncing the Spanish b and v is that in standard Spanish they are pronounced exactly alike. Although English makes a clear distinction in how the two letters are pronounced, Spanish does not. The sound of the English "v" such as in the word "victory" does not exist in standard Spanish.

# data[].attributes.body
Este recurso es un video que se trata de las idiomas de España. El español viene de la region de Castilla y el idioma de alli se llama Castellano. La mayoria de Españoles se hablan Castellano y menos de 10% se hablan Catalan.

# data[].attributes.body
La real academia Española es la organización que dice que es la manera correcta de hablar y escribir español por todo el mundo.  Esta en Madrid y tiene una historia de 300 años.  Todas las maneras de hablar pueden ser correctas pero depende en donde alguna persona esta hablando.

# data[].attributes.body
Este articulo describe las influencias que los Arabes han tenido en español. Palabras usadas para describir cosas inventadas en el mundo Arabe son palabras como ajedrez y muchas de las palabras en matematicas. Los Arabes tambien influyeron la comida de la pininsula iberica. Los ibericos comen un frijol Arabe que no comen en Europa.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Arab Influences on Spanish Language and Culture - don Quijote

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Arab Influences on Spanish Language and Culture The Arab influence in Spain dates back to a period before it was one country under the name of Spain.

# data[].attributes.body
Este video se trata de 3 de los usos de la palabra "se". Se describe todo dos veces, primero en español y la segunda vez en ingles. Empieza con el se personal. Se usa se cuando estas describiendo una accion que se esta pasando a ti.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How to use the Spanish word 'SE' / PART 1 (Learn the 6 different uses) [2018]

# data[].attributes.body
La idioma español en verdad se llama castellano. Viene de castilla, una region en el centro de españa. Castellano tiene 470 millones de hablantes nativos y 90 millones mas quienes lo hablan como su segunda lengua. Es una idioma oficial de 21 paises(incluyendo Puerto Rico). 44 paises tienen mas que 3 millones de hispanohablantes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Spanish Language and What Makes it The Coolest

# data[].attributes.body
Español empece como latin. Muchas palabras vienen de latin. La estructura de español tambien viene del latin. 4 mil palabras vienen del arabe de los moros. Las palabras que empiencen con al son del arabe. En 1492 los moros se fueron de granada y columbus se fue al mundo nuevo.

# data[].attributes.body
Este video y articulo se trata de las palabras de español que se pronuncian similar de las mismas palabras en ingles. Los tipos de cognados mas conocidos son cognados basicos que son dos palabras con basicamente el mismo significado y basicamente la misma pronuncion. El otro tipo, cognados falsos, son dos palabras que se pronuncian lo mismo pero significan differentes cosas.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
One of the best things about learning Spanish from English is that there are hundreds of words you already know.

As an English speaker, you have a huge advantage in learning Spanish compared to say a person trying to learn Spanish with a native language from a country such as Japan or China. You have the advantage of the same alphabet and a mile-long list of cognates. What this means is you effectively start learning Spanish with a vocabulary of almost 1000 words without even trying.

When you find words that are the same in both languages they are referred to as English-Spanish cognates.

The proper definition of cognate is reserved for words that exist in two different languages and have the same root or origin. Since Spanish and English both have Latin roots there are heaps of words that are the same or very close in both languages.

In this article, I'm going to provide a list of perfect cognates and near-perfect cognates for Spanish and English.

There are way more English-Spanish cognates than what I have provided in this article but the cognates that I have focused on are the more useful due to their frequency and practicality in both languages.

I suggest you read through the full list once over and then when you have a good feel for the patterns that start to emerge with the cognates, start to put them in a few Spanish sentences to get a feel for how they sound.

Obviously, they aren't pronounced the same as in English but once you have the rules down for Spanish pronunciation you are free to communicate away.

Cognates Definition

In this article, I have defined perfect cognates as words that are spelt exactly the same in Spanish and English except for maybe an accent over one letter and they mean the same thing in both languages.

I have defined near perfect cognates as words that have up to 3 letters different. But you will be able to see that there are certain patterns that form with near perfect cognates that allow you to potentially predict when a near cognate is likely to exist if, of course, you don't have this list handy.

