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The Demographic Transformation of the U.S.

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Is the composition of a certain population, this could be divided in diverse groups; micro and macrosocial speaking.

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Is the transition from high birth and mortality rates, seen as a country develops from a preindustrial to an industrialized economic system.

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OLD! - For current see BIOSCIENCES COURSE SITE
BIOL2007/B243 POPULATION STRUCTURE & GENE FLOW
NOTE!! This page is no longer part of BIOL 2007. It IS part of BIOL B243, we use it on the field course.
PDF File of these pages:

BIOL 243 FIELD COURSE Home Page. Return to: BIOL 2007 Timetable
In most of the 2007 lectures, we have been dealing with very simple population structures. Apart from in "Evolution and Space and Time", we have been assuming that evolution over the whole range of a species is mostly the same as multiplying up what happens in single populations.

By population structure , population geneticists mean that, instead of a single, simple population, populations are subdivided in some way. The overall "population of populations" is often called ametapopulation , while the individual component populations are often called, well ...subpopulations , but alsolocal populations , ordemes . In fact, in many real populations, there may not be any obvious individual populations or substructure at all, and the populations arecontinuous . However, even in effectivelycontinuous populations , different areas can have different gene frequencies, because the whole metapopulation is notpanmictic . For instance, among humans, Scotland, the North of England, and London have some quite major language differences, suggesting substructure, but you would be hard put to find an exact boundary where there is a changeover. Such populations are structured, but continuously, in space.
population structure matters. The distributions of individuals and thegene flow connections between different areas can be very important in evolution.
A very good definition of population structure is when populations have deviations from Hardy-Weinberg proportions, or deviations from panmixia . If there is inbreeding, or selection, or if migration is important, then populations can be said to be structured in some way.

IMPORTANCE OF POPULATION STRUCTURE
If populations are subdivided, they can evolve apart, somewhat independently. Population structure allows populations to diversify. This is the reason why population structure is a very important part of evolutionary genetics.

In this lecture we will deal with some simple models of how population structure and migration interferes with natural selection and drift to allow diversification.

Here, several topics are important:

1) 2) The 3) How to 4) The possibility of Selection in a patchy environment (this can lead to a kind of migration/selection balance which favours polymorphism). To avoid interrupting the flow, we cover this in a separate page. More is covered under the lectureevolutionary effect of migration (gene flow) on its own. Evolution in space and time ).measure population substructure usingFST .drift/migration balance .

EVOLUTIONARY EFFECTS OF GENE FLOW (MIGRATION)
Gene flow (migration)

homogenizes gene frequencies

can reduce local adaptation , by preventing divergence (see separate lectureEvolution in Space and Time )

For example, in a simple model of population structure (above), the migrant fraction of the island population tends to reduce the difference between the island and the mainland. The amount of difference declines by the migration fraction each generation, as follows:

EXAMPLE

Blacks in SE USA. Have different blood groups compared with the West Africans from which they originated.

Convergence towards allele frequencies of Europeans.

Suggests m ~ 0.01 - 0.04 per generation.

POPULATION SUBDIVISION IN A NUMBER OF SUB-POPULATIONS OR DEMES
Subdivision into populations with distinct gene frequencies creates a heterozygote deficit due to subdivision into subpopulations (this can be considered a sort of inbreeding):

Example:
AA Aa aa

HW calcs:         pi          pi²        2piqi        qi²

Deme 1           0.75       0.5625      0.375       0.0625

Deme 2           0.25       0.0625      0.375       0.5625

Totals           1          0.625       0.75        0.625

Overall freqs.   0.5(=pav) 0.3125      0.375       0.3125

=fr(AA) + fr(Aa)/2=0.3125 + 0.375/2=0.5;
pav qav=(1-pav)=0.5

To find the heterozygote deficit, F:

2pavqav(1-F)=0.5(1-F)=0.375

Thus:

F=1-(0.375/0.5)=0.25

can also be shown to be equal to the standardized variance Fst of gene fequency (also called the Wahlund variance) in the n subpopulations, divided by (standardized by) the maximum possible variance, pavqav. The maximum possible variance is the variance when different populations are fixed for A or a ( pav is the average gene frequency over all subpopulations). In this case:

= Fst /( pavqav)={[(0.75-0.5) ² + (0.25-0.5) ²]/2} / 0.5x0.5=0.25
Fst after Fixation index in theSubpopulation relative to the Total population.
i.e. the same as we had by looking at the heterozygote deficit. In general it is true that this standardized variance of gene frequencies measures the heterozygote deficit due to subdivision over a number of populations and vice-versa.

