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Made by Iowa State University Office of Biotechnology

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Bovine somatotropin (bST) is a metabolic protein hormone used to increase milk production in dairy cows. It was approved for commercial use in the U.S by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on November 5, 1993. The following is a report on bST from the Biotechnology Information Series from Iowa State University.

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Exercise 5 page 9 - percorsi CLIL di biologia

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Exercise 5 page 9 - percorsi CLIL di biologia

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Transport (carry something allowing exchanges between molecules or ions)

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Transport (carry something allowing exchanges between molecules or ions)

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E.g.

1. Carriers and ion channels allow the exchange of ions or small molecules across the cell membrane

2. Haemoglobulin (carries oxygen from the respiratory organs to the rest of the body)

3. Serum albumin (carries fats through the bloodstream).

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Receptor (bind the signalling molecules and trigger a subsequent signalling cascade)

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Receptor (bind the signalling molecules and trigger a subsequent signalling cascade)

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E.g.

1. Channel-linked receptors

2. Enzyme-linkled receptors

For example: cetylcholine

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Defensive (protect our body system from dangers and illnesses)

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Defensive (protect our body system from dangers and illnesses)

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E,g.
Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins, such as

1. IgA

2. IgB

They are secreted by B cells of the immune system into the bloodstream to render pathogens harmless.

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Contractile (enhance movements, contractions and a variety of non-muscle cells)

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Contractile (enhance movements, contractions and a variety of non-muscle cells)

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E.g.

1. Actin

2. Myosin

Both are responsible for muscle contraction and a variety of movements of non-muscle cells.

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E.g.

1. Keratin (main structural component in hair, nails, teeth and skin)

2. Elastin (gives elasticity and resilience to arteries, lungs, ligaments, tendons, skin and cartilage)

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E.g.

1. Casein (foun in breast milk, major source of amino acids for baby mammals)

2. Ferritin (regulates the excess iron in our body

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E.g.

1. Insulin (secreted by pancreas, has a crucial role in regulating blood glucose concentration)

2. Prolactin (stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk)

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Enzymatic (biological catalysts breaking down particular bonds, such as macromolecules in food, so they can be easily absorbed)

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Enzymatic (biological catalysts breaking down particular bonds, such as macromolecules in food, so they can be easily absorbed)

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E.g.

1. Lipases (digestive enzyme)

2. Proteases (digestive enzymes)

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Proteins and related functions

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Plants triglycerides, for example, are called oils too, and they are mainly made up of unsaturated fatty acids chains, that are generally in cis- configuration. Cis- configuration implies that the carbon chain extends from the same sid of the double bond. This kind of chains pack together poorly. So they have lower melting and boiling points, and they are liquid at room temperature.

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Animal triglycerides, fpr example, are called fats too, and they are mainly made up of staurated fatty acids chains. They also contain trans-unstaurated fatty acids. Trans-unsaturated fatty acid are composed by rigid and straight chains.
Saturated fatty acids are made up of chains that pack together closely. This causes that fats have higher melting and boiling points. They're also solid at room temperature.

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Triglycerides are composed by two types of building blocks:
1) Glycerol: trihydroxy alcohol
2) Fatty acid: carboxylic acid, long aliphatic chain.
Triglycerides can be of two types: SATURATED or UNSATURATED