Printable Version: Download this PDF version of the cognates list to use as a study reference.

There is also a heap of false cognates or false friends, which will be a topic for another post but note here that they are words that are spelt the same or similar but mean completely different things. For example one of the most famous Spanish-English false friends is 'embarazada' which doesn't mean 'embarrassed' it means 'pregnant'.

Perfect Cognates

Here is the list of perfect English-Spanish cognates that I have selected for their practicality:

Near Perfect Cognates

Here the near perfect cognates are divided into separate lists based on their behaviour:

The following near perfect cognates follow the rule for nouns ending 'tion' in English can be converted to Spanish by replacing with a 'ción'.

The following near perfect cognates follow the rule for English nouns ending 'ary' can be converted to Spanish by replacing with a 'ario'.

The following near perfect cognates follow the rule for English adjectives ending 'ic' can be converted to Spanish by replacing with a 'ico'.

The following near perfect cognates follow the rule for English adjectives ending 'ous' can be converted to Spanish by replacing with a 'oso'.

The following near perfect cognates follow the rule for nouns ending 'ct' in English can be converted to Spanish by replacing with a 'cto'.

There you have it, not all, but a good summary of the most useful English-Spanish cognates.

If you enjoyed this post then make sure you check out the Spanish Conversation Hacking Guide, in there you will find the 1000 most useful Spanish words based on frequency use in the Spanish language (and that aren't cognates!).

What have I missed? Can you think of any others?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Spanish Cognates - 1001 Spanish Words You Already Know

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Here is a list of some of the most useful English-Spanish cognates for learning Spanish from English. The best bit, these are words you already know.

# data[].attributes.body
El voseo es una manera de hablar con preposiciones personales. Se usa mucho en Chile y Argentina pero hay hablantes en todo el mundo quienes hablan asi. El voseo es el uso de "vos" en vez de "tu" como un preposicion personal secondaria. El voseo viene de personas quienes hablaron frances y castellano en los tiempos romances. Usaron vos para describir personas respetadas porque es similar a "Vous" del frances.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Spanish is spoken in more than 25 countries and by more than 450 million people. While speakers from all countries can understand each other, differences exist between the language.

Let's start with what is NOT. is NOT the same thing as vosotros. Vosotros is the commonly used pronoun in Spain referring to the familiar 2nd person plural (as in 'you all').

is a substitute for 2nd person singular pronoun, in place of the more commonly used . That's it. Instead of , use '.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS (I, you, he, she)

So far so good, right?

It gets even easier.

In most cases, changing for doesn't mean changing the conjugation of the verb. You simply replace the preceding pronoun with

EXAMPLES USING TUTEO and VOSEO PERSONAL PRONOUNS

And as you probably know, in Spanish it is not required to use the personal pronoun before the conjugated verb. So, in many cases tuteo and voseo appear exactly the same (i.e. to just say 'cenaste' works in both cases).

This is true with just two exceptions, which we will discuss in more detail later.

Where did come from?

has been said to date back to roman times, originally used as a formal way of addressing someone (very similar to the French ' vous', for any of you polyglot french speakers).

Over time, Usted became the formal means of communicating to someone, so in some regions was adopted as a replacement for the tú form.

Where is it used?

The map below gives you a better idea of where is predominantly used and to what extent.

Map adapted from wikipedia

Two Exceptions in Conjugation

Let's look at each of these in turn:

1. in Present Tense

Tuteo vs Voseo Present Tense

An accent is added to the final vowel of the verb

IR verbs are conjugated using an 'is' ending instead of an 'es' ending

There is no change in the stem for irregular verbs

Thus, to conjugate a verb in , simply remove the infinitive ending and add the following endings (without changing the stem):

For example:
PEDIR (): tú pides = irregular stem change e -> i
PEDIR (): vos pedís = no stem change, i instead of e in the ending

In present tense there are only three irregulars.

These verbs are also irregular in .

Tuteo vs Voseo Present Tense Irregular Verbs

Alternatively, we can derive the in present tense by looking at the conjugation of vosotros (2nd person familiar plural). To derive from the vosotros conjugation, simply delete the non accented 'i' in the vosotros ending. In the case of 'ir' verbs, the conjugation of vosotros and is the same.