Understanding Fst as a fraction of total variance is a useful one. Fst is the proportion of genetic variation found between as opposed to within each populations. Thus (1- Fst) is the proportion of the total metapopulation genetic variation found within as opposed to between populations. If there is a lot of local fixation or inbreeding, Fst will be near 1; if very little, Fst will be low (0.05, for instance, might be a typical value).

MIGRATION/DRIFT BALANCE IN WRIGHT'S ISLAND MODEL OF POPULATION STRUCTURE
Migration ( m) from the mainland can balance drift occurring on islands with small population sizes ( N);

At equilibrium between drift and migration for neutral genes, the following approximation is true:
1/(1+4 Fst ~ Nm). For the proof, CLICK HERE.

If m << 1/N, then F~1

If m >> 1/N, then F~0

If you don't believe me, you could try some examplles. For example, suppose N = 100 and m = 0.05.
PROBLEMS:

Island population structure: very unrealistic!
However, similar equations apply to more realistic structures, e.g. stepping stone models, continuous populations with limited migration.
So the island model is much USED (and also ABUSED!).

EXAMPLES

Population subdivision estimated from allele frequencies in some wild populations:

Organism                     No. pops.       No. loci            Fst     Nem                                                                                                 High levels of gene flow x population size Tobacco budworm moth (Southeast USA)                 60              13              0.002   135 Intermediate levels of gene flow x population size Human (3 major "races")                3              35              0.069   3.4 (Yanomami villages)             37              15              0.077   3.0 (Italian villages)              34               3              0.035   6.9 Low levels of gene flow x population size House mouse                      4              40              0.113   2.0 Kangaroo rat                     9              18              0.674   0.12

WRIGHT'S "ISOLATION BY DISTANCE MODEL" OF POPULATION STRUCTURE
(He made a lot of models, didn't he!)

Measuring dispersal

If the dispersal of an individual between place of birth and breeding site is essentially random, it resembles a "drunkards walk". You have probably encountered this sort of movement in physics already; it has the same distribution as passive diffusion, a two-dimensional normal distribution.

If this is true, dispersal distance can simply measured as the standard deviation, , of the dispersal distribution. A population "neighbourhood" can be defined approximately as a group of individuals who come from an area 2 wide.

[Strictly, is a valid measure of dispersal only if dispersal is exactly normally distributed. Many field studies have shown that dispersal is actually leptokurtic, i.e. most offspring breed very close to their parents, but some breed an enormous distance away. In practice, it doesn't much matter if dispersal is non-normal, provided it is not too extreme.]

Neighbourhood population size

The neighbourhood population size was defined by Wright as the population size in a within a neighourhood of radius 2 where population density is d. Therefore, the neighbourhood population size, Nb = 4 ² d. The neighbourhood population size plays the same role as the value of Nm in the island model: it determines the amount of variation between populations at equilibrium between gene flow and drift, measured by FST. Like Nm, the neighbourhood size is a product of population number and migration rate. But because the isolation by distance model is more realistic than the island model (at least, for most situations), it is potentially more useful. For isolation by distance, we can estimate population density and dispersal distance, and estimate the value of neighbourhood size, and hence the expected levels of variation from population to population. Many people try to apply the island model to spatially extended, continuous populations, but it wasn't really designed for such use.

