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A comma is used to create a soft pause in a sentence.

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A semicolon is used to link two independent clauses with no connecting words

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Semicolons: A Quick Guide How to Use a Semicolon | Grammarly

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What is a semicolon?

What is correct semicolon use? The most common semicolon use is joining two independent clauses without using a coordinating conjunction like and. Semicolons can also replace commas when listing items that already use commas, such as listing cities and states.

Semicolons (;) are as basic as a period stacked on top of a comma. Does that mean you can use it like either one? Don't get your hopes up. But don't let this punctuation mark get you down either.

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How to use a semicolon correctly

The most common use of the semicolon is to join two independent clauses without using a coordinating conjunction like and.

Do you use a capital letter after a semicolon? The general answer is no. A semicolon should be followed by a capitalized word only if the word is a proper noun or an acronym.
We can go to the museum to do some research; Mondays are pretty quiet there.
Remember, semicolons are not interchangeable with commas or periods. Instead, they're somewhere in between: stronger than a comma but not quite as divisive as a period. Sounds pretty cunning to us.

Here are the rules for using semicolons correctly; we hope you're taking notes.
I ordered a cheeseburger for lunch; life's too short for counting calories. Martha has gone to the library; her sister has gone to play soccer.
1 Use semicolons to connect related independent clauses

You can use a semicolon to join two closely related independent clauses. Let's put that another way. The group of words that comes before the semicolon should form a complete sentence, the group of words that comes after the semicolon should form a complete sentence, and the two sentences should share a close, logical connection:

The examples above are each made up of two complete, grammatically correct sentences glued together.

That's exactly why you can't substitute a comma for a semicolon. Using a comma instead of a semicolon in the sentences above would result in a comma splice. And there's nothing as painful as a comma splice.

2 Skip the coordinating conjunction when you use a semicolon between two independent clauses
I saw a magnificent albatross, and it was eating a mouse. I saw a magnificent albatross; it was eating a mouse.
A semicolon isn't the only thing that can link two independent clauses. Coordinating conjunctions (that's your ands, buts, and ors) can do that too. But you shouldn't use a semicolon and a conjunction. That means that when you use a semicolon, you use it instead of the ands, buts, and or s; you don't need both.

Here's a hint: You know how you can use a comma and an and to link two related ideas? Think of the period that forms the top part of the semicolon as a replacement for and.

You need a comma plus something to avoid a comma splice. That something can either be the right conjunction or the period that turns a comma into a semicolon.

A semicolon can replace a period or a comma and a coordinating conjunction to demonstrate contrast between independent clauses instead of agreement. This is part of the same rule, but the conjunction in question is but instead of and. In other words:

This is part of the same rule; the conjunction in question is but instead of and.

To summarize, a semicolon links up two related ideas by narrowing the gap between the ideas of two separate sentences or by replacing a coordinating conjunction between the ideas. That goes for showing contrast too: just because two ideas are opposed or contradictory, that doesn't mean they aren't related closely enough to earn themselves a semicolon.
I need the weather statistics for the following cities: London, England; London, Ontario; Paris, France; Paris, Ontario; and Perth, Scotland; Perth, Ontario. My plan included taking him to a nice-though not necessarily expensive-dinner; going to the park to look at the stars, which, by the way, are amazing this time of year; and serenading him with my accordion.
3 Use semicolons in a serial list

You can use semicolons to divide the items of a list if the items are long or contain internal punctuation. In these cases, the semicolon helps readers keep track of the divisions between the items.

Let's recap: So far we've got semicolons for linking two independent clauses; replacing a conjunction (whether showing similarity, like and, or opposition, like but); and showing the divisions between items in long, punctuation-loving lists. Yup, that was one there.
I needed to go for a walk and get some fresh air; Reports of the damage caused by the hurricane were greatly exaggerated; The students had been advised against walking alone at night; I'm not all that fond of the colors of tiger lilies; moreover, they don't smell very good. however, Cathy decided walking wasn't dangerous if it was early in the evening. indeed, the storm was not a hurricane at all. also, I needed to buy milk.
4 Use semicolons with conjunctive adverbs

When you have a conjunctive adverb linking two independent clauses, you should use a semicolon between the clauses. Common conjunctive adverbs include words like moreover, nevertheless, however, otherwise, therefore, then, finally, likewise, consequently, and many others.

