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Thurgood Marshall: Civil Rights Advocate

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Thurgood Marshall had one of the most recognizable names and faces of the civil rights movement in America. He gained everlasting fame as the first African-American justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.

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Fresberg Cartoon – Learning & History for Students

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Thurgood Marshall (History) Educational Videos for Students (Learning Cartoon Network CN)

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Kids learn about the biography of Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American Supreme Court Justice who argued the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education for the NAACP.

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Marcus Garvey Facts for Kids | KidzSearch.com

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Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., ONH (17 August 1887 - 10 June 1940), was a Jamaican political leader. He started the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League. He influenced Rastafarians and the Nation of Islam. Garvey died of a stroke in London on June 10, 1940. He was 52.

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In high school, Rudolph became the star basketball player for her team. She also did track for 4 years and never lost a race. When she was 16 years old, she signed up for the Summer Olympics in track. She won the bronze medal in the track events.

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Educational Videos for Students (Cartoons on Bullying, Leadership & More)

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Biography for Kids: Marcus Garvey (Civil Rights Activist) Documentary on Marcus Mosiah Garvery, Jr.

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Ruby Nell Bridges Hall (born September 8, 1954) is an American activist. She is known for being the first black child to attend an all- white elementary school in the South. She went to William Frantz Elementary School.

Ruby Bridges was born in Tylertown, Mississippi, to Abon and Lucille Bridges. When she was 4 years old, the family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1960, when she was 6 years old, her parents responded to a request from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Her father was hesitant, but her parents allowed her to participate in the integration of the New Orleans school system.

Integration

In a 1954 decision, Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court made Racial segregation against the law. Ruby, who was born the year the law passed, was chosen to attend the all-white William Frantz Elementary School. The school board said that black children could attend the first grade if they passed a test. Bridges passed the test. As soon as Bridges entered the school, many white parents pulled their children out. Only one person agreed to teach Bridges, and that was Barbara Henry from Boston, Massachusetts. For over a year Henry taught her alone, "as if she were teaching a whole class."

On her first day of school, four U.S. Marshals had to go with her to school. Angry crowds of parents shouted threats at her and parents did not let their children go to school. There was such chaos that first day that Ruby could not make it to her classroom. For the next six months, the marshals took her to and from her school. Former United States Deputy Marshal Charles Burks later recalled, "She showed a lot of courage. She never cried. She didn't whimper. She just marched along like a little soldier, and we're all very very proud of her."

On the second day of school, the boycott broke. After this, more people started sending their children to school again. This does not mean that all of the trouble was over, however. People tried to hurt her family. Her father lost his job and her grandparents were thrown off their farm in Georgia. Ruby never missed a day of school that year. The story of her going to a white school is the subject of a Norman Rockwell painting called The Problem We All Live With.

Ruby finished elementary school and graduated from high school. Bridges went on to become a travel agent for American Express. Mrs. Ruby Bridges Hall is married and has four sons. She still lives in New Orleans. In 1999, she wrote a children's book, Through My Eyes, telling her story. The same year she started the Ruby Bridges Foundation to promote "the values of tolerance, respect, and appreciation of all differences." She travels and talks to children all over the country.

On January 8, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Ruby Bridges the Presidential Citizens Medal. She was one of 28 to receive the medal that day.

Ruby Bridges quotes

"Don't follow the path. Go where there is no path and begin the trail. When you start a new trail equipped with courage, strength and conviction, the only thing that can stop you is you!"

"I now know that experience comes to us for a purpose, and if we follow the guidance of the spirit within us, we will probably find that the purpose is a good one."

"Racism is a grown-up disease and we must stop using our children to spread it."

Interesting Facts About Ruby Bridges

Ruby enjoyed jumping rope, climbing trees, and playing softball when she was young.

On November 14, her first day at William Frantz Elementary School, she was the only student there.

Barbara Henry was the only teacher who agreed to teach Ruby. She began teaching Ruby on her second day of school.

Ruby's courageous story can be read to children from the book The Story of Ruby Bridges by Robert Coles.