CONCLUSIONS
So today we have covered simple ideas of subdivided populations , and shown how selection in a patchy environment may maintain polymorphisms, even with random mating. We then went on to discuss the evolutionary effects of migration (it homogenizes gene frequencies), discussed how differentiation produces an overall heterozygote deficit ( FST) at the metapopulation level, even though there is random mating within subpopulations. If differentiation is caused by genetic drift in small local populations, then this FST measures a kind of inbreeding.

We then discussed how to use this measure to study the equilibrium between drift and migration . The former tends to cause differentiation, the latter to homogenize gene frequencies. This is a drift/migration balance , but you might also imagine situations where the differentiation is produced by patchy selection, producing aselection/migration balance . Geographic selection that is more consistent over larger areas is covered in more depth in Evolution in space and time .

FURTHER READING

FUTUYMA, DJ 1998. Evolutionary Biology. Chapter 11 (pp. 314-329).

BIOL 243 FIELD COURSE -- Home Page
BIOL 2007 TIMETABLE

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OLD! - For current see BIOSCIENCES COURSE SITE BIOL2007/B243 POPULATION STRUCTURE & GENE FLOW NOTE!! This page is no longer part of BIOL 2007. It IS part of BIOL B243, we use it on the field course.PDF File of these pages: BIOL 243 FIELD COURSE Home Page.

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Noun 1.
elderly - people who are old collectively; "special arrangements were available for the aged"

Adj. 1.
elderly - advanced in years; (`aged' is pronounced as two syllables); "aged members of the society"; "elderly residents could remember the construction of the first skyscraper"; "senior citizen"

old - (used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age; "his mother is very old"; "a ripe old age"; "how old are you?"

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Define elderly. elderly synonyms, elderly pronunciation, elderly translation, English dictionary definition of elderly. adj. 1. Being past middle age and approaching old age; rather old. 2. Of, relating to, or characteristic of older persons or life in later years. n. 1.

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The population  structure is the classification of the components of a given population according to different variables. The population structure is the number of people in each age, sex and professions.

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life expectancy at 65; quality of life; number of years; mortality; longevity; death; health status; life expectancy; cancer; suicide; infant mortality; premature mortality

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Health status - Life expectancy at 65 - OECD Data

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Life expectancy at age 65 years old is the average number of years that a person at that age can be expected to live, assuming that age-specific mortality levels remain constant.

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It refers to seniors, or old age.

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Population Structure through Population Pyramids (Part 5)

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The study of the psychology that covers the late ages; living, thinking, feeling, etc. It also studies the physical changes in these ages.

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Is the culture and society in which each individual grows up and lives in. Society keeps changing and we could feel lost sometimes, especially now days with the technology evolution.

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The demographic changes are monitored to know the number of subjects that are born,live,study,work more form one place to another die,etc.

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Aging was once a taboo topic. People didn't like to discuss their age, and they didn't relish the idea of growing old. With massive advances in wellness and medicine, the current population enjoys a much healthier and longer lifespan. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, those who are 65 and older make up more than 14% of the population. In the next 20 years, that number is expected to swell to more than 20%. But the changes don't only stop at the number of adults living well into advanced age. Because people are living longer with better health, the need for individuals to work for them is growing. If you are considering pursuing your Master of Arts in Gerontology or Master of Aging Services Management, now is the time.

The Psychology of Aging Today

While the population over the age of 65 is growing considerably, their lifestyle has also evolved. Older citizens might live independently, work into advanced age, and take an active role in any number of groups in their communities. According to the American Psychological Association, there are also mental health conditions that are more prevalent in those of advanced age. In some cases, these conditions might be the result of genetics. In other cases, there may be some issues related to lifestyle changes and other environmental causes which are unavoidable. Geropsychology, a specific field of psychology that focuses on the elderly, is often invaluable in pinpointing conditions early in order to offer better treatment.

There are a number of scenarios possible with regard to senior lifestyle and health:

Mental Capacity. Mental capacity is always a concern for seniors because they're susceptible to different factors, such as dementia, which can hinder their ability to care for themselves mentally. Other possible health issues, such as stroke, can cause issues with mental acuity. Many seniors who face deterioration of mental faculties will need care on a daily basis.