Vosotros vs Voseo Present Tense

2. Voseo in the Imperative

What about the imperative?

Tuteo vs Voseo Imperative

Remember the imperative is derived from / equal to the 3rd person singular (¡tú habla!). To derive the from the we see the same changes we saw as in the present tense:

Add an accent to the final vowel of the verb

conjugate IR verbs using an I ending instead of E

Do not change in the stem for irregular verbs

Again there are fewer irregulars in imperative compared to . Common irregular verbs in tuteo like ser ( sé), salir ( sal), or poner ( pon), are not irregular in . There is only one irregular in , and that is the verb 'ir'. However, the imperative of ir is not typically used in . Instead they use the verb andar (andá):

Tuteo vs Voseo Imperative Irregular Verbs

As we saw with the present tense, the imperative can also be easily derived from vosotros imperative form. To form the imperative vosotros, we remove the infinitive 'r' and add 'd'. In , remove the 'd' and add an accent on the final vowel. There are no irregulars in the vosotros imperative, nor in , with the exception of the verb ir which we previously mentioned.

Vosotros vs Voseo Imperative

In summary, is very similar to and vosotros forms. In the table below you can see how the conjugation can be derived from either or vosotros forms in the present tense and the imperative:

Tuteo, Vosotros and Voseo Conjugation: Present Tense and Imperative

In , in addition to changing in personal pronoun from to , you must also change in the prepositional pronoun '' to '. See the table below:

Tuteo & Voseo Prepositional Pronouns (me / you)

For example:
El teléfono es para ti = El teléfono es para vos Quiero venir contigo = Quiero venir con vos
Note that while uses for the personal and prepositional pronouns, it does NOT do so for the object pronouns nor the possessive pronouns. These remain the same in and .

Tuteo & Voseo Pronouns Comparison

Do you have any experience using ? Share with us in the comments. If you found this article helpful or interesting, please consider sharing it 🙂

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Spanish from Argentina: That Voseo Thing

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Spanish is spoken in more than 25 countries and by more than 450 million people. While speakers from all countries can understand each other, differences exist between the language. Let's start with what is NOT. is NOT the same thing as vosotros.

# data[].attributes.body
Isoglosas son areas linguisticas separadas por solo una caracteristica linguistica que es differente a otras maneras de hablar o escribir.  Se usan isoglosas para describir dialectos regionales. Hay isoglosas de todos los tamaños. Pueden ser muy pequeños o pueden ser mucho paises.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
An isogloss is a geographical boundary line marking the area in which a distinctive linguistic feature commonly occurs. Adjective: isoglossal or isoglossic. Also known as heterogloss. From the Greek, "similar" or "equal" + "tongue". Pronounced I-se-glos.

Major divisions between dialects are marked by bundles of isoglosses.

"[S]peakers in southern Pennsylvania say bucket, and those in the north part of the state say pail. [The line of demarcation between the two] is called an isogloss. Dialect areas are determined by large 'bundles' of such isoglosses.
"Several noteworthy projects have been devoted to mapping the features and distribution of dialects across the United States, including Frederic Cassidy's Dictionary of American Regional English [DARE] (begun in the 1960s and [completed in 2013]), and William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg's The Atlas of North American English (ANAE), published in 2005."

Regional Dialects
"English is made up of a number of regional dialects... Linguists can identify the main characteristics of different regions, and the isoglosses establish boundaries which group together non-standard dialect forms with similar distinctive linguistic features. Inevitably, there are some overlaps--although non-standard lexis tends to be located in specific regions, non-standard grammatical features are similar across boundaries."

Drawing an Optimal Isogloss:
"The task of drawing an optimal isogloss has five stages:

Selecting a linguistic feature that will be used to classify and define a regional dialect.

Specifying a binary division of that feature or a combination of binary features.

Drawing an isogloss for that division of the feature, using the procedures described below.

Measuring the consistency and homogeneity of the isogloss by the measures to be described below.

Recycling through steps 1-4 to find the definition of the feature that maximizes consistency or homogeneity."