Ruby was one of only six children who passed the entrance test, which was designed to be difficult.

Awards and honors

In September 1995, Bridges and Robert Coles were awarded honorary degrees from Connecticut College and appeared together in public for the first time to accept the awards.

Bridges' Through My Eyes won the Carter G. Woodson Book Award in 2000.

On August 10, 2000, the 40 year anniversary of her walk into William Frantz Elementary School, Deputy Attorney General Eric Holder made Ruby Bridges an Honorary Deputy U.S. Marshal.

On January 8, 2001, Bridges was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton.

In November 2006, Bridges was honored as a "Hero Against Racism" at the 12th annual Anti-Defamation League "Concert Against Hate" with the National Symphony Orchestra, held at the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC.

On May 19, 2012, Bridges received an Honorary Degree from Tulane University at the annual graduation ceremony at the Superdome.

Two elementary schools are named after Bridges: one in Alameda, California, and another in Woodinville, Washington. A statue of Bridges stands in the courtyard of William Frantz Elementary School.

Images for kids

Ruby Bridges speaking at Texas A&M University-Commerce in February 2015

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Ruby Nell Bridges Hall (born September 8, 1954) is an American activist. She is known for being the first black child to attend an all- white elementary school in the South. She went to William Frantz Elementary School. Ruby Bridges was born in Tylertown, Mississippi, to Abon and Lucille Bridges.

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Ruby Bridges and the Civil Rights Movement Slide Show for Kindergarten to Grade 2 | Scholastic

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Pictures of Ruby Bridges and civil rights movement photos help younger students learn facts about Ruby and about how Ruby's world was different than the world we live in

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Roots

Have you ever been away from home? Did you miss home and want to return? Marcus Garvey believed that people who came from Africa should be given the opportunity to return there.

Marcus Garvey was a writer, gifted speaker, and civil rights activist who encouraged black people to have pride in their race. A civil rights activist is a leader fighting for equal rights for minorities. He started a 'Back to Africa' movement, hoping to give African Americans the chance to go back to their motherland of Africa. His ideas became known as 'Garveyism'.

Younger Years

Have you ever wanted to live on an island? Believe or not, Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr. was born on the Caribbean island of Jamaica on August 17, 1887. He was the youngest of eleven children. His father had a huge library in their house, where Marcus learned to read.

When Marcus was just fourteen, he started working as a printer's apprentice for a newspaper. Years later, he traveled through Central America, working as a newspaper editor and writing about the unfair treatment of migrant workers.

Marcus attended college in London and then returned to Jamaica in 1912, where he began his civil rights work. He married twice and had two sons with his second wife, Amy.

Africa Unite

Marcus founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (U.N.I.A.) in 1914 which aspired to unite all people with roots in Africa by creating a country and government of their own. Marcus traveled to the United States in 1916 and eventually started a U.N.I.A. branch in Harlem.

In 1920, the U.N.I.A. held its first International Convention in New York City and 25,000 people from all over the world attended. He told his followers to have pride in their African history and culture. This came at an important time for many black Americans who were being treated cruelly.

Marcus also started the Black Star Line Steamship Company. The shipping company served as a way for black people to communicate, trade, and travel worldwide.

However, not everyone was happy with Marcus Garvey's ideas, which were considered radical, or extreme, by many. This included the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, otherwise known as the FBI. The FBI Director, J. Edgar Hoover, was worried that Marcus's ideas would ignite a rebellion or uprising.

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marcus garvey lesson for kids: biography & facts | study.com

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Marcus Garvey Lesson for Kids: Biography & Facts | Study.com

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Have you ever been away from home? Did you miss home and want to return? Marcus Garvey believed that people who came from Africa should be given the opportunity to return there. Marcus Garvey was a writer, gifted speaker, and civil rights activist who encouraged black people to have pride in their race.

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Facts about Ruby Bridges for Kids | Biography Video

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Ruby Bridges for Kids | Civil Rights Hero