Physical Health. With age, there can be obstacles to physical health. Depending on the severity, physical limitations may cause seniors to lose some or much of their former independence.

Emotional Wellbeing. Emotional wellbeing can be a wide-reaching issue. Seniors often face traumatic changes, such as loss of loved ones and their own failing health. These severe environmental stresses can lead to depression and other psychological hardships.

Financial Stability. Because people are living longer and healthier lives, the old modes of saving for retirement often fall short of what seniors will need. Financial stability is a large concern for seniors and their families once regular income ceases, especially for active seniors who may live many years longer than their savings was geared to sustain.

Family Affair: Caregivers and Family Considerations

Age can strain the lifestyle of those who are entering their advanced years, but it can also put extra stress on many of their family members. It's common for those in their 40s and 50s to find themselves caring for ailing parents while still raising their own children. For adult children, there are many things to consider for their parents, as well as their own future.

Legal Matters:

Elder Attorney. It's important that the assistance of an elder attorney is sought to attend to issues, such as drawing up a will and taking care of financial planning.

Health Directives. For those who are advancing in age, it may be important to assign a person to make medical decisions in the event the senior can no longer make their own. This is especially important when there are known health risks or there's a mental incapacitation.

Financial Control. It's important that the beneficiary and any executor for financial matters is named ahead of time. An elder attorney can help make arrangements so that the right person is given control of finances and can ensure that funds are used as directed.

Living Arrangements:

Independent Living. In many cases, seniors may choose to live independently in their own home. This can be a very healthy decision that makes the senior more comfortable. He or she may be able to physically take care of themselves and their home entirely, or they may need some assistance with certain responsibilities but maintain their lifestyle in most ways.

Assisted Living. Assisted living may offer an excellent option for those who need more advanced care on a regular basis.

Retirement Communities. Retirement communities offer a great alternative for seniors who can do most things on their own but would be and feel more secure in a community where there are experts to monitor and help them in case of a problem. Retirement communities often have a great many activities and social opportunities, which aid in a more mentally and emotionally beneficial lifestyle.

Living With Relatives. In some cases, an elderly relative may no longer be able to live on their own, and the family opts to care for them at home. This can be a great option for those who don't like the idea of assisted living. It can cause a good deal of stress in the home environment, which should be monitored.

Career Growth with a Master of Arts in Gerontology Degree

Gerontology as a field is growing. You might consider using your education in the field, such as working with retirement communities or assisted living programs. However, those aren't the only fields where a gerontology degree would be beneficial. Seniors make up a large portion of the population today. As that percentage continues to grow, it's important to cater to and consider this demographic in virtually all fields. You might find a gerontology useful in many areas, including law, business, and healthcare.

Interested in Earning Your Masters of Arts in Gerontology Online?

If you're interested in earning your Master of Arts in Gerontology & Master of Aging Services Management to enhance your existing professional psychology experience, consider studying through the USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology. The school was founded in 1975 as the first professional school of gerontology. Not only does USC Leonard Davis hold the distinction of pioneering the educational programs for this field, USC is also one of the top 25 national universities recognized by US News and World Report. Choosing to complete your master's through this program can prepare to meet the needs of seniors in your desired industry and to make real contributions to the world around you.

Sources:

https://aoa.acl.gov/Aging_Statistics/index.aspx

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/geeta-nayyar-md/caregiving-5-ways-to-help-elderly-age-independently_b_2878966.html

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/caregivers/in-depth/caring-for-the-elderly/art-20048403

https://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/aging.pdf

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The Psychology of Aging | See What Factors Impact Seniors | Master's Degree in Gerontology Online

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Several factors impact the mental health of seniors, including living circumstances, health and family. Read why this matters on our blog.