These words sometimes show up in other parts of a sentence; therefore, the semicolon rule applies only if it helps the conjunctive adverb join two independent clauses. (See what we did there?)

This conjunctive adverb rule is similar to the coordinating conjunction rule. In both cases, check whether the two ideas are independent clauses that could stand on their own as sentences. If so, then you're grammatically good to go as far as the semicolon is concerned.

5 Use a semicolon to give a wink 😉

The semicolon is a good punctuation mark to have in your back pocket. Or on top of your parenthetical smile. So whether you're using it to whip up a good complex sentence or to give someone a wink, now you know how to do it right.

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5 Ways to Use a Semicolon, With Examples

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Semicolons are as basic as a period stacked on top of a comma. Here are the rules for using semicolons correctly; we hope you're taking notes.

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Rules for Using Commas, With Examples | Grammarly

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Ah, the comma. Of all the punctuation marks in English, this one is perhaps the most misused. And it's no wonder. There are lots of rules about comma usage, and often the factors that determine whether you should use one are quite subtle. But fear not! Below, you'll find guidance for the trickiest comma questions.

What is a comma?

While a period ends a sentence, a comma indicates a smaller break. Some writers think of a comma as a soft pause-a punctuation mark that separates words, clauses, or ideas within a sentence.

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When to use commas

Commas have quite a few uses in English:

Separating items in a list of three or more

Connecting two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction

Setting apart non-restrictive relative clauses

Setting apart nonessential appositives

Setting apart introductory phrases

Setting apart interrupters and parenthetical elements

Setting apart question tags

Setting apart names in direct address

Separating parts of a date

Separating parts of a location, like a city and its country

Separating multiple coordinating adjectives

Separating quotations and attributive tags

There are a lot of technical English words in that list, but don't worry. We explain everything in detail below.

Commas with lists

When you have a list that contains more than two elements, use commas to separate them.

(The comma before the and in a list of three or more items is optional. See below, under "Serial comma," for more information.)

Your list might be made up of nouns, as in the example above, but it could also be made up of verbs, adjectives, or clauses. Imagine, for a moment, that you have just finished doing three chores. The chores were:

Cleaning the house and garage

Raking the lawn

Taking out the garbage

If you were to list these three chores in a sentence, you would write:
I cleaned the house and garage, raked the lawn, and took out the garbage.
or
I cleaned the house and garage, raked the lawn and took out the garbage.
Serial comma (Oxford comma)

As mentioned above, when you are listing three or more items, commas should separate each element of the list. However, the final comma-the one that comes before the and-is optional. This comma is called the serial comma or the Oxford comma.

Whether or not you use the serial comma is a style choice. Many newspapers do not use it. Many trade books do use it. In your own writing, you can decide for yourself whether to use it-just be consistent.

Keep in mind, though, that occasionally the serial comma is necessary for clarity.
I dedicate this award to my parents, Jane Austen and Albert Einstein.
The sentence above will almost certainly cause readers to do a double take. Without a serial comma, it looks like "Jane Austen and Albert Einstein" is an appositive, rather than the second and third elements in a list. To put it another way, the writer seems to be saying that her parents are Jane Austen and Albert Einstein. A serial comma eliminates the possibility of misreading, so even if you're not using serial commas in your writing, make an exception for sentences like this:
I dedicate this award to my parents, Jane Austen, and Albert Einstein.
Commas with but

Use a comma before the coordinating conjunction but if it is joining two independent clauses:

If but is not joining two independent clauses, leave the comma out.

Commas with and

When correcting a comma splice by adding and-that is, when joining two independent clauses with and as a coordinating conjunction-put the comma before and.

When you have a list that contains only two items, don't use a comma before the and.

Avoiding comma splices

When you want to join two independent clauses, you need a conjunction or a semicolon; a comma alone isn't strong enough to join them. This kind of mistake is called a comma splice.

You can fix a comma splice by adding a conjunction or changing the comma to a semicolon.

We were out of milk; I went to the store.

Or you can simply write the two independent clauses as separate sentences.

Commas with relative clauses

A clause that is nonrestrictive offers extra information about something you have mentioned in a sentence, but that information isn't essential for identifying the thing you're talking about. Nonrestrictive clauses are usually introduced by which or who and should be set off by commas.

The clause "which Chester recommended" is nonrestrictive because "Posey's Cafe" is already specific. Identifying it as the restaurant recommended by Chester doesn't narrow it down any further.