Focal Areas and Relic Areas
"Isoglosses can also show that a particular set of linguistic features appears to be spreading from one location, a focal area, into neighboring locations. In the 1930s and 1940s Boston and Charleston were the two focal areas for the temporary spread of r-lessness in the eastern United States. Alternatively, a particular area, a relic area, may show characteristics of being unaffected by changes spreading out from one or more neighboring areas. Places like London and Boston are obviously focal areas; places like Martha's Vineyard--it remained r-pronouncing in the 1930s and 1940s even as Boston dropped the pronunciation--in New England and Devon in the extreme southwest of England are relic areas."

Kinds of Linguistic Features
"Further distinctions can be made in terms of the kind of linguistic feature being isolated: an isophone is a line drawn to mark the limits of a phonological feature; an isomorph marks the limits of a morphological feature; an isolex marks the limits of a lexical item; an isoseme marks the limits of a semantic feature (as when lexical items of the same phonological form take on different meanings in different areas)."

The Canadian Shift Isogloss
"A given region may have optimal conditions for a given sound change, which may affect almost all speakers. This is the case with the Canadian Shift, involving a retraction of /e/ and /ae/ . . .; it is especially favored in Canada because the low back merger that triggers the shift takes place well to the back of the vowel space for almost everyone. Homogeneity for the Canadian Shift isogloss, which stops at the Canadian border, is .84 (21 of the 25 speakers within the isogloss). But the same process takes place occasionally throughout other areas of low back merger in the U.S., so that consistency for the Canadian isogloss is only .34. Outside of Canada, the instances of this phenomenon are scattered throughout a much larger population, and leakage is only .10. Homogeneity is the crucial measure for the dynamics of the Canadian vowel system."

Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010

Sara Thorne, Mastering Advanced English Language, 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008

William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg, The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change. Mouton de Gruyter, 2005

Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010

David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 4th ed. Blackwell, 1997

William Labov, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg, The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change. Mouton de Gruyter, 2005

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
An isogloss is a geographical boundary line marking the area in which a distinctive linguistic feature commonly occurs. Adjective: isoglossal or isoglossic. Also known as heterogloss. From the Greek, "similar" or "equal" + "tongue". Pronounced I-se-glos. Major divisions between dialects are marked by bundles of isoglosses.

# data[].attributes.body
Todos los sustantivos tienen un genero.  Tipicamente los sustantivos que terminan en "o" son masculinos y los que terminan en "a" son femininas. Pero, la letra final no nos dice la correcta todas las veces. Hay sustantivos femininas que terminan en "o" y masculinas que terminan en "a". Tambien, hay sustantivos que no terminan en ninguno de los dos. En este caso tenemos que confiar en "la/las" o "el/los" para distinguir entre los dos generos de sustantivos en español.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
All Spanish nouns ( sustantivos ), including people, places, animals, things, ideas, and feelings, have a gender (male or female).

The fact that inanimate objects have a gender in Spanish does not mean that things like tables and books are physically feminine or masculine. They have genders in a grammatical sense and must be used with articles and adjectives that match their gender.

There are a few general rules you can follow to determine if a noun is feminine or masculine.

Masculine Nouns

Most masculine nouns end in . An ending can indicate that a person or animal is male or that an object, idea, etc. is grammatically masculine.

Masculine Nouns that End in O

Masculine Nouns that Don't End in O

Words that end in the following letters or letter combinations are often masculine:

The table below shows examples of masculine words with the endings listed above.

Exceptions

The following nouns are exceptions to the above rules and are feminine, not masculine.

Feminine Nouns

Most feminine nouns end in . Ending in an indicates that a person or animal is female or that an object, idea, etc. is grammatically feminine.

Feminine Nouns that End in A

Feminine Nouns that Don't End in A

Exceptions

The following nouns are exceptions to the above rules and are masculine, not feminine.

Gender and Adjectives

Spanish adjectives must match the nouns they describe in both gender and number. For example, apples () are feminine in Spanish, so this word must be used with feminine articles like , , and . Any adjective used to describe an apple in Spanish must also be feminine (for example ). On the other hand, bananas () are masculine, and must be used with masculine articles and adjectives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Spanish Grammar Articles and Lessons | SpanishDict

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
All Spanish nouns ( sustantivos ), including people, places, animals, things, ideas, and feelings, have a gender (male or female). The fact that inanimate objects have a gender in Spanish does not mean that things like tables and books are physically feminine or masculine.