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Parents often wonder why their kids are so odd. Kids wonder why their parents are so uptight. This is a generational gap. Why does it happen? Watch the video silly. Music by No Sustain https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuwahe7ErTNMqilUNM-hA0g Written and Edited by Tyler Franklin

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Ever hear of how crappy of a person you are, or ever brag about how great of a person you are, just because of what generation you were born in? Ever since high school, I have heard a ton of awful things about my generation and likewise, many awful things about other generations too. Of course, I've heard some positive things, but it really seems like everyone is acting quite aggressive to the generations they don't belong to. From what I've heard, that's nothing new in America. According to older generations, people have always hated on the generations above and below them. It seems like everyone is quite ageist, but why? You're no less or better of a person because of your date of birth.

Since I'm very interested in the "talk" between the generations, I found myself looking up the differences between each generation and what made them the way they are today. Each generation was raised in a different way and the way each generation reacted to their upbringing varied. With separate world events, exotic ever-changing trends, new technologies, and varying ideologies/morals, each generation developed unique from one another. There is a reason why things happen. We can't change how the past occurred, but we can alter the way we act towards each other. My hope is that by sharing what made each generation the way they are and clearly defining what they even are to begin with, we can all learn to accept each other for who we, thus with each new generation we raise, we can make humankind a better race to be a part of.

The generations:

1. The Traditionalists: Born between the years of 1900 to 1945, these people are the oldest living generation and rapidly declining every minute. This generation went through World War II, the Korean War, the end of the Women's Rights Movement, the red scare, and the Radio Age. Their parents and them had just survived the Great Depression, leaving a lasting impact on this generation as well. This generation was raised in the traditional nuclear family - a married man and woman along with their children. At this time, labor unions began to develop. Work was necessary and not meant to be fun. Work was centered around the idea of, "punch the clock, get the job done". The company came first and seniority took authority. Training was done on the job, and schooling was more of a dream than a necessity. Work was kept separate from family. These people are hard workers, rule-followers, loyal to their country/duty, confident, respectful of authority, patriotic, conservative, make a lot of sacrifices, and overly trusting in authority and hierarchy. Their focus in business is quality, their motivators to work is security, and they value family and community above all else. Traditionalists are not very individualistic, they tend to follow the crowd and do as their told. They appreciate attendance, socialization, compliance, and practical knowledge. When traditionalists make a promise, they mean it and keep it. Their core principles consist of following the rules, conformity, dedication and sacrifice, unquestioning trust in authority and government, duty before pleasure, family, law and order, giving back being important, loyalty and patriotism, and patience. These people do not deal well with vague orders, do not adapt very well to change, and tend to avoid conflict and confrontation so they tend to make the best out of bad situations. When talking to a traditionalist, they like you to be discrete, formal, logical, and respectful in regards to their age (calling them Mr., Ms., Mrs.). Their idea of retirement is to work for a company for 30 years and then retire and live off of their pension/savings. They tend to look to history for guidance, however, there aren't too many of this generation left. It doesn't help that because of much financial insecurity, the population of this generation never got very high to begin with, for people had fewer children. Technology that this generation had:

1901 - electric vacuum cleaner
1903 - first engine-powered airplane
1905 - the chainsaw
1907 - first electric clothes washer
1908 - Ford's model T car, the first truly affordable vehicle
1920s - invention of modern television
1928 - first electric refrigerator
1930 - modern ballpoint pen
1939 - helicopter
Other names for this generation include The Veterans, The Silent Generation, The Forgotten Generation, and Radio Babies.