The clause "whom I love dearly" is nonrestrictive because you could remove it and it would still be clear what person you're talking-"my wife" is already specific.

A clause that is restrictive adds information that is necessary in order to identify whatever it is referring to. Restrictive clauses are often introduced by that or who and should never be set off by commas.

The clause "that Chester recommended" is essential information in the sentence above. If you removed it, there would be no way to tell which restaurant you were talking about.

Commas with appositives

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that refers to the same thing as another noun in the same sentence. Often, the appositive provides additional information about the noun or helps to distinguish it in some way. If you could remove the appositive without changing the meaning of the sentence, it is said to be nonessential and should be set off with commas. If the appositive is necessary, it's said to be essential and should not be set off with commas.

Nonessential appositives
My partner, Angela, is a wonderful cook. The painter, one of the city's most promising young artists, began showing his work in galleries before he was sixteen. Chocolate, my favorite treat, always makes me feel better after a bad day.
Essential appositives
Edgar Allan Poe's poem "The Raven" is a classic. Nick Jonas's brother Kevin is the most underrated Jonas. The detective Sherlock Holmes is one of literature's greatest sleuths.
Commas with introductory phrases
Grabbing her umbrella, Kate raced out of the house. Confused by her sister's sudden change in mood, Jill stayed quiet.
A comma normally follows a participial phrase that introduces a sentence:
After the show, Cleo will be signing autographs. Behind the building there is enough space to park two limousines. Without knowing why, I crossed the room and looked out the window. In 1816 life was very different. Suddenly, a frightened black cat sprang from the shadows.
When an adverbial phrase begins a sentence, it's often followed by a comma, but it doesn't have to be, especially if it's short. As a rule of thumb, if the phrase is longer than about four words, use a comma. You can also use a comma after a shorter phrase when you want to emphasize it or add a pause for literary effect.

Before eating the family said grace.

Before eating, the family said grace.

But if there is a chance of misreading the sentence, use the comma:

Commas with dates
July 4, 1776, was an important day in American history. I was born on Sunday, May 12, 1968.
When writing a date in month-day-year format, set off the year with commas.
Applications are due by 31 December 2024.
If you are using the day-month-year format, however, commas are unnecessary.
On Tuesday, April 13, at three o'clock, there will be a meeting for all staff. Please join us on Saturday, June 10, 2023, for the marriage of Annie and Michael.
Use a comma between a day of the week and a date:
The region experienced record rainfall in March 1999.
When you are referencing only a month and year, you don't need a comma.

Commas with coordinate adjectives
That man is a pompous, self-righteous, annoying idiot. That man is a self-righteous, annoying, pompous idiot. The sweet, scintillating aroma of cinnamon buns filled the kitchen. The scintillating, sweet aroma of cinnamon buns filled the kitchen.
When multiple adjectives modify a noun to an equal degree, they are said to be coordinate and should be separated by commas. One way to tell whether the adjectives are coordinate is to try switching the order of them. If the sentence still sounds natural, the adjectives are coordinate.

The adorable, little boy was eating ice cream.

The little, adorable boy was eating ice cream.

The adorable little boy was eating ice cream.

If multiple adjectives are used but are not coordinate-that is, if one of them is more closely related to the noun being modified than the other(s), and thus they sound unnatural if the order is changed-don't separate them with a comma.

Commas with interrupters or parenthetical elements

Interrupters are little thoughts that pop up in the middle of a sentence to show emotion, tone, or emphasis. A parenthetical element is a phrase that adds extra information to the sentence but could be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. Both interrupters and parenthetical elements should be set off with commas.

Commas between direct quotes and attributive tags
The professor remarked, "How attentive you have been today!" "Once you know the solution," Tiffany said, "the whole problem seems very simple." "You have ice cream on your nose," my friend giggled. "When you leave the house," my mother yelled, "don't slam the door!"
An attributive tag is a phrase, like "they said" or "she claimed," that identifies the speaker or writer of a quote or piece of dialogue. Attributive tags can come before, after, or even in the middle of a quote. Use commas to separate attributive tags from quotations.

If a quotation before an attributive tag ends in a question mark or exclamation point, however, there's no need for a comma.

Commas with quotation marks
"Pass me that thesaurus," said Matthew. "If you knew what was good for you, you'd finish that essay right now," my roommate said. "We're going down to the soup kitchen to help serve dinner," her mother called.
In American English, commas always go before closing quotation marks.

In British English, however, unquoted punctuation typically follows the quotation marks. If you are writing for a British audience, put the comma after the closing quotation mark. (Furthermore, British English tends to use single quotes rather than double quotation marks.)

Commas with parentheses

Parentheses are used to give additional information to the reader-information that might disrupt the flow of the sentence if written as a nonrestrictive clause. Commas may be placed after the closing parenthesis but not before either the opening or the closing parenthesis. If the sentence would not require any commas without the parenthetical material, it should not have any commas with it.

Commas with question tags
These willow trees are beautiful, aren't they? You didn't actually write a 600-page vampire romance novel, did you? I know, right?
A question tag is a word or short phrase that is added to the end of a statement to turn it into a question. Writers often use question tags to encourage readers to agree with them. A question tag should be preceded by a comma.

Commas with direct address
Mom, I can't find my shoes! Cleo, there's someone on the phone for you. Hello, Chester.
When addressing another person by name, set off the name with commas.

Commas with as well as
Please proofread for grammatical mistakes as well as spelling. Spelling mistakes, as well as grammatical errors, are distracting to readers.
You generally don't need a comma before the connective phrase as well as. However, if you want the element of a sentence introduced by as well as to be read as an interrupter or a parenthetical, setting it off with a comma or pair of commas can communicate that.

Commas with such as
Coniferous trees, such as pine and spruce, do not drop their needles in the winter.
The phrase such as requires commas if it introduces a nonrestrictive clause.
Trees such as pine and spruce do not drop their needles in the winter.
If such as introduces a restrictive clause, omit the commas.

Commas with too
I like bananas too. I too like bananas.
Using a comma before the adverb too is generally unnecessary but not incorrect.
I like bananas, too. I, too, like bananas.
Setting too off with commas can add emphasis or make the sentence easier to parse.

Comma mistakes to avoid

There are a few places in a sentence where a comma should (almost) never appear.

Between subjects and verbs

With few exceptions, a comma should not separate a subject from its verb.

Writers are often tempted to insert a comma between a subject and verb this way because speakers sometimes pause at that point in a sentence. But in writing, the comma only makes the sentence seem stilted.

Be especially careful with long or complex subjects:

In compound subjects or objects

In general, don't put a comma between two nouns that appear together as a compound subject or compound object.
She, and her cat, live there. The irritating behavior of certain other members of the food coop, and the recent steep increase in prices of much of the produce there, inevitably dominated the conversation.
Occasionally, when a subject or object is made up of two items and the second item is parenthetical, or both items are long, the second item can be set off between two commas.

In these cases, the writer is using commas to let the reader know where in a sentence emphasis and pauses should fall. They are not grammatically necessary, so the compound subjects still take plural verbs.

In compound predicates

A compound predicate is what you have when the subject of a sentence is shared by more than one verb without being repeated. In a compound predicate that contains two verbs joined by a coordinating conjunction, a comma should rarely be used between the verbs

It's easiest to make this mistake when the predicate is made up of long verb phrases.

However, it's occasionally helpful to use a comma in a compound predicate to prevent misreading:

In the sentence above, you need the comma to make clear that it was Cleo who waved, not the man.

Between verbs and their objects

Don't separate a transitive verb from its direct object with a comma.

With correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are conjunctions that come in pairs (such as either/ or, neither/ nor, and not only/ but also) and connect words or phrases in a sentence to form a complete thought. Typically, commas are unnecessary with correlative conjunctions.

Between articles and nouns

Don't use a comma between an article and a noun.

When speaking, we often pause while we think of the next word we want to say. In writing, though, there's usually no reason to add this pause. If you're writing dialogue and you specifically want to convey a pause while someone is thinking, use an ellipsis: I'll have an . . . apple.

With than comparisons

Don't use a comma before than when you're making a comparison.

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Ah, the comma. Of all the punctuation marks in English, this one is perhaps the most misused. And it's no wonder. There are lots...

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How To Use Comma In English Sentences | English Grammar For Kids | Roving Genius

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Check Out This Video On Semicolon Usage 

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Check Out This Video On Semicolon Usage 

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Semicolon | How To Use Semicolon In Sentence | Hungama Kids

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THEY ARE NOT THE SAME!!