2. The Baby Boomers: This generation was born in a huge flux between 1946 and 1964. They're called the baby boomers because, "Almost exactly nine months after World War II ended, 'the cry of the baby was heard across the land,' as historian Landon Jones later described the trend. More babies were born in 1946 than ever before: 3.4 million, 20 percent more than in 1945. This was the beginning of the so-called 'baby boom.'" (History.com) With the end of the big war, babies could be made with less fear and I'm sure there was a ton of joy in the mix with husbands finally being able to see their wives again and so on. As far as home life goes, the traditional family began to fall apart in result of divorce rates skyrocketing. If there were two parents involved, mothers stayed home while fathers were the breadwinners because children were seen as special and needed to be raised with care. As the baby boomers came about, the development of suburban life increased substantially. The baby boomers went through quite a period of time in America. They lived through the Civil Right Movement, Vietnam War, Cold War with Russia, and start of the space age and space travel. The baby boomers are also known as the "Me generation" and are seen as greedy, ambitious, and materialistic for being taught the American dream as children and for actually trying to follow it as the grew up. Being the children of people who went through serious politically disagreeable wars, this generation grew into peace-loving anti-war hippies in the 70's and 80's. Their core values include anti-government, the belief that anything is possible, equal rights and opportunities, personal gratification and growth, optimism, the idea of being involved and making a difference, teamwork, and they follow the belief system of spend now, worry later along with questioning everything. Baby boomers like to work. They're considered workaholics seeing as they put 60 hours and more into work per week. They actually invented the 50-hour work week. Baby boomers are driven and work to develop their self-worth and identity and like to put in quality work. Boomers were never good at taking off enough time to spend with their family in fear of losing their place in the field and their motto is that they live to work. Education to boomers is looked at as a birthright, but not necessarily a requirement. Baby boomers are known for their ability to handle a crisis, noncompliance, consumerism, to be competitive, multi-tasking, the development of "political correctness", rebellious and standing up for what they believe in, and being loyal to their children. A lot of technology developed in this time period, but major milestones include:

1950s - microwave

1957 - first satellite launched to space, Sputnik I

Baby boomers are huge consumers and still pretty much are. They bought all the rock and roll records, hula hoops, Barbies, and Frisbee for their children, televisions, and new cars. If they could buy it, they would (even going as far as buying drugs). As time went on boomers began to fight for equal rights and forgot about their consumerism a little bit. They fought for the LGBT community, African Americans, women's rights, Mexican immigrants, and much more. Boomers make up 45% of the working world currently, but are slowly declining.

3. Generation X: Gen X-ers were born between the years of 1965 and 1980. Known as the post boomers, Generation X was born to the baby boomers. Because of their parents being such serious workaholics, Gen X learned to balance their personal life and work life better. They also learned to take care of themselves early on, for their parents weren't necessary there to do it for them. Gen X was the first generation to be daycare children since mothers were also expected to work out of the home. With high divorce rates, families had grown steadily away from the "normal" nuclear family and many single parents started to run the household. This generation watched America lose its power and standing globally as their politicians turned to lies and trickery. The economy began to take a turn for the worse as well, and Gen X's parents were often laid off. Gen X lived through the Watergate scandal, the energy crisis, the moon landing, corporate downsizing, and the end of the Cold War. This generation became known to potentially not do as financially well as their parents did. Very cautious with their money, Gen X-ers handle their work life and finances responsibly. They go by the motto of, "work smarter, not harder". Education was looked at as a "way to get there" which is very true because at this point in time, education grew more important than it ever was before. A high school diploma became like gold in the working world. Because of their upbringing as latchkey children, Gen X-ers are very self-reliant. That being the case, they often question authority. Like boomers, they enjoy working, but they hope for a casual work atmosphere, wish for a more meaningful line of work, have no issue with moving from job to job. X-ers like to get in, get quality work done, and get out. They don't have any desire to stick around and smell the roses. They don't care too much for work advancement, but do care more for life navigation. Core values of Gen X-ers are balance, diversity, entrepreneurial, fun, education, independence, informality, self-reliance, cynicism, techno literacy, and thinking globally. These people are adaptable, "angry but don't know why", confident, ethical, flexible, focus on results, tend to ignore leadership, pampered by their parents, have a strong sense of entitlement, unimpressed with authority and skeptical of institutions, like to balance work life and personal life, and are able to handle responsibility well. Gen X-ers were hardcore "gamers" and TV nuts. They watched MTV, Sesame street, and lots of news. The Gameboy and the PC came out and were heavily used. This time was filled with technology blooming. Technology at this time that came to use includes:

1973 - first handheld cell phone

1976 - first personal home computers

1980s - portable Walkman

Generation X is obsessed with email. They like to be communicated to often and in concise manner. They don't want to hear professional jargon. They work to live, but they are not loyal to the companies that trained them. Gen X is known as possibly one of the most misunderstood generations.

4. The Millennials: The famously hated on Millennials are those born between 1981 and 2000. There are many nicknames for this generation (which I am proudly part of). We are known as Generation Y, Generation Next (Nexters), Echo Boomers (there are so many of us like the baby boomers), Chief Friendship Officers, and 24/7's. Chief friendship officers? Well, that's because of how much we desire equality and how forced we are to be "politically correct". 24/7's? We never sleep. Technology keeps every one of our generation up. When some of us finally sleep, the rest wake up to text on our cell phones. Families of millennials are merged with others, mixed, and/or often led by single parent or grandparents. Our major worldly influences include 9/11, terrorism, digital media, school shootings, growing up as children of divorce, AIDs epidemic, gay marriage legalization, police violence, black lives matter, TV talk shows, and so much more (the world seems to be getting more and more busy with issues). We look at the world and see all the ugly and hope that we can do something to make a change. We want to be the next "great" generation. We grew up sheltered and coddled, for our parents wanted to do anything they could to protect us from the cruelties of the world. Millennials are ambitious and have big dreams, but are often unfocused and need guidance. We're stuck to our gadgets and reliant on our parents. We've had superior education which is now looked at as a requirement to succeed in life. Work for millennials is much like how it is for Gen X-ers, a way to live. Millennials are huge fans of diversity and multiculturalism. We strive for equality and thinking globally. We are undeniably obsessed with our technology and have never lived without the existence of computers, but on the bright side of that, it has made education better than ever and made the generation very innovative and good at multi-tasking. After being sheltered all our lives, we've come out of our boxes and are very politically savvy, team oriented, open to new ideas as well as very patriotic. We are known as self-entitled and self-absorbed, often theorized to be the result of the children of our generation being rewarded for simple attendance and participation. Millennials have a lot going on. They work hard to balance their personal life, work, and community. They often test authority while at the same time, looking for authority figures for help. Like Gen X-ers, they like to punch in to work, get the job done, and then leave for the day. They sought out more meaningful work and actually prefer to have a job they love than a job that pays well. Core values to millennials include achievement, civic duty, over-confidence, fun, high morals, tolerance, competition, attention, technology, education, spiritualism, realism, street smarts, and sociability. Millennials hate to be talked down to, they like manners and friendliness, private messaging is preferred, they like when talked to in a positive manner and sharing optimism, and they appreciate humor and making situations lighthearted. Technology developed during this time period:

1983 - CDs for music

1989 - worldwide web

I personally believe the millennials have the highest potential of all the generations passed that can make good changes to the world.

5. Generation Z: Born after 2000. Not enough is really known about Generation Z except for that they are very similar to Millennials so far. As time commences, more will be discovered.

After looking into each of the generations, I've found myself much more understanding as to why older and younger generations do things certain ways. It's just one more perspective to have in normal life communication and socialization. Each generation is different and different is okay. What is important is that we all work together to understand each other and continue to work for our planet to be a better place so that the next generation can lead happy lives.

Sources:
http://www.wmfc.org/uploads/GenerationalDifferencesChart.pdf http://opi.mt.gov/pub/rti/EssentialComponents/Leadership/Present/Understanding%20Generational%20Differences.pdf https://careervision.org/four-generations/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Generation http://www.explainthatstuff.com/timeline.html http://www.history.com/topics/baby-boomers

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The Differences Between Each Living Generation

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The living generations and where they differ.

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The Psychology of Aging studies the psychological changes that take place in aging and how they influence the disease. Here are the changes that are fundamentally occurring at the mental level when aging occurs:Changes at the cognitive level: it has a high variability among individuals, it also affects lifestyles, cultural level, sensory deficits, medical illnesses or employed profession. 

# data[].attributes.subject
The Psychology of Aging studies the psychological changes that take place in aging and how they influence the disease. Here are the changes that are fundamentally occurring at the mental level when aging occurs:Changes at the cognitive level: it has a high variability among individuals, it also affects lifestyles, cultural level, sensory deficits, medical illnesses or employed